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UDC 634.723.1:631.526.52
USE IN SELECTION OF BLACK CURRANTS OF GENOFOND OF KOKINO BASE STATION OF ALL-RUSSIAN SELECTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE AND BREEING NURSERY
Sazonov F.F., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences All-Russian Selection and Technological Institute of Horticulture and Breeding Nursery
Bryansk Region, Russia
Danshina O.V., Post-graduate student Bryansk State Agricultural Academy, Bryansk, Russia
Phone: +7 (920) 607-01-73, Email: sazon-f@yandex. ru
ABSTRACT
The genetic sources of the most valuable qualities for selective usage including good crop capacity, high stability against pathogenesis, winter stableness, big fruitfulness, the quality of fruit and other special directions of selection have been determined from the collection of black currants of the Kokino Base station of All-Russian Selection and Technological Institute of Horticulture and Breeding Nursery.
KEY WORDS
Black currant; Sort; Variety; Selection.
Academician N. I. Vavilov was one of the first who set a problem of collecting, preservation and study of the genofond of cultivated plants and their wild relatives through natural selection in the environmental conditions of plant forms with the desired traits for selection [2].
Formation of the genetic collection of black currants of Kokino All-Russian Selection and Technological Institute of Horticulture and Breeding Nursery (ASTIHBN) is based on the collection of varieties and forms of domestic and foreign selection that are highly resistant to unfavorable climatic factors non-chernozem zone, resistance to biotic stresses, that have excellent fruit quality, conservation varieties created at the institute. The main principle for the replenishment of the currant is the availability of accessions of economically useful traits (one or more) for the conduct of selection to further assortment improvement.
Beginning in the 1970s, except for the quantitative growth assortment, sequential enrichment of genetic diversity in the original forms was developing. Russian breeders have valuable complex donors with high levels of economic and important features. These donors include genoplazm of 4-6 currant varieties. In addition to black currant European and Siberian subspecies, ecotypes and currants Scandinavian spruce grouse in breeding programs are widely used currants offspring: moss (R. procumbes Pall.), few-flowered (R. pauciflorum Turcz.), key (R. fontaneum Boczkarn.), ussuri (R. ussuriensis Jancz.), pedunculate (R. retiolare Dougl.), Canada (R. canadensis Jancz.), bracteolate (R. bracteosum Dougl.) and adhesive (R. glutinosum Benth.). Selective work is based on the methods of cross-species distant hybridization, converged crosses, backcrossing, sib mating and inbreeding. Involving in the selection work such genetically varied and geographically distant source made it possible to get breeding material on a large scale of variability and rich inheritance. They bred new varieties with high levels of agronomic traits [5].
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
Material research included a number of black currant varieties and forms of interspecific origin, as well as its offspring. In general, they are derivatives of European, Scandinavian and Siberian sub-species of Siberian grouse and adhesive current (R.
glutinosum Benth.). Variety study of black currant and selection work are carried on the base of key points "Programs and methods of variety study of fruit, berry and nut bearing crop" [9] and "Programs and methods of selection of fruit, berry and nut crops" [8].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study of the initial forms and then hybrid offspring of currant made it possible to point out promising genetic sources for selection at a high level of adaptability, productivity and quality berries indicators.
Black currants have a high potential of the ecological plasticity and fitness to extreme environmental conditions. However, hydrothermal stresses during dormancy and vegetation, as well as diseases and pests, reduce dramatically plant productivity and quality of berry production. In this regard, enhancing environmental sustainability of black currant and creating productive, stable fruiting varieties are the main strategy of modern plant breeding.
One of the main constituent elements of the selective process is the correct choice of parental forms for crossing. In the course of an extended period of breeding work with currants when administered into the genome of cultivars signs of wild species, a large number of accessions is created that combine two or more useful features in a single genotype. The use of complex donors and sources accelerated the selective process.
According to the results of the long-continued studies we established statistically significant differences between the varieties and hybrids for each of the studied characteristics. According to the average values of the indicators with a glance to existing techniques the studied genotypes were ranked in the group of low -, medium -, high-and the maximum expression of the investigated characteristics (table. 1). The groups of varieties with low levels were immediately rejected as hopeless for further selection.
For effective selection of a starting material for each individual feature it as recommended to use varieties with high and the highest possible expression of the studied characteristics and properties.
In recent years, to increase the likelihood of favorable combination of genes in one genotype and eliminating negative recessive gene family we created a hybrid, and particular populations of black currant seedlings using cross-breeding and inbreeding. Thus it is necessary to take into account that the production of homozygous lines for individual characteristics is very difficult because of the high heterozygosis of the parental forms. However, according to A. I. Astakhov’s work [1], a focused heterosis breeding for certain traits (large-fruited, and vitamin C, sugar-acid balance of the fruit) is very effective.
Using the recurrent forms, since 2001, we have completed 594 combinations of controlled crosses. As a result of hybridization, inbreeding and sowing seeds from open pollination of the best (for the manifestation of some agronomic characters) original forms we received and investigated 29,000 pieces of hybrid seedlings of black currant.
Among 10 accessions sent to the state variety trials (Charodej, Barmaley, Debryansk, Strelec, Istok, Bryansk agate, Humayun, Vera, Etude, Mif) two varieties Humayun (Katusha x Memory Vavilov) (patent number 5867) and Vera (Space x Zoe ) (patent number 6353) are included into the State register of breeding achievements and are permitted for using in the Russian Federation. [3].
On the base of many researches [1, 4, 6, 7, 10] it was agreed that inheritance of the main agronomic characters of black currant (components of yield, hardiness, self-fertility, large-fruited, the content of bio-chemicals in berries, resistance to pests and diseases, etc.) are controlled polygenously. They are usually inherited independently from each other, and there is possibility of combining various combinations in one genotype.
In the hybrid offspring of black currants we have identified genotypes with high levels of manifestation of the studied traits. Thus, the actual productivity of elite selections 10-141-2, 7-49-3, 5-66-5, 8-4-1, 4-1-9, 9-36-1/02 (Kudesnik), X-10 3 (Mif) reaches 2.5-2.8 kg / shrub (Table 2).
T able 1 - Variety grouping of currant black based on the degree of economically valuable features
The degree of manifestation of feature Variety corresponding to selection signs or property
winter hardiness
Medium Azhurnaya, Annadi, Venera, Vernost', Glorioza, Graciya, Delikates, Dobry Dzhin, Ladushka, Katyusha, Lentyai, Litvinovskaya, Mriya, Nadina, Nara, Odzhebin, Orlovskiy val's, Pamyati Bredova, Partizanka bryanskaya, Peterburzhenka, Selechenskaja, Sibilla, Slavyanka, Sozvezdie, Chernavka, Chorny zhemchug, Shalun'ja, Sharovidnaja, Yelevesta, Yarinka
High Ametist, Ariana, Atlant, Barmaley, Blek medzhik, Gamajun, Gamma, Dar Smol'yaninovoy, Debrjansk, Degtjarevskaya, Delikates, Zagljadenie, Iskushenie, Kipiana, Krynichka, Lama, Malen'kiy princ, Mashen'ka, Medvedica, Orlovskaja serenada, Ocharovanie, Rita, Sevchanka, Selechenskaja 2, Sofievskaja, Strelec, Sudarushka, Trilena, Chernavka
The highest Vasilisa, Vologda, Gulliver, Zelenoplodnaja, Izumrudnoe ozherel'e, Izyumnaya, Klavdiya, Kupalinka, Lukomor'e, Mara, Pamyati Ravkina, Pilot, Sanyuta, Seyanec Golubki, Solomon, Tamara, Tamerlan, Triton, Chudnoe mgnovenie, Charodej, Charovnica, Chereshneva, Shans, Jubiley Koponya
resistance to American powdery mildew
Medium Arfey, Peterburzhenka, Chudnoe mgnovenie, Chyorny zhemchug, Rtishhevskaya, Fortuna-8, Lentyay, Shans, Selechenskaya, Sevchanka, Ametist, Pigmey, Lyubava, Chelyabinskaya, Klussonovskaya, Prazdnichny salyut
High Sanyuta, Slavyanka, Gamayun, Chelyabinskaya, Rita, Malen'kiy prints, Shans, Prazdnichny salyut, Sibilla, Yelevesta, Zelenaya dymka, Bagira, Vasilisa, Degtyarevskaya, Izyumnaya, Zagadka, Blek Medzhik, Desertnaya Ol'hinoy, Binar, Trilena, Vernost', Prazdnik Kudeor, Sozvezdie, Odzhebin, Nadina, Uvertyura, Jubileynaya Koponya, Bryansky agat, Dubrovkaya, Sudarushka, Vertikal', Lama, Titaniya, Graciya
The highest Medvedica, Seyanec Golubki, Golubichka, Kipiana, Orlovskiy val's, Selechenskaya 2, Nara, Iskushenie, Zaglyadenie, Ladushka, Ocharovanie, Dachnica, Tamara, Charovnica, Gulliver, Debryansk, Slastyona, Zaryanka, Sharovidnaya, Mara, Mashen'ka, Delikates, Gamma, Charodey, Barmaley, Orlovskaya serenada, Atlant, Tamerlan, Triton, Mif, Strelec, Dar Smol'yaninovoy, Klussonovskaya, Katyusha, Chernavka, Lukomor'e, Pilot, Pamyati Ravkina, Litvinovskaya, Vologda, Dobry dzhin, Annadi, Yarinka, Shalun'ya, Lidiya, Solomon, Izumrudnoe ozherel'e, Lybid', Partizanka brjanskaya, Mriya, Glarioza, Orloviya, Etyud, Jadrenaya
large-fruited
Medium Triton, Ametist, Medvedica, Bagira, Kupalinka, Slastyona, Binar, Bredtorp, Katyusha, Lama, Mashen'ka, Odzhebin, Ozherel'e, Orovskaya serenada, Charovnica, Gamma, Delikates, Zelyonaja dymka, Klavdiya, Prazdnichny salyut, Vera, Sanyuta, Shans, Yelevesta
High Nika, Sudarushka, Slavyanka, Gulliver, Sharovidnaya, Kipiana, Orlovskiy val's, Rita, Sevchanka, Charodey, Chudnoe mgnovenie, Nara, Sibilla, Tamerlan, Fortuna-1, Bryansky agat, Iskushenie, Zaglyadenie
The highest Dachnica, Malen'ky prints, Monisto, Ladushka, Chernavka, Gamayun, Mriya, Zaryanka, Lentyay, Nimfa, Strelec, Barmaley, Debryansk, Dobry dzhin, Pigmey, Atlant, Ladushka, Iskushenie, Selechenskaya, Selechenskaya 2, Litvinovskaya, Dar Smol'yaninovoy, Seyanec Golubki, Yadryonaya, Istok, Mif, Jetyud, Kudesnik, Venera, Sokrovishhe, Partizanka bryanskaya
yield
Medium Bagira, Zelenaya dymka, Pamyati Ravkina, Dachnica, Tamara, Slastyona, Zaryanka, Ametist
High Nimfa, Nara, Orlovskaya serenada, Trilena, Sudarushka, Jadryonaya, Delikates, Gamma, Charodey, Bredtorp, Kipiana, Sevchanka, Istok, Sharovidnaya, Izyumnaya, Rita, Gulliver, Fortuna-8, Shalun'ya
The highest Dar Smol'yaninovoy, Ekzotika, Ladushka, Iskushenie, Ocharovanie, Sofievskaya, Barmaley, Orlovskiy val's, Etyud, Strelec, Tamerlan, Bryansky agat, Kudesnik, Litvinovskaya, Gamayun, Lentyay, Mriya, Selechenskaya 2, Mif, Debryansk, Partizanka bryanskaya
strength of berries
Medium Arfey, Triton, Lybid', Sharovidnaya, Chjornaya vual', Mrija-3, Sanyuta, Prazdnichny salyut, Slastyona, Bredtorp, Izyumnaya, Dar Smol'yaninovoy, Glarioza, Jadryonaya, Sevchanka, Lentyay, Graciya, Mriya, Gulliver, Nadina, Sudarushka, Sibilla, Chernavka, Jelevesta, Blek Medzhik, Selechenskaya 2, Bryansky agat
High Kipiana, Malen'ky prints, Fortuna-8, Bagira, Etyud, Tamerlan, Chereshnyova, Istok, Litvinovskaya, Pamyaty Ravkina, Barmaley, Monisto, Dobrynya, Strelec, Nara, Debryansk, Ladushka, Nika, Iskushenie, Dobryy dzhin, Zelyonaya dymka
The highest Partizanka bryanskaya, Mif, Katyusha, Charodey, Ocharovanie, Vertikal', Sejanec Golubki, Etyud, Kudesnik
the content of vitamin C in fruit
Medium Bredtorp, Rita, Zelyonaja dymka, Trilena, Orlovskaya serenada, Orlovsky val's, Lentyay, Sevchanka, Etyud, Tamerlan, Gamma, Dar Smol'yaninovoy, Kudesnik, Binar, Gamajun, Pamyati Vavilova, Rita, Lyubava
High Litvinovskaya, Strelec, Gulliver, Nara, Charodey, Debryansk, Delikates, Partizanka bryanskaya, Bryansky agat, Mif, Istok, Mriya, Selechenskaya 2, Vera, Delikates, Yadryonaya, Veloy, Sudarushka, Graciya, Chereshnyova
The highest Pamyati Ravkina, Istok, Yadryonaja, Barmaley, Blek Revard, Monisto, Orloviya
Table 2 - Combination of the optimal level of some valuable features of black currants
in one genotype (2009-2011)
selections Productivity, kg/bush Berry weight, g strength, H PCB, % Sugars, % Vitamin C, Mr% Taste, point
biological real average max
32-1-02 3,9 1,9 1,8 2,9 5,0 11,7 3,7 181,7 3,6
4-5-2 6,3 2,1 1,8 2,9 5,5 11,8 4,2 191,0 3,8
Charodey 5,6 2,1 1,4 3,0 7,3 12,3 4,2 184,7 4,0
Istok 6,9 2,4 2,2 4,2 5,6 10,8 4,1 190,7 3,7
8-4-5 5,3 2,4 1,3 4,4 5,5 10,2 3,6 193,7 3,8
Barmaley 5,8 2,5 1,7 3,5 5,0 12,5 3,9 177,0 3,7
10-141-2 6,0 2,5 1,2 2,1 4,0 12,1 4,0 185,7 4,0
Strelets 6,8 2,5 1,6 3,5 6,1 11,0 4,1 180,3 3,5
7-49-3 5,2 2,5 1,2 1,8 9,1 10,7 3,7 159,3 3,8
Bryansk agat 6,0 2,5 1,8 4,0 4,9 11,8 4,2 187,7 4,5
Etude 5,4 2,5 2,0 4,2 5,2 10,6 4,2 169,7 4,0
Kudesnik 10,3 2,5 2,4 4,0 9,6 11,2 4,0 172,3 4,0
5-66-5 9,1 2,6 2,3 3,6 4,0 12,5 3,9 190,5 3,9
8-4-1 8,0 2,6 2,1 3,3 4,5 10,0 4,0 174,7 3,5
4-1-9 8,0 2,7 1,4 2,5 8,8 11,8 3,6 172,0 3,3
Mif 8,1 2,8 2,0 3,8 7,9 11,2 3,8 178,3 3,3
Debryansk 6,3 2,9 2,0 4,0 5,9 10,7 4,3 185,0 4,0
Such promising varieties as Charodey, Istok and Debryansk have a complex of valuable characters at a high level and combine large-fruited (average weight of 1.4-2.2 g) with the strength of fruits (5,6-7,3 N) and relatively high content of ascorbic acid (184,7-190,7 mg%) in the genotype. Accessions Charodey and Debryansk have good taste of berries (4.0 points).
Some of the selections combine in their genotype high productivity with the optimal level of other agronomic characters. Thus, the elite forms 9-36-1/02 (Nara x Venus), X-10-3 (Rita x Titania), 4-1-9 (SK-4 open pollination), 7-49-3 (Lentyay x Yadryonaya) 10-38-1/01 (Nara x Yadryonaya) form large (1.2-2.4 g), attractive, relatively one-dimensional, together ripening fruits. Their berries are transportable, possessing high strength and light, dry separation from the stalk without breaking the skin. In addition, these selective forms are peculiar to compact bush habit. Through the optimal combination of the major economically valuable traits the selected elite are suitable for machine harvesting and meet all the necessary requirements.
It turned out possible to to combine large-fruited with a fairly high content of vitamin C (180 mg % or more) in the accessions of Bryansk agate, Debryansk, 4-5-2, 10-141-2, 8-4-5, 5-66-5, 01.02.32, Strelets. The sample variety Bryansk agate, along with early and amicable maturation also has a dessert flavored berry taste (4.5 points).
All the studied genotypes had less than 3% of organic acids, but the total accumulation of sugars did not exceed 4.3%.
In literature, there are conflicting reports on the correlation between the chemical components of the berries and their relationship to other features, such as a mass of berries. Some selection scientists [1, 7] established the existence of a negative relationship between the mass of berries and the content of ascorbic acid, which is confirmed by our studies (r = -
0,264).
To overcome the negative correlation T.P. Ogoltsova [7] suggested we should include highly vitamin and large-fruited seedlings in crossing, and A.I. Astakhov [1] has achieved great results using inbreeding. In our studies we also succeeded in allocating highly vitamin genotypes with an average weight of berries 1.2-2.0 g (Bryansk agate, Debryansk, Strelets, 4-5-2, 10-141-2, 8-4-5, 5-66 - 5, 01.02.32) (Table 2).
Judging by the results of the correlation analysis high negative conjugate containing pectin (r = -0,730) and weak with sugars (r = -0,342), with RSV (r = -0,261) and the concentration of organic acids (r = -0,332) were found out. Also, an average positive correlation PCB with sugars (r = +0,443), weak - with ascorbic acid (r = +0,175) and pectin (r = +0,037) was found out. A weak positive relationship between organic acids and pectin
substances (r = +0,206)was revealed. The strength of berries is in a weak negative correlation with all the studied parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
Our studies suggest the possibility of creating forms of black currant that combine high productivity with the best combination of quality indicators of berries. An example of these genotypes can be such varieties of black current as Charodej, Istok, Bryansk agate, Barmalej, Strelets, Debryansk and the elite selections 9-36-1/02 (Kudesnik), X-10-3 (Mif) , 10-38-1/01 (Etude), 4-1-9, 4-5-2, 5-66-5 which were created in a Kokinsk strong point of State Scientific Institute of All-Russian Selection and Technological Institute of Horticulture and Breeding Nursery of Russian Agricultural Academy and which can be recommended for using in breeding in order to increase productivity and to improve fruit quality.
It is hoped that further improvement of the parental forms of black currants will create a more productive varieties with high levels of environmental sustainability and fruit quality parameters.
REFERENCES
1. Astakhov, A.I., Markelov N.V. Creating a comprehensive selection of donors in blackcurrant / / Horticulture and viticulture. - 2007. Number 2 - p.6-8.
2. Vavilov N.I. Theoretical basis of selection. - Moscow: Science, 1987. - 510 p.
3. State register of breeding achievements permitted for use. T. 1. Plant varieties. -M., 2011. - P. 208-210.
4. Zhdanov V. V. Self-fertility of varieties of black currant and its inheritance of in hybrid breed / / Abstract. dis. Candidate of Agricultural Science. - Michurinsk, 1970. - 24 p.
5. Zhidehina T.V. The results of black currant selection in All-Russian Selection and Technological Institute of Horticulture and Breeding Nursery after I.V. Michurin / A present status of crops of currants and gooseberries. Michurinsk, 2007. - P. 41-60.
6. Kuminov, E.P. Evaluation of various methods for creating raw material in selection of black currant / / Horticulture of Eastern Siberia. - Krasnoyarsk, 1977. - T.P. - P. 10-17.
7. Ogoltsova, T.P. Selection of black currant - Past, Present, Future / T.P. Ogoltsova // -Tula: Priokskoe book. Publishers, 1992. - 384 p.
8. Program and method of selection of fruit, berry and nut crops. - Orel, 1995. - P. 314-340.
9. Program and methodology of variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops. - Orel, 1999. - P. 351-373.
10. Ravkin A.S. Black currant (raw material, selection, varieties). - Moscow: Mosk. University Press, 1987. - 216 p.
