CC BY
10
https://doi.org/10.29013/AJT-21-1.2-8-19
Yatsenko Viktor Oleksandrovich, candidate of architecture, professor, Architectural faculty, Department of Landscape and Tourist Recreational Architecture Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture
E-mail: [email protected]
URBAN-PLANNING PECULIARITIES OF FORMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE TOURISTIC AND RECREATIONAL NETWORK OF LOCAL SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS IN UKRAINE
Abstract. The article is analyzing the research of peculiarities of urban-planning approaches to elaboration of proposals for spatial development of local settlement systems in Ukraine within the boundaries of amalgamated territorial communities. The spatial planning is offered as one of the instruments to manage the above systems which will ultimately provide the possibility to create a model of cross-system resource unification as well as local horizontal and national vertical governance systems.
It considers the prerequisites for developing a methodology in order to create touristic recreational complexes based on resource capacities of local settlement systems (territorial communities) in Ukraine. Attention is given to the situation in the industry and its prospective capabilities to play a principal role in economic development of a number of territorial communities. It outlines a number of principles that need to be used when considering the process in the urban planning activities. It also provides a specific example of a strategic program of local system development with the touristic and recreational component as its basis.
Keywords: territorial community, local settlement system, touristic and recreational activities, urban planning activities, environment, urbanization, natural resource, spatial planning, decentralization, general scheme.
Introduction ated territorial communities or local settlement sys-
Social and political changes in Ukraine are char- tems - has caused the need to revise the regulatory acterized by restructuring of the political system of and legislative framework.
social institutions, changes in administrative and A system constituent based on organization of territorial structure, living conditions and labor re- space that encompasses urbanized recreational, agri-lations, reassessment of the set of values, redistribu- cultural territories, as well as engineering and trans-tion of powers and authority etc. Urban planning portation networks, needs strategic development activities like no others have been at the crossroads offers that will decide its future. of developments, advantages, hardships, suggestions In any country, the geopolitical influence on de-and expectations of positive changes. There arose the velopment depends in a particular way on the spatial necessity to revise design documentation at all lev- planning strategy, which is formed in its essence upon els starting with the General scheme of settlement. history, sociology, economics, politics and governance The emergence of a new territorial constituent that system. The qualitative attributes of a strategy, its trans-requires urban planning intervention - the amalgam- formation and realization are resolved by the method
of territorial planning - both for the country in general and regions, as well as the new form of settlement of the local systems in the conditions of developed amalgamated territorial communities. This situation is forcing to adjust not only the legislative framework of urban planning activities in the new conditions, but also to revise the statutory documentation in terms of its capacity at all levels of regional and local project development. The main form of documentation is to be based upon social, resource, economic and environmental principles, it is to be cleared of traditional descriptive outdated forms, supplemented with materials of monitoring of implementation of the terms and conditions of the strategy and substantiations of challenging situations that often correspond at all levels of regional and local planning.
The existing system of project activities is often deprived particularly of its systemic character, and
therefore is not able to provide an exhaustive response to a number of changes that are taking place in the society and its requirements to the new forms of the quality of existence. The decentralization that is under way in the country, as well as changes in the administrative and territorial structure occurring in the actual reality have outpaced the theoretical and practical visions of the urban planning response to these processes. Therefore, spatial planning is a tool that is closest to the reality and allows developing a hypothesis and paradigm of its possible realization.
Overview of Publications on the Topic
The decentralization processes and changes in administrative and territorial structure ofUkraine started without a sufficient urban-planning foundation that should have had to elaborate the strategy for reforming the existing system into a desired one that would be developed on the advanced examples of other countries.
The existing hierarchy of urban planning activities in the country is built according to the vertical principle - from the complex to the simple. In the current conditions, this methodology has significantly changed, and with emergence of new local settlement systems that will mostly be developed
particularly on economic specialization, the new form needs new types of project design efforts.
In Ukraine, project development activities have a rather firm and substantial basis that was developed back in the day by national architects. Thus in the XX century, a significant contribution into the theory and practice of the urban-planning school was made by works of D. I. Bohorad, A. Einhorn, H. I. Filva-rov, and I. O. Fomin [1, 407; 2, 49; 3, 25-31], who introduced, in particular, systemic methods of regional planning. The works by M. M. Diomin and H. I. Lavryk [4, 184; 5, 251] have become a methodological foundation for systemic methods in architecture and urban planning. The research works by Yu. M. Palekha, H. P. Pidhrushnyi, V. M. Vadimov, V. I. Myronenko, T. F. Panchenko, I. K. Bystriakov, V. V. Shulyk [6, 149-152; 7, 24-44; 8, 55-66; 9, 5-7; 10, 325] can be attributed to a number of specialized studies related to organization of activities at all levels. In their works, they considered the questions of transportation, industry, assessment of land, and natural potential for building recreational systems. The beginning of changes in XXI century was the search for new solutions both in the settlement system and at the level of communities themselves.
At this period of time, the research efforts were mostly related to local aspects of environmental issues, preservation of nature, history, culture in the context of their capacities for creation of a future development strategy for local settlement systems -territorial communities. These studies include the works of H. Shulha, H. O. Osichenko and others.
In modern times, elaboration and development of problems in the system theory of urban planning would be impossible without fundamental research by L. A. Avdotiin, M. A. Huriev, L. H. Dmitriev, H. I. Lavryk, J. Forester and others in the sphere of application of system analysis in urban planning;
H. A. Zablotskyi in modelling of systems as transportation and engineering structures; E. M. Pertsyk in the systemic character of the services system;
I. O. Fomin in the formation of cluster systems of
inhabited localities as a result of communities ag- systems, which provided for the opportunity to
glomeration; M. M. Diomin in the systems devel- open the way for the new realism of urban-planning
opment management, as well as A. E. Hutnov in thought that would suit the demands of any times
substantiation of the foundation of urban-planning [11, 270; 12, 320; 13, 38] (Fig. 1).
A.
I - natural environment;
II - social environment; III - technical environment;
^ A
111 5 J
B.
The conceptual structural model of ecological system "population -environment - architecture"
C.
Regional urban-planning systems as stakeholders in the territory development management I - environmental system; II - national economy; III - society "C" - environment; "H" - population; "A" - activities
Figure 1. Scientific and theoretical foundations of spatial organization of the settlement system A. A. E. Hutnov - concept of the settlement systems; B. H. I. Lavryk - demographic and ecological systems, mathematical methods in optimizing the urban-planning systems; C. M. M. Diomin - systems development management
Objective
The objective of this publication lies in an attempt to substantiate the relation between spatial and resource planning at the three existing interrelated territorial levels: national, regional and local, which is based on the new management system, connection of vertical and horizontal aspects of the processes.
Today, the development of design (spatial) urban-planning documentation is becoming an inseparable part in elaboration of the regional and local development strategy in close relation. The tight connection of spatial development with the system of new administrative and territorial structure depends to a significant extent on the proposed strategy of the
state regional policy taking into account the strategy of development of cities, large and small villages that form the foundation of the existing settlement system. The new element in the spatial development -the local system - belongs to the microeconomic level, and its resource potential plays a principal role in the development strategy both for the community itself and for higher-level stakeholders.
In further studies of the new settlement system stakeholder that was determined in the process of changes of the administrative and territorial subdivision of Ukraine, in particular, in studying the methodology of development of new approaches to the proposals for spatial development of local settlement systems based on conceptual principles and scientific substantiation of the new paradigm in urban planning activities. One of these approaches lies in engagement of significant resource capabilities for building up touristic and recreational network as a principal one in creation of a strategic program for territorial communities.
Materials and Methods
Ukraine - the twenty second country in the world in terms of territory with the area of603.7 thousand km2 - gained its independence in 1991. As of that period, its population was 51.7 mln people, of which urban population was 35.1 mln and rural -16.6 mln. In terms of administrative division at that time there were 24 administrative regions, 489 administrative districts, 445 towns, 911 urban-type settlements and approximately 29 thousand villages, as well as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
Almost for the last 30 years there have been significant changes in the settlement system and peculiarities of administrative structure, as well as quantitative indicators, economic strategy, environmental situation etc. More than 600 population centers have disappeared from the map of Ukraine. Ifwe consider the main regions determined by the General Scheme, the following can be seen: Eastern region - economic decline, social changes, war; Central region - cardinal changes in the economic potential due to the loss
of a large share of industry, migration processes and unreasonable growth of big cities; Western region -population outflow, migration abroad and almost complete decline of the economy, insufficient jobs and human resources; Southern region - significant loss of territories.
Therefore, currently, the settlement system of Ukraine has to some extent a fictitious nature in terms of development prospects, and the new players of the system - territorial communities - are its main elements being at the stage when they are putting together their economic development strategy. The fictitious nature is, among other things, confirmed by the UN data showing that Ukraine is among the top five countries in terms of population decline rate, and UN experts forecast that the country's population will decrease by 18% by 2050.
In 2020, it is planned to generally complete the decentralization process that started back in 2015. The new architectural elements ofthe settlement system -in particular, the amalgamated territorial communities - basically need to form and approve the strategic development plan, that is mostly based upon resource capacities, existing economic potential, information support and efficient system of management exercised by local self-government authorities.
This particular way needs to be supported by a number of legislative acts as well as a new regulatory framework. According to the Law of Ukraine "On Voluntary Amalgamation of Territorial Communities" of 2015, as of November 10, 2019, 1002 amalgamated territorial communities were created in Ukraine (159 in 2015; 366 in 2016; 665 in 2017; and 806 in 2018). As can be seen from the indicator, the process is stable, however, today there are areas that need significant acceleration - these are Odesa, Kharkiv and Zakarpattia regions.
The second stage of administrative reform in Ukraine is currently coming to completion. The larger portion of amalgamated territorial communities has been created, and the district layout system has been reformed, as a result, 136 districts were offered. Ad-
ministrative changes significantly outpace the existing system of urban planning design despite a number of relevant laws and resolutions at the national government level, and there are many reasons for that. Among the most important ones is the absence of reliable statistical data on the demographics, in particular, population structure and its occupation in economic activities, the real situation of land issues despite the adopted law on land sales, economic structure according to the new strategy of administrative division etc. There is no doubt that the essence of territory planning at the national level lies in the development and implementation of the General territory planning scheme of Ukraine (adopted by the Law of Ukraine No.3059 - III "On the General scheme of planning of the territory of Ukraine" dated February 7, 2002), planning schemes for specific parts of the territory of Ukraine, regions, districts, schemes of international transportation corridors and their influence zones, as well as transborder areas [14]. It is important that the General scheme ofplanning ofthe territory ofUkraine, in particular, its part dedicated to spatial development, determines the planning structure and types of territory use. As of today, the actual implementation of the General scheme provisions needs to take into account, besides the general national requirements, the capabilities of such structural elements as local settlement systems (amalgamated territorial communities or ATCs) as the new "players" of the regional system.
The process of decentralization is raising serious questions of a new approach to the plans substantiated by the General Scheme in the domain of social and economic development, and a new type of urban-planning documentation is emerging at the local level. Currently, the created territorial communities are in a situation when their strategic vision of development has no relevant urban-planning concept.
The absence of project documentation, as a rule, leads to simplification of strategy realization at the initial stage, and later on - to its individualization and departure from the general system of development at the regional and national levels. At present, in
Ukraine, over 40 laws are in force, also supplemented by the state construction standards (DBN) that regulate urban planning activities (urban planning, construction sphere, licensing procedures etc.), which is only creating significant administrative obstacles, especially in the governance system.
This situation is caused not only by the fact that the urban planning sphere is lagging behind, but also by the situation of decentralization process in particular. Thus, today, Ukraine has 490 districts, 26 districts are fully covered by amalgamated territorial communities, 164 are covered by 50%-99%, and 75 do not have any ATCs. In general, as of this day, 1000 population centers are not included into any territorial public associations. The fact that the stage has not been completed is hindering the possibility to create a real concept of economic potential that can serve as basis for elaboration of urban planning strategy for spatial development [17].
2020 is to be the deadline for voluntary amalgamation of territorial communities, and the results of this process would have to be included in the economic strategy of creation of new districts. The situation is unfolding unfavorably for the process in particular, as the use of coercive levers will lead to significant changes in the structure of communities, as well as changes of administrative borders and development strategy.
The fact that political process is outpacing the substantiation of the final result of economic, social and spatial plan will essentially halt the development of local systems.
Another factor playing a negative role in the formation of spatial development is the unstable nature of labor potential that lies in migration processes, unemployment growth, unsubstantiated professional changes etc.
If unemployment rate was 4.3% of the labor resources volume in the early 2000-s, it was 9.7% in 2018 [15, 235]. The lion's share of the unemployed is situated exactly in agricultural territorial communities, which leads to migration processes, destruction of the demographic structure, which is included in
the development strategy of territorial communities. That is why Ukraine today is among the top ten migrant donor countries of the world. According to different estimates, the number of qualified migrants is reaching 4 mln people. The reason of migration is search for work and education, and then search for work again. This is an exceptionally complex process, and therefore, its resolution is one of the main tasks both in the economic development processes and in the domain of urban planning activities at each level - of local settlement systems (ATCs) and development of the new spatial concept of management.
The general process of ageing is also important, and each country is trying to do its best to preserve its education system in order to fulfill the needs of the economy in qualified specialists as a professional resource, which cannot be said about professional training in Ukraine. The country has a very high rate of educational migration, which leads to erosion of the educational system, fragmentation and inconsistency of higher educational establishments with low professional level, alienation of education and science from country's real economic complex etc.
In this situation, it is more than important to develop the professional system of society according to the needs of the economic potential, especially at the local level where the national policy is emerging. However, today, for example, every fourth graduating bachelor is trying to leave the country without completing a comprehensive higher education, which makes it impossible to develop a consistent nature of society's professionalism.
The external migration is complemented with the internal one, which is keeping the tendency of devastating small population centers and adding to the stagnation ofthe territories. Human being - currently the most unstable argument - remains the foundation of the spatial evolution of territories. Therefore, in Ukraine, spatial planning is acquiring new traits, new structural peculiarities at the local level, which include preservation of history, nature, traditions, environment, development of trades and national culture.
Creation of a perspective evolution plan of a population center, district, region, as a rule, was based on the analysis of achievements, which was losing relevance as early as on the elaboration stage, therefore, the concept of spatial development of a local system should be based on the vision of the future, for the sake of which a way to its achievement is built. The perspective vision of the future is formed on the basis of its understanding by all community members and only then is it generalized by a professional team in the sphere of urban planning.
The great opportunities for development of amalgamated communities as local systems are found in the natural potential and building up of touristic and recreational functions on its basis that will become a stimulus for economic capability.
With its unique resources Ukraine has a possibility to raise the touristic and recreational industry to a significant level.
Ukraine has 70 thousand rivers and water reservoirs, two sea coasts, the Carpathian mountains, 6,737 specially allotted territories and natural reserve sites with an area exceeding 2.35 mln hectares. 20.0% of this territory is occupied by national natural parks, 9.6% - by biosphere reserves, 17.2% - by regional landscape parks and many others [14; 15, 235].
Today, the great natural potential serves as the stimulus of economic development of local systems which will be able to restore growth and financial capacity of their existence.
Currently, in Ukraine, there is a large variety of touristic and recreational activities at different stages of development. These are water tourism, mountain hiking, ecological tourism, rural green tourism, educational tourism, business tourism, urban tourism to name a few.
However, development of the touristic and recreational industry that is able to become a foundation of economic stability of local systems does not meet its great potential and exceptionally convenient geopolitical location, if compared to the global and European scale. This is testified, for instance, by the
main indicators of touristic flows in Ukraine and beyond its borders, that have unstable dynamics, and according to the data of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, is within 2-3 mln tourists per annum, including 1-2 mln internal tourists [16, 246].
Unfortunately, even in the pre-crisis period, Ukrainian indicators were essentially different from most of the foreign countries. Thus, in Ukraine, this industry accounted for 0.6% of the gross domestic product and 1% of the jobs in all spheres of the economy. To compare, in France these indicators were accordingly - 7.7% and 9.3%; in Spain - 9.0% and 11.0%; in Switzerland - 8.0% and 10.0%; and in Austria - 8.8% and 14.0%.
In this situation, the task of the state is to direct the processes in order to create a regional touristic and recreational system with identification of available touristic resources; to determine the directions of functional use (cultural, educational, environmental and green tourism etc.); to legislatively ensure their effective protection, prevent uncontrolled processes of
alienation and privatization; to develop and implement a strategic program of local system as a component of the regional one; to develop touristic and recreational activities of communities from the standpoint ofevolu-tion interests of social and urban planning peculiarities.
Formation of regional touristic systems is based on the areas of group accommodation - zones of concentration of objects or natural resources, which in the new circumstances may become the unifying strategy for local settlement systems (territorial communities).
Part of the territorial presentations have been reflected in the already elaborated concepts of economic development of territorial communities, where the touristic and recreational sphere is one of the main strategic programs.
A case in point may be the strategy of the Ko-blevo amalgamated territorial community uniting 10 inhabited localities with a population of 7,266 people (as of 2017).
Figure 2. Spatial organization of recreational territories: A - Koblevo ATC
Economic specialization for the period of amalgamation: touristic sector, agriculture, recreational territories, recreation facilities, Tylihulskyi regional landscape park and others.
Basing on the Law of Ukraine "On Tourism" and taking into account the potential resource, the following types of touristic and recreational activities of the Koblevo ATC have been defined: cultural and educational, recreational and health-improving, sports, environmental (green), rural agricultural tourism, amateur-level and regulated in the areas of natural reserve fund (Fig. 2).
The strategy of development of recreational prospects for economic development is also in-
Option 1. An option of one-day touristic recreational trip that provides for familiarization with the history of local systems, familiarization with new settlements of people evacuated from the Chornobyl zone, visiting of the valley of reconstructed windmills and leisure on the bank of the Vablia river and forest recreation facilities.
eluded in Velykodymerska amalgamated territorial community as a prospective object in the influence area of the large metropolitan city of Kyiv and ATC of the urban-type settlement Borodi-anka.
This is supported by good transport communication, favorable natural environment, deep history of settlements, folk customs and picturesque views. The investment program provides for recreational activity as the principal one alongside others, such as manufacturing enterprises and social and public utility domain. And the elements of the weekend city breaks and tourism system are to become the main objects (Fig. 3)
Option 2. This option envisages two-day touristic recreation for residents of Kyiv and the region.
The first day includes familiarization with artifacts of folk arts and crafts and traditions of population centers moved from the Chornobyl zone, visiting of theme museums and viewing of films, visiting of the museum of wooden household articles.
The second day includes active leisure at natural sites.
Figure 3. Organization of touristic itineraries of the Borodianska amalgamated territorial community
Today, as it was noted in the earlier articles, the always adequately perceive the actual essence of so-urban planning activities and planning system do not cial and economic changes. And there are numerous
reasons for that: the absence and unsystematic nature of information support, the informational base is mostly formed to suit the already fulfilled facts, the legislative base has no firm foundation and ability to enforce the laws due to the absence of scientific research related to urban planning, lack of skills and desire to work with the state perspective for resolution of the problem etc.
This situation is exacerbating the crisis tension in the urban-planning activities, and the ambitions of all the stakeholders in the decentralization process to show "who is more important" lead to a greater gap between the reality and proposals.
The discrepancies between the law, norms and urban-planning activities are nothing else but disruption of the process of sustainable development oflocal systems - territorial communities. Today, the touristic and recreational activities in Ukraine do not yet have their own firm material and ideological base, which, unfortunately is changing upon political whims of separate players due to the absence of ownership.
In their development, the touristic and recreational activities have to follow the principles of sustainable development of local settlement systems for every separate goal as well as common goals of economic and environmental improvement of regions and the country.
These principles may be as follows: the main purpose of activities is to be aimed at preservation of nature; upbringing the culture and sensitive attitude of the society to the history, nature etc.; the new administrative units - territorial communities -need to be less dependent on the unbalanced use of land; all the processes have to be carried out basing on the environmental strategy of preservation; high quality structure and services provision as a stimulus of development; the activities are to be aimed at long-term period of cooperation of all spheres both in public and private sector and creation of investment attractiveness of territorial communities.
Today, the main positions in the urban planning activities are occupied by land interests, and this, as
nothing else, is influencing the natural environment that serves as basis for the touristic and recreational system of the new settlement elements.
Therefore, understanding of decentralization ideology as a reform requires evaluation of current cooperation of the governance system as well as social and economic situation in the society and helps identify strategic sections of sustainable development of the settlement system taking into account all the domains of activities:
- to trace in historical perspective the peculiarities of formation of the country's administrative and territorial division and a relevant system of management of each separate system;
- to offer a methodological foundation that has to be based on governance, complex cooperation of all spheres of the society, determined taxonomic territorial units owned by them;
- to create a model of vertical regulation and horizontal management of all the spheres of society life, unlike the existing statutory, legislative, governance and supervisory vertical structure.
- to identify factors that can influence reformation of the existing system of local self-governance into a transformed system of group forms of settlements depending on strategic program;
- to offer tools of structural organization of space as an object of urban planning, zoning and re-gionalization of territory taking into account the territorial community as a new local level stakeholder with a special type of economic strategy for touristic and recreational activities.
Thus the existing urban-planning documentation is losing its untouchability and incorporated implementation guidelines without taking into account the dynamics of social changes, that have to be built-in as possible ones on the way to achievement of the ultimate objective. Collective substantiation of the ultimate objective determines specific structures responsible for its implementation and building of specific steps in the system that governs its achievement.
The main instrument for carrying out management and oversight should be monitoring of all processes for anticipatory identification ofpossible issues and probable mitigation of their negative impact.
That is why today in Ukraine the planning of local systems' territories provides for dedicated activities with elaboration of a space development strategy in order to create and support full-fledged living environment. As a result, approval of the newly elaborated urban planning documentation does not mean any automatic change of functional zoning of local system's territory, real changes can take place only upon initiative of an amalgamated territorial community as a user and owner of a relevant territory confirmed by land-surveying documentation. And this is guaranteed by harmonization of statutory, legislative and governance spheres according to a principle stating that they all belong to urban planning legislation, i.e. to spatial planning.
Results and Their Discussion
The result of the study is an attempt to analyze urban planning activities in Ukraine not from the position of traditional land capacities, but from the point of view of unification of social needs and resource capabilities of the new settlement system stakeholder - the territorial community - that unites territories both within population centers and natural environment, that carries economic potential for their development and existence.
There are following advantages in forming local settlement systems in the conditions of amalgamated territorial communities: a) historically formed planning structure of population centers and their economic complex that assures "sustainable" development of integrated objects; b) "determined role" of populated localities in the "General scheme of planning of the territory of Ukraine", as well as in the regional-level urban planning documentation; c) real "independence" of the formed territorial communities in choosing their development strategies; d) possibility to change "directions and forms" of business activities within the framework of eco-
nomic development plan for higher-level settlement systems; e) "freedom of choice" in implementation of best practices in elaboration of an integrated program of organization and operation of the new type of the group form of settlement.
This process has the following drawbacks: "absence of a full-fledged information base" (statistics, cadaster, demographics etc.) both for the period of unification of the objects and in the long-term perspective, "unpredictability of communities' intentions" - some of them want to unite with others to realize their interests, while others - do not; "limited conditions for development" of territorial communities, as main resource is the land, which is so far owned by the state and given to communities for use; "investor interests of unauthorized use" of territories by participants of the integration process.
Therefore, the search for conceptual solutions of balanced formation of local settlement systems in the conditions of amalgamated territorial communities taking into account implementation of changes in the management domain, keeping balance of national, regional and local interests in land relations, possibilities of growth of local economy and satisfaction of social needs of the community is a relevant issue, and its resolution depends on the legislative and urban planning regulations, as well as on creation of modern statutory and methodological foundation for projecting activities. Modern decentralization policy gives the society a possibility to determine its capacities and responsibility, first of all, in the sphere of management of all the spatial planning processes as separate systems, as well as the country in general.
The modern policy of ecologization and preservation of natural environment provides a possibility for development of regional systems of touristic and recreational activities both for the country and for each local settlement system. It would be prospective to discuss particularly a comprehensive evaluation of resource capabilities of each territorial community and the possibility to develop adjacent regional programs.
Conclusion
The modern policy of ecologization and preservation of natural environment provides a possibility for development of regional systems of touristic and recreational activities both for the country and for each local settlement system. It would be prospective to discuss particularly a comprehensive evaluation of resource capabilities of each territorial community and the possibility to develop adjacent regional programs.
In many years of existence, the state of Ukraine has always been an initiator of potential avant-garde ideas related to the issues of urban planning and spatial development. And the reasons for such a reaction of architects, geographers, and sociologists were frequent social and political changes.
As a result, there are the following: concepts of new cities, development of entire regions, economic agglomeration and de-urbanization of territories, decentralization and the current concept of the new form of all-level systems management.
Spatial planning as a management instrument for development of local systems, is aimed at fulfillment of the following tasks:
- the settlement system has to reduce to minimum the usage of territories with lack of responsibil-
ity for natural resources, as well as to optimize the existing system in terms of expenses for infrastructure development;
- coordination of development of local systems on the country's entire territory as a single economic, social, environmental organism - local system - district - region;
- prevention against emergence of regressing systems and creation of prospective chances of harmonious economic development
The decentralization process in Ukraine is aimed at enlargement of the settlement system at the bottom level, in particular, formation of territorial communities as a local-level system providing the possibility for a more critical evaluation of the real resources for development.
The new methodology that is being developed aims at uniting the internal and external capabilities on dedicated coordination of preservation, promotion, and enrichment of natural, cultural, and historical resources at all levels, having created regional models of touristic and recreational activities in the new administrative conditions and global influence of urbanization processes.
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