Usability of basalt fibers in reinforced concrete Текст научной статьи по специальности «Строительство и архитектура»

УДК 691.32

USABILITY OF BASALT FIBERS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE

G.E. Okolnikova1, Yen Kunno2, S.A. Gazizova3, A. K. Kurbanmagomedov4 1,2,3 Department of Civil Engineering, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

4Department of Mathematics, Moscow Polytechnic University, Moscow, Russia

Abstract

This research is about effective usability of basalt fibers as a reinforcement material of concrete composites and it's an alternative to glass fibers. Basalt fiber has some properties such as a good range of thermal performance, high tensile strength, good electromagnetic properties, its inert nature; and its resistance to acid, radiation, UV light, vibration and impact loading. Moreover, BF has advantages such as fire resistance and alkaline, acidic and salt resistance which is higher than those of glass fibers.

This paper discuss about their manufacturing processes. We will also discuss about different variety of Basalt fibers form products and their applications as new construction material and technique. However, on the contrary, the studies on the use of BF in concrete are very limited.

Keywords:

basalt, basalt fiber, glass fiber, concrete composite История статьи: Дата поступления в редакцию: 05.05.19

Дата принятия к печати: 07.05.19

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Introduction

In the recent years, the basalt fibers of reinforced polymers composites are drawing great interest in :

structural applications such as structural elements. S2

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Basalt is an igneous rock solidified from volcanic lava. Basalt fiber was developed in Russia 1954 and ^

the industrial process was completed in 1985 at Ukraine fiber laboratory [1]. It is produced by melting the i? ±;

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crushed basalt at about 1500°C and extruding. When compared with other fibers, basalt fiber has many H jg

outstanding mechanical characteristics such as perfect alkaline resistance in the saturated CH solution [2], < ¡?

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very low to high temperature resistance (from -200°C to 900°C) [2], high strength-to-weight ratio, abrasion . ^

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resistance, and good process performance. When basalt, carbon and glass fiber are exposed to 600 °C [3- ^ j=

5], only basalt fiber maintains it's volumetric integrity and 90 % of the strength. They are typically used in o ro

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thermal insulation, textile products and fireproof composites, chemical and wear resistant covers owing to z ^

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Basalt fiber is a relative newcomer to fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) and structural composites [10- Z Q

11]. It has a similar chemical composition as glass fiber but has better strength characteristics, and unlike ^

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most glass fibers is highly resistant to alkaline, acidic and salt attack making it a good candidate for concrete, > U

bridge and shoreline structures. Use of basalt fiber has gained momentum as an alternative to traditional § Z

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Basalt fiber offer prospect of completely new range of composite materials and product. Low cost high O ^

performance fibers offer potential to solve the largest problem in the cement and concrete industry, cracking O ^

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and structural failure of concrete [12]. They have potential to high performance and cost effectively replace ^

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of fiberglass, steel fiber, polyamide fiber and carbon fiber product in many applications. 1 Kg basalt fiber replaces 9.6 Kg steel reinforcement.

Fig. 1. Fiber reinforced polymers: a — glass fiber, b — basalt fiber, c — carbon fiber

Application

Such properties of basalt fiber as high thermal resistance [13], resistance to acids and especially alkaline resistance offer the big prospects for its use in construction as:

• Reinforcement material of concretes and asphaltic concrete coverings of highways, façade panel, bridge and shoreline structures;

• Corrosive and chemical resistances of reinforcement, the strength of which is several times higher than the strength of steels;

• Incombustible and fireproof composite materials;

• Chemical resistance and wear-resistant coatings, composite materials

Design Methodology

Design loads on a reinforced concrete structure are determined using the same methods whether reinforced using steel or using high strength, basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) reinforcing bars. Steel and BFRP reinforced concrete members are analyzed using similar methods to meet the following strength and serviceability criteria: factored moment, factored shear, crack width, and long-term deflection [13]. Additionally, BFRP reinforced members are analyzed for creep-rupture stress in BFRP bars where steel reinforced members are not.

Fig. 2. Stress-strain on a BFRPs rebars reinforced concrete section

For most members, the design of BFRP reinforced sections is driven primarily by serviceability requirements: crack width and long-term deflection. This is due to the generally lower modulus of elasticity of BFRP rebars as compared to steel rebars. When these criteria are met, flexural strength (Mn), minimum reinforcement (Af), and creep-rupture stress are generally easily met.

Thermal resistance

Basalt fiber has excellent thermal properties to that of glass fibers. It can easily withstand the temperature of 1200°C to 1300°C for hours continuously [14], without any physical change, which is similar to S2 glass fibers and carbon fibers. Unstressed basalt fibers and fabrics can maintain their integrity even up to 1250°C, which makes them superior compared to glass and carbon fiber. When basalt, carbon and GF are exposed to 600 °C, only BF maintain its volumetric integrity and 90 % of the strength. When basalt, carbon and glas fibers are exposed to 600 °C, only BF maintains its volumetric integrity and 90 % of the strength.

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Fig. 3. Thermal resistance of basalt fiber

Chemical Resistance

Basalt fibers have very good resistance against alkaline environment, with the capability to withstand pH up to 13-14. It also has good acid and salt resistance.

Fig. 4. a — Waterproof, b — Resistance to acid, c — Alkaline resistance Mechanical properties

Basalt fiber has tensile strength 3000-4840 M Pa, which is higher than E-glass fiber. It also has higher stiffness and strength than E-glass fiber. Basalt fiber has slightly higher specific gravity, 2.6 — 2.8 g/cc, than other fibers.

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Table 1.

Comparisons of Characteristics between Continuous Rock Fibers and Other Fibers

Capability Basalt fiber E-glass fiber S-glass fiber Carbon fiber

Tensile strength, MPa 3000 ~4840 3100 ~3800 4020 ~4650 3500 ~6000

Elastic modulus, GPa 79.3 ~93.1 72.5 ~75.5 83 ~86 230 ~600

Elongation at break, % 3.1 ~ 6 4.7 5.3 1.5 ~ 2.0

Specific gravity 2.35 ~ 2.8 2.5 ~ 2.62 2.46 1.75 ~ 1.95

Diameter of filament, m^ 6 ~ 21 6 ~ 21 6 ~ 21 5 ~ 15

Temperature of application, "C -260 ~ +500 -50 ~ +380 -50 ~ +700 -50 ~ +700

Melting temperature, "C 1450 1120 1550 -

Price, $/kg 2.6 ~ 3.0 1.1 1.5 ~2.5 30 ~50

Corrosion and Fungi Resistance

Basalt fiber has better corrosion resistance. It does not undergo any toxic reaction with water and air or gases also. Moisture regain and moisture content of basalt fibers exist in the range of less than 1%. Basalt materials have strong resistance against the action of fungi and micro-organisms.

Ecological Friendliness

Basalt fibers have natural raw material, which is basalt rock it does not cause any damage to the health. Basalt fiber has no biological hazards and solves waste disposal problems. It does not clog incinerator as glass. Hence, it is incinerator friendly.

Benefits of Basalt Fiber

The basalt fibers reinforced material of concrete are the basis of generalization of domestic and foreign experience directions formulated effective use of basalt fiber as a reinforcing material:

- For the perception of the main tensile and shear stresses instead of the core of shear reinforcement;

- To reduce the length of the working membrane, to reduce the length of the fiber-reinforced concrete anchoring;

- To reduce the flow distribution valve and a thin-walled concrete elements, in which a large part is assigned to the reinforcement of the design considerations.

Also given the application of composite materials based on basalt fiber:

- In the designs, which are increased requirements for stiffness and crack;

- In buildings experiencing the impact of shock and alternating loads;

- In thin-walled design and construction of complex geometric shapes;

- When itinerant reinforcing the most stressed parts of structures;

- In designs, transverse reinforcement, which is intended mainly for the perception of installation and transport of loads;

- In the designs, which are increased requirements for frost resistance, water resistance, abrasion and thermal shock resistance.

Conclusion

Basalt fiber composite offers a direct increase in performance over glass fiber composite. Basalt fabric composites performed on the intermediate level between glass and carbon composites. Recognition and engineering design of basalt composites should continue to climb as research substantiates current knowledge and code authorities adopt its strength characteristics. BFRP and steel rebar have differences in physical and mechanical properties that engineers should understand when designing with BFRP rebar.

This research indicate that basalt has potential for replacing E-glass in several composites, especially when resistance to extreme conditions is required. However extra research may be needed.

REFERENCES

1. Research of basalt fiber in the world in 2010, a report on testing materials on a basalt solution. Test report. www. basaltfib erworld.blogsp ot.co.uk

2. Lee JJ, Song J, Kim H (2014) Chemical stability of basalt fiber in alkaline solution. Fibres Polym 15(11):2329-2334

3. Fiore V, Di Bella G, Valenza A (2011) Glass-basalt/epoxy hybrid composites for marine applications. Mater Des 32: 2091-2099

4. Fiore V, Scalici T, Bella GD, Valenza A (2015) A review on basalt fiber and its composites. Compos Part B 74:74-94

5. Fiore V, Alagna F, Di Bella G, Valenza A (2013) On the mechanical behavior of BFRP to aluminum AA6086 mixed joints. Compos Part B 48:79-87

6. Bentur A, Mindess S (2007) Modern concrete technology series, 2nd.edn. Taylor & Francis, New York

7. Morova N (2013) Investigation of usability of basalt fibres in hot mix asphalt concrete. Constr Build Mater 47:175-180

8. Sim J, Park C, Moon DY (2005) Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures. Compos Part 36:504-512

9. Oscar Brunebi — private communication

10. S. Elshafie, G. Whittleston, Review of the influence of the length of basalt fiber and proportions on the mechanical properties of concrete, International Journal of Research in Technology and Technology (IJRET), January 2015 pp. 458-465.

11. Jianxum Ma, Xuemei Qiu, Liato Cheng, Yunlong Wang, Experimental studies of the fundamental mechanical properties of previously washed basalt fiber-concrete., CICE2010, 5th International Conference on FRP-composites in civil engineering, September 2010, Beijing, China, p.85-88.

12. Т.М. Borhan, Thermal and mechanical properties of reinforced concrete from basalt fiber. The World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 7, 2013, pp. 334 — 337.

13. Tabsheer, A. Abid, S. C. Manohar, Experimental study of the mechanical properties of reinforced concrete products from basalt fiber. IJSR 2013.

14. Irine I.A Fathima, Strong aspects of reinforcement from basalt fiber. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE), Volume 1, Issue 8, September 2014, pp. 192-198.

Просьба ссылаться на эту статью следующим образом:

G.E. Okolnikova, Yen Kunno, S.A. Gazizova, A. K. Kurbanmagomedov. Usability of basalt fibers in reinforced concrete. — Системные технологии. — 2019. — № 31. — С. 9—13.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ БАЗАЛЬТОВОГО ВОЛОКНА В ЖЕЛЕЗОБЕТОНЕ Г.Э. Окольникова1, Йен Кунно2, С.А. Газизова3, А.К. Курбанмагомедов4

1А3 Департамент строительства, Российский университет дружбы народов (РУДН), Москва, Россия

4Кафедра математики, Московский политехнический университет, Москва, Россия

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Аннотация

Это исследование об эффективном использовании базальтовых волокон в качестве армирующего материала бетонных элементов. Также базальт рассматривается как альтернатива стекловолокну. Базальтовое волокно имеет такие свойства как — высокая термостойкость, высокая прочность на растяжение, хорошие электромагнитные свойства; устойчивость к радиации, ультрафиолетовому излучению, а также стабильная работа при вибрационных и ударных воздействиях. Кроме того, базальтовое волокно имеет высокую огнестойкость и сопротивление щелочам, кислотам и солям. В этой статье рассматриваются способ производства базальтового волокна, различные типы конечной продукции из базальта, а также области применения в современном строительстве

Ключевые слова:

базальт, базальтовое волокно, стекловолокно, бетонный композит Date of receipt in edition: 05.05.19 Date of acceptance for printing: 07.05.19

УДК 691.3, 691.5

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ БАЗАЛЬТОВОЙ И УГЛЕРОДНОЙ СЕТКИ ПРИ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ ЗДАНИЙ И СООРУЖЕНИЙ

Г.Э. Окольникова, Г.И. Тихонов, Д.А. Бронников, И.С. Васильев Российский университет дружбы народов, Инженерная академия, Департамент архитектуры и строительства,

Аннотация Ключевые слова:

Представлены принципы и примеры реконструкции зданий базальт, углеволокно, реконструкция, и сооружений при помощи базальтовой и углеродной сетки, базальтовая сетка, углеродная сетка рассмотрены преимущества использования данного материала. История статьи: Базальт — это природное однокомпонентное сырьё, продукт Дата поступления в редакцию: вулканической деятельности, присутствующий на поверхности Земли 11.05.19

в колоссальном объёме. Дата принятия к печати: 12.05.19

Исследования по применению базальтового волокна в качестве армирующего компонента в различных матрицах проводят научные лаборатории ведущих университетов мира и частных компаний.

Базальтовые волокна обладают выдающимися адгезивными качествами и совместимы с различными связующими — как пластиками, так и цементными основами (среда твердения цементов, как известно, имеет щелочной характер), что позволяет использовать их в самых разных приложениях.

Технология усиления конструкций композитными волокнами заключается в наклейке с помощью специального эпоксидного клея или клея на основе микроцемента на поверхность конструкций высокопрочных холстов. Усиление выполняется по подготовленной поверхности кладки, с пропиткой и грунтовкой поверхностного слоя. Возможно усиление как изгибаемых конструкций в растянутых зонах и на приопорных участках в зоне действия поперечных сил, так и сжатых и внецентренно сжатых элементов.