CC BY
32
где п - количество марок кирпича на печном вагоне, Р - цена 1-й марки, грн/тыс.шт., С8, - количество 1-й марки на вагоне, тыс.шт.
Итак, полученные модели используются для прогноза и выдачи задания для системы автоматического регулирования расхода топлива, а также при создании системы статической оптимизации процесса обжига кирпича, что способствует существенному повышению качества готовой продукции и экономии топлива.
Литература
1. Дис. канд. техн. наук: 05.13.07 / 1.М. Голшко; Укр. держ. ун-т харч. технологш. — К., 2000. — 181 с. — укр.
2. Дис. канд. техн. наук: 05.13.07 / 1.В. Ярощук; Нац. техн. ун-т Украши "Кшв. тоштехн. ш-т". — К., 2003. — 286 с.
— укр.
Розглядаеться життевий цикл будi-вельного об'екта та виокремлюються його основш етапи. На основi цього пропонуеть-ся модель управлтня життевим циклом продукту в будiвництвi, що включае його основт етапи та зв'язки мiж ними
Ключовi слова: життевий цикл будiвель-
ного об'екта, РЬМ в будiвництвi
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Рассматривается жизненный цикл строительного объекта, и выделяются его основные этапы. На основе этого предлагается модель управления жизненным циклом продукта в строительстве, которая включает его основные этапы и связи между ними
Ключевые слова: жизненный цикл строительного объекта, РЬМ в строительстве
In this paper we consider a construction object lifecycle. We distinguish the main stages of the construction object lifecycle and suggest a model of product lifecycle management (PLM) in construction
Key words: construction object lifecycle,
PLM in construction
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УДК 004.021:004.92
PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
Y.V. Borodavka
Assistant professor of applied mathematics department Kyiv national university of construction and architecture Povitroflotskiy Avenue 31, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680 Contact phone: 067-812-27-52 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
S.L. Pechenov
Chief of laboratory
State enterprise «State scientific and research institute of computer-aided systems in construction» Maxima Kryvonosa Street 2a, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03037 Contact phone: 050-356-20-01 E-mail: [email protected]
List of abbreviations
AEC Architecture Engineering and Construction
CAD Computer Aided Design
CAE Computer Aided Engineering
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAx Computer Aided Technologies
CPD Collaborative Product Development
DFMA Design for Manufacturing and Assembly
DFSS Design for Six Sigma
ETO Engineering, Technology, Operations
HR Human Resources
IT Information Technologies
MPM Manufacturing Process Management
NPD New Product Development
PDM Product Data Management
PLM Product Lifecycle Management
PLM/AECO PLM for Architects, Engineers, Construction Firms and Asset Owners
Introduction
Construction industry, especially, civil engineering, is one of the most needed in our lives. Every year more and
more people need new homes. However, over the past two years construction industry has declined because of the world economic crisis. Despite this, construction still remains the most profitable industry. Many companies all over the world are involved in construction and all other industries related to it.
The final product of a construction is a building. From the industrial point of view, PLM is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its concept, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal. Providing an adequately high level of automated support to the entire lifecycle of a construction object is the important problem of today. In our century of high technologies most of stages of a construction process can be computerized. All computer-aided technologies used in PLM are combined by the term CAx. Today we have many different CAx tools which are used at all stages of construction industry. Some of these CAx tools are used only at one particular stage, while others can be used at several stages.
1. The Problem
Construction is a complex process which includes many stages. PLM process in construction, as in other industries, contains four main phases: conceive, design, realize, and service (conceptualization, design, and implementation). Each of these phases splits into several sub-phases. Today we have many IT-solutions for each of them. But we haven't many complex solutions for the construction object lifecycle. This article is a part of a global work which is dedicated to development of a methodology of creating universal extensible CAx tools for construction objects. Such kinds of IT-solutions will improve the entire construction process.
2. Analysis of recent research and publications
The term 'PLM' appeared on the edge of the centuries. Most of PLM solutions started developing at the beginning of the 21st century. Our range of interests is the PLM in construction.
Article [1] focuses on CAD education for students. The authors make a conclusion that just CAD is not enough. Nowadays students should study all CAx tools to have better chances to find a job.
Article [2] gives an explanation of the PLM concept. In this article the author comes to the conclusion that CAD, CAE, CAM are not good enough terms to accurately describe all what we are doing to create the final product in industry. So, he suggests calling all of it 'PLM'.
In article [3] the author considers ways to integrate PLM and production processes. He offers an integrated PLM-Automation solution to create a «closed loop» environment.
In article [4] the author explains a new direction of PLM products in construction called PLM/AECO. He reviews the PLM/AECO market and products and tries to make a forecast regarding their development in the future.
In article [5] the author offered an IT-solution to integrate CAx tools used in construction industry. He suggests creating a digital model of the object for storing all data about the construction object at any stage of its lifecycle.
3. Problem statement
In this paper we will consider every phase of the construction object lifecycle and break them into sub-phases. Also we will analyze each of these stages and determine the most useful CAx tools to be used at each of the stages. We will create a model of PLM in construction and determine the links between the stages. This model wills allows us to understand which data describing the construction object are the same and can be used at several phases of the construction object lifecycle.
4. Main research
PLM is a larger concept than the construction process. In fact, PLM consists of six elements. Each of these elements contains sub-level items (fig. 1).
According to the PLM structure, we have considered construction in different ways. We believe the basic PLM element for construction is the process. Each phase of a construction process can be linked with data, tools and people.
So, we distinguished the main PLM elements for construction. Next step of this work is breaking down each of the stages of construction process. Let's consider each of the stages separately.
Fig. 1. PLM elements
As we said before, PLM as a process in construction consists of four main phases. The first phase is 'conceive' (imagine, specify, plan, and innovate). In construction, at this stage we generate an idea of a future building according to customer's requirements and building place peculiarities. Parallel to the requirements specification the initial concept design work is carried out defining the visual aesthetics of the product together with its main functional aspects. It could be accomplished with the help of many different tools, ranging from pencil and paper or clay models to 3D CAD software.
People who make this work usually are geodesists, architects and modelers. The data produced at this stage include generalized specifications, sketches and drawings of the design and models. Fig. 2 gives a schematic presentation of this phase.
Geodesists, Architects, Modelers
CONCEIVE
Pencil and paper,
Clay, 3D CAD software
Specifications, sketches, models
Fig. 2. PLM in construction first phase schema
The second phase of PLM in construction is design (describe, define, develop, test, analyze and validate). This is a very large stage which consists of many sub-phases. Some of them can be executed concurrently (in parallel), while others could be done only consecutively. But in any case most sub-phases are re-executed several times to ensure full design integrity. Buildings design includes designing a land profile, architectural design and structure calculation, internal and external engineering networks (sewage, water, heating, ventilation, electricity, and gas), ecological calculations (noise, illumination) and calculations of an estimated cost. Each of these processes is performed by different specialists. They use specialized CAx tools to do it. Every CAx tool uses its own data models of building, depending on the problem that needs to be solved. The breakdown of phase 2 is presented in table 1.
Table 1
PLM in construction second phase content
Subphase Peoples CAx tools Data
1 2 3 4
Design land profile Geodesist, Architect Autodesk Civil 3D, CAD RELIEF Digital map of relief, soil volume
Architecture design Architect ArchiCAD, AllPlan, Autodesk Revit Architecture Geometry of all building elements, their topology, materials and attributes
Structure calculation Design engineer Autodesk Revit Structure, SCAD, LIRA, STARK ES Geometry of construction elements, their topology and materials, force reactions
Internal and external engineering networks Sanitary engineer, Electrical engineer AutoCAD MEP, Autodesk Revit MEP Full 3D model of building, geometry and topology of engineering networks, list of all networks items and their attributes
Autodesk
Ecology calculations Environmental engineer Ecotect Analysis, BEES, EcoDesigner, Eco-Calculator Full 3D model of building, materials properties, geographic placement, spaces configuration
Calculation of estimated cost Quantity surveyor BID2WIN Estimating & Bidding, AVK, TK-ISS Volumes of each building element, materials prices, salaries
The third phase of PLM in construction is 'realization'. The building is constructed at this stage. The senior engineer manages construction with the help of drawings, specifications and estimated cost. He distributes material and financial resources according to these documents. We have some CAx tools to help him do it effectively. These tools were created specifically for construction management. They help senior engineers to plan the use of resources, project the period of construction and prepare all kinds of documentation using CAx tools. The schema of this phase is presented at fig. 3.
Engineers, Builders, Suppliers
REALIZATION
Microsoft Project, Building Manager, Spider Project
Volumes and costs, building period
Fig. 3. PLM in construction third phase schema
The fourth phase of PLM in construction is 'service' (use, operate, maintain, support, retire, recycle and disposal). There are not so many CAx tools to support this stage of PLM in construction. This is because it's not necessary for this industry.
Based on previous research, we can merge phases and sub-phases which use CAx tools to create a model of PLM in construction.
The model, containing all basic stages and links between them is represented at fig. 4.
Ecology Calculation of Building
calculation estimated cost management
Fig. 4. Model of PLM in construction
The model of PLM in construction at figure 4 allows us to determine basic stages at which CAx tools are used. Based on this, we can distinguish common data models and tools which are used throughout the entire construction object lifecycle. This information is very helpful for the creation of universal extensible CAx tools for construction objects.
5. Conclusions
In this article we analyzed PLM in construction. A study of this problem allowed us to determine basic stages of construction and distinguish main CAx tools used at every stage. Based on this research, we created the model of PLM in construction. The next step in research is to analyze data structures at each stage of PLM to distinguish global basic data core.
References
1. Dankwort, C.W. Engineers' CAx education - it's not only CAD / C. Werner Dankwort, Roland Weidlich, Birgit Guenther, Joerg E.
Blaurock // Computer-Aided Design. - 2004. - Volume 36, Issue 14. - Pages 1439-1450.
2. Day, M. What is PLM? / Martyn Day // CAD Digest - 2002.
3. Miller, E. A PLM Evolution // InTech. - 2007.
4. Красковский Д. PLM/AECO - новая панацея // САПР и графика. - 2003. - №2. - С. 4-9.
5. Бородавка 6.В. Моделi та засоби шформацшно! штеграцп систем проектування будiвель i споруд // Вюник Схщноукра'шсько-
го нацюнального ушверситету iMem Володимира Даля. - 2009. - №6(136). - С. 255-259.
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Виконано aHaMÏ3 icнуючих Memodie контролю знань. Запропоновано структуру iнmeлeкmуальнoï (адаптивной) системи контролю знань, що метить контролюю-чий блок з аналiзoм рeзульmаmiв навчання (АРН)
Ключoвi слова: тформацшт технологи, ттелектуальна система, адаптащя, мето-
ди, тестовий контроль знань
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Выполнен анализ существующих традиционных и современных методов контроля знаний. Предложена структура интеллектуальной (адаптивной) системы контроля знаний, которая имеет в структуре контролирующий блок с анализом результатов обучения (АРО)
Ключевые слова: информационные технологии, интеллектуальная система, адаптация, методы, тестовый контроль знаний
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The analysis of existing traditional and modern methods of control knowledge. A structure of the intellectual (adaptive) supervisory system which has in a structure a supervisory block with the analysis of teaching results (ARO) is offered
Key world: information technology, intellect system, adaptation, methods, test control knowledge
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УДК 004.8
ОЦ1НЮВАННЯ Р1ВНЯ ЗНАНЬ СТУДЕНТ1В В П1ДСИСТЕМ1 КОНТРОЛЮ ЗНАНЬ МОДЕЛ1 АДАПТИВНОГО НАВЧАННЯ
О.В. Кравчен ко
Асистент
Кафедра шформацшних технолопй проектування* Контактний тел..:(472) 32-62-26, 067-91 1-83-33 Е-таН: [email protected]
Ж.М. Плакасова
Старший викладач Кафедра програмного забезпечення автоматизованих
систем*
Контактний тел..: (0472) 31-30-94, 067-914-54-14 Е-таН: djanai_7 @таН.ш *Черкаський державний технолопчний уыверситет бул. Шевченка, 460, м. Черкаси, УкраТна, 18000
1. Вступ
На сьогодшшнш день як у школ^ так i у вищо-му навчальному закладi (ВНЗ) все жорстюше постае питання контролю знань. Тестовий контроль, який останшм часом приваблюе все бшьшу увагу педагопв у рiзних сферах, - е ушверсальною формою контролю
знань. Для його проведення використовуються як традицшш, так i сучасш методи. Серед останшх чи не найширше поширення знаходять методи контролю знань шляхом тестування.
Перевагу тестового контролю складае те, що вш е науково-обгрунтованим методом емтричного до-слщження. На вщмшу вщ звичайних задач тестовi
