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10ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
УДК 61 (091)
Boldysh S.K.
docent of department of pharmaceutical disciplines. Academy "Bolashak" (Karaganda, Kazakhstan)
Kalizhanova A.N.
senior lecturer of department of foreign languages and intercultural communication. Academy
"Bolashak" (Karaganda, Kazakhstan)
Ishmuratova M.Yu.
docent of department of pharmaceutical disciplines, candidate of biological science. Academy
"Bolashak" (Karaganda, Kazakhstan)
UNKNOWN PAGES OF KARLAG HISTORY
Аннотация: judgment of history is especially relevant in the conditions of modern globalization of democracy. Knowledge of sources of origin of a totalitarian system as main reason for political repressions, organized rejection from society of the best sons and daughters, his most educated citizens - scientists, doctors and pharmacists, gives the chance to avoid such historical cataclysms in the future. Results of researches after studying of history of repressed and civilian doctors and pharmacists of Karlag are given in this article.
Keywords: history, Karlag, repressed people, doctor, pharmacist
Introduction. The twentieth century has been known as anthropological crisis century that gave humanity harsh lessons. No country has escaped such catastrophes as wars, epidemics, hatred, and pain.
Karlag is the name of one of the largest labor camps, where people were exiled to correctional labor. Thus, modern people need to know the history of Kazakhstan, especially period of repression; to know names of victims, and do everything to remind the future generations about Karlag history.
Within the initiative project "Karlag" of Academy "Bolashak" a Research and Development Center was created [1].
Since 2007, at the Department of Pharmaceutical Disciplines has been carried out scientific and research work for studying the national history of medicine and pharmacy [2] - the history of repressed and civil doctors and pharmacists of Karlag camp.
The research aims to reveal the truth, based on the materials from the Museum "In Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions" about repressed and civil doctors and pharmacists to the general public, especially the younger generation.
The tasks of the study are the following:
1) to find and collect objective information about the life of repressed and freelance doctors and pharmacists in Karlag, by examining printed, archival documents, photographic materials in Dolink, Nova Dolinka, and the Museum itself, memories of veterans of health care, witnesses of that time;
2) to systemize and analyze the collected materials and documents;
3) to use the collected material for articles and the learning process.
Main part. At all times, doctors and pharmacists deservedly enjoyed particular respect and honor at a societal level. Concern for human health is the essence of the life of professionals, ready to provide for adequate medical and medicinal assistance immediately.
Many pharmacy leaders spoke of the need to study national pharmacy. One of them, Dr. Vyacheslav Pereverzev, doctor of pharmaceutical sciences, in 2001, suggested exploring the history of pharmacy in the regions of Kazakhstan. He believed that written recording of history would set not only an example for posterity but also an analysis of events, facts, and the ability to avoid mistakes in market conditions [3].
The Karaganda separate correctional labor camp Karlag was formed on December 19, 1931, in the village of Dolinka, founded in the Konyrtobe tract by the settlers of the Samara and Saratov provinces in 1909 and located forty-five km to the South-West from the city of Karaganda in the valley of the Cherubainur River. The length of the territory of Karlag is about 300 km from North to South and about 200 km from the East to the West. In 2002 in Dolinka village the memorial Museum "In Memory of the Victims of Political Repressions" was opened. The museum has a vast number of such exhibits as maps, photographs, documents, paintings, books, and other personal belongings of the prisoners of Karlag [4-8]; the number of prisoners reached 75,000 people [9-11].
In the 1930s, Karaganda labor camp began to be formed not only from representatives of former political parties, wealthier peasants, and bays but also from highly skilled specialists such as doctors, teachers, engineers, and the most significant scientists, who later laid the foundations for scientific research in the educational institutions of Karaganda [8, 9, 12].
Outside area of Karlag had two more departments for the politically repressed wives: Akmolinsky, located 350 km from the center of the camp and Balkhashsky, situated 650 km from the same place. In peer conversations, the prisoners of Akmolinsky half-jokingly called their island the exotic word ALGERIA - Akmola Camp Wives of Betrayers of the Nation. The 17th female camp of Karaganda Special Corrective-Labor Camp's particular department was one of the largest Soviet political women's camps. Prisoners consisted of wives and immediate relatives of repressed as
members of the families of national traitors for the operational order of the NKVD of the USSR No.00486 [5, 13].
In May 1939, the order, on behalf of Gulag, changed a strict regime for the general scheme that allowed transferring prisoners to other camps. Since December 29, 1939, the 17th female camp of Karaganda Special Corrective-Labor Camp was officially included in the structure of Karlag (previously formally subordinated directly to Gulag of the NKVD of the USSR and then closed in 1953.
The names of repressed women doctors from the 17th Women's camp are the following.
Zhurgenova-Ermekova Damesh Amirkhanovna (1905-1990), the wife of the famous statesman Temirbek Zhurgenov and sister of Alikhan Yermekov, three times convicted under the article No. 58, was born in the Karaganda region. Kazakh. In 1929, she graduated from the Medical Faculty of the Central Asian State University (CASU). In 1938, she was sentenced to eight years as a relative of a betrayer of the nation to the Motherland and served her sentence in Karlag, Sevurallag, working as a doctor. Her husband, T. Zhurgenov, the representative of KazSSR in the Turkestan Republic, the rector of the Kazakh pedagogical institute in Tashkent, the People's Commissar of Finance in the Tajik SSR, the People's Commissar of Education of the Uzbek SSR and the Kazakh SSR was shot in 1938. As a medical worker, from the very first days of the war, she applied for going to the front, but her request was not satisfied, although she sent more than 100 letters to various authorities. After the discharge, she worked in multiple positions: from a doctor to an Associate Professor in the Department of faculty therapy at Almaty State, Medical Institute. She is the Honored Doctor of the KazSSR.
Kazbekova Magriffa Myrzagulovna (1903-1982) was born in the Turgai region, Kazakh. She graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Central Asian State University (CASU). A few months after the arrest of her husband Smagul Suleimenovich Kazbekov, she received a message about permission to visit him. On July 21, 1938, NKVD of the USSR sentenced Kazbekova as a relative of a betrayer of the nation to the Motherland to serve five years at a corrective-labor camp. The children were sent to orphanages: a son - to an orphanage in Magnitogorsk, a daughter - to the baby house in Shymkent. Kazbekova arrived in Algeria from the prison of Shymkent on October 1, 1938, Five years later she was allowed to live with the children in the camp. Then she and the children were transferred to Balkhashlag and became free from imprisonment in Karlag on March 2, 1943, after which they lived in Balkhash, where Kazbekova worked as the head of the infirmary of camp No.37 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Kazbekova worked in the infectious disease department of the city hospital for more than 40 years and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. On July 27, 1956, she was rehabilitated. Kazbekova died in Balkhash.
Maylina Gulzhamal, the wife of a famous writer Beimbet Maylin, was born in 1900. On July 21, 1938, on the decision of the CCA under the NKVD of the USSR, she was sentenced to five years
as a member of the family of traitors to the nation. From 1938 to 1943, Maylina served time in Batyk branch of Karlag by sheeping sheep. She had six children. Her sons went to the army amongst the regular soldiers of the penal battalion as the children of enemies of the people. After the release, the daughter Galiya reunited with her mother Gulzhamal and together left for the city of Karaganda, and then to Almaty, where Galiya graduated from the medical institute and became a doctor.
Martinson Khana Samoilovna, a Jew pediatrician, was born in 1894 in the Poltava region but sentenced on March 16, 1938, by CCA under the NKVD of the USSR as the relative of traitors of the nation to the motherland to 5 years in forced labor camp. There she organized a children's polyclinic, a day nursery, a kindergarden, and a dairy kitchen, and, subsequently, saved many children's lives. In particular, she cured the famous ballerina Maya Plisetskaya's mother, Rachel Plisetskaya's son. Martinson Khana was released on March 19.
Nurmakova (Akpaeva) Zufnun Ibraevna (1904-1996), was born in the Karaganda region, was sentenced on November 19, 1937, by CCA under the NKVD of the USSR as national betrayers' relative to 8 years of corrective-labor camps. She is the wife of the renowned statesman Nurmakov Nigmet (1895-1937), deputy secretary of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and head of the nationalities department of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee, the People's Commissar of Justice and the Prosecutor of the Republic, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the KazSSR (he was repressed and shot in 1937). She lived in Moscow, where was arrested on July 20, 1937, but, on November 19, 1937, sentenced as a member of the family of a national traitor to 8 years of forced labor camp. In 1937-1939 she was in Mordovia; in 1939-1941 - in the Segezha camp in Karelia; at the beginning of the World II War, she was transferred to the Karaganda camp Algeria. After release on July 20, 1945, more than ten years, she did not have the right to live in large cities, but her children were sent to the orphanage. After the rehabilitation of her husband in 1956, she lived in Moscow, but, in 1991, she moved to Almaty, where she died.
Ryskulova-Isengulova Aziza Tubekovna (1911-1988), a Kazakh, was born in South Kazakhstan. She studied at the Almaty Veterinary and the Moscow Zoo-Veterinary Institutes. Ryskulova-Isengulova worked for the Moscow Veterinary Academy as a junior researcher at the Department of Microbiology. As a wife of Turar Ryskulov, a prominent state, and political figure, shot in 1938 in dungeons of Lubyanka, Aziza was sentenced as a member of the family of national traitors for five years of forced labor camps in 1938 and sent out with her new-born baby - younger daughter Rida - to Algeria. The elder daughter was later sent to the orphanage in Ukraine. Aziza's mother Arifa also served her sentence in Algeria. Aziza Tubekovna spent ten years in Algeria - from 1938 to 1946: eight years as a member of national traitors' family, but the rest of the time as a civilian as a veterinarian on an animal farm. She was rehabilitated in 1955.
Krestinskaya Natalya Nikolaevna, was born in 1920, was Honored Doctor of the Russian
Federation, cardiologist, the candidate of medical sciences, junior sergeant of the medical reserve service. Her father, N.N. Krestinsky, was the Soviet Ambassador to Germany, Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, and her mother, V.M. Krestinskaya, was head physician of the Moscow City Clinical Hospital No.13 named after N.F. Filatov. Parents were repressed in 1937.
In 1938-1939, N.N. Krestinskaya, a student of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute of the Healthcare Service USSR, was repressed in 1939 and deported to Kazakhstan. In 1940-1942, she worked as a signatory and bookkeeper at a pharmacy in Aktobe, passed training at a school of junior commanders, and, after graduating from a nursing school, became a nurse in the surgical department of the Aktobe city hospital where treated the wounded. B 1942-1943, N.N. Krestinskaya, a student of the 1st year of the Crimean State Medical Institute, was evacuated to Kzyl-Orda, where she also worked as a nurse at the children's ward of the city hospital. In 1943-1947, she became a student of the Samarkand State Medical Institute. In 1960-1994, N.N. Krestinskaya started working as a doctor of the Bakulev Scientific Center of Cardiovascular Surgery under the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, and as a consultant of the vascular department of the Institute. In 1994-1997, she became a doctor of the clinical and diagnostic department of the Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS). In 1997-2009, N.N. Krestinskaya worked as a leading translator of the laboratory for the provision of international scientific programs and the development of scientific bases for cooperation between A.N. Bakulev RAMS and foreign countries [5, 13].
The comprehension of the above is especially important in the context of modern globalization of democracy. Knowledge of the origins of the birth of a totalitarian system as the leading cause of political repression, systematic exclusion from society of its the most educated citizens such as scientists, doctors, and pharmacists, makes it possible to avoid such historical cataclysms in the future.
In the eyes of a new grown-up generation, the past often appears in a distorted form. Truthful comprehension of the history requires understanding the present and predicting the future. The new priorities of a modern democratic society force humanity to rethink entire epochs, including the era of Stalinist repressions, which inscribed the bloodiest pages in the history of the country of the Soviets. The creation and functioning of Karlag are one of the most tragic pages of the Stalinist era, the study which bears enormous political and moral lessons for the young generation of Kazakhstan. Avoiding past mistakes includes the knowledge and memorization of the fates of those, who suffered during the totalitarian regime.
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