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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF NEW IT AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
УДК 004.912
DOI: 10.25559/SITITO.15.201904.954-960
The Improved Algorithm for Calculation of the Contextual Words Meaning in the Text
E. A. Dorenskaya1*, Y. A. Semenov1'2
1 Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
25 Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya Str., Moscow 117218, Russia * dorenskaya@ itep.ru
2 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia 9 Institutskij per., Dolgoprudny 141701, Moscow region, Russia
Some modifications of the algorithm for context calculation, published in [1], are considered. A new solution for word and document context calculation is proposed. To improve a context determination it is proposed to take into consideration distances between words W1 and W2. This approach is especially important, when W2 number is >1. The results of investigations of these two formulas are presented. For efficiency comparison of these formulas calculation has been made for 100 texts. There were built distributions for C average and dispersion, which were compared with model data from [1]. The weight function fi^i) has been optimized. The versions comparison was made according to the value of a/ C . The C dispersion was calculated for all version of the weight function. Dispersion of C appeared to be rather big because of great variation of text size, number W2 and W3, as well as wide distribution of words in the text. There is an example of L distribution for W2="KOMnbK>Tep".
Keywords: context recognition, weighting function, width of flat area of weight function, context value, probability density, computer analyses, artificial intellect, problem description, program error minimization.
For citation: Dorenskaya E.A., Semenov Y.A. The Improved Algorithm for Calculation ofthe Contextual Words Meaning in the Text. Sovremennye informacionnye tehnologii i IT-obrazovanie = Modern Information Technologies and IT-Education. 2019; 15(4):954-960. DOI: 10.25559/ SITITO.15.201904.954-960
Abstract
Контент доступен под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The content is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Современные информационные технологии и ИТ-образование
Том 15, № 4. 2019 ISSN 2411-1473 sitito.cs.msu.ru
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И РАЗРАБОТКИ В ОБЛАСТИ НОВЫХ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И ИХ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ
Улучшенный алгоритм вычисления контекстного значения слов в тексте
Е. А. Доренская1*, Ю. А. Семенов1,2
1 Институт теоретической и экспериментальной физики имени А.И. Алиханова Национального исследовательского центра «Курчатовский институт», Москва, Россия
117218, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Большая Черёмушкинская, д. 25 * doгenskaya@ itep.ru
2 Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет), г. Долгопрудный, Россия
141701, Россия, Московская обл., г. Долгопрудный, Институтский пер., д. 9 Аннотация
Рассмотрены некоторые модификации алгоритма определения контекста, опубликованного ранее [1]. Предложена усовершенствованная формула для вычисления контекста слова и документа. Для более точного расчёта контекстного значения предложено учитывать расстояния между словами W1 и W2. Такой подход важен при наличии числа W2 >1. Приводятся результаты исследования работы этих 2-х формул. Для сравнения эффективности формул были проведены расчеты для 100 текстов. По данным расчётов построены распределения, которые были сравнены с моделью, описанной в статье [1]. Проведен оптимальный выбор весовой функции f(Li), Сравнение вариантов проводилось по значениям отношений в/Ссред, Для всех вариантов формулы, весовой функции и ширины площадки была рассчитана дисперсия С. Она оказалась довольно большой за счёт разного размера текстов, количества слов МУ2 и МУЗ, а также их распределения по тексту. Предоставлен пример распределения расстояний между словами W2-W3 в файле для слова W2 "компьютер".
Ключевые слова: распознавание контекста, весовая функция, ширина площадки, контекстное значение, распределение плотности вероятности, машинный анализ, искусственный интеллект, описание проблемы, минимизация программных ошибок.
Для цитирования: Доренская Е. А., Семенов Ю. А. Улучшенный алгоритм вычисления контекстного значения слов в тексте // Современные информационные технологии и ИТ-образование. 2019. Т. 15, № 4. С. 954-960. DOI: 10.25559^ПТГО.15.201904.954-960
Modern Information Technologies and IT-Education
956
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И РАЗРАБОТКИ В ОБЛАСТИ НОВЫХ Е.А. Доренская,
ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И ИХ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ Ю.А. Семенов
Introduction
Since text analyses is becoming more and more actual in particular because of computer analytics, it is so important correctly interpret context meaning of all words in the text.
There was proposed an algorithm [1,2] to calculate context of separate words and documents. This algorithm takes into account relative distance between the word and other words connected with it. It is supposed, that for any word W1, correspond some words W2, determining a context meaning of W1. To any word W2 may correspond several words W3, connected by implication with W2. For example, W2(routine(computer))=W3(algorithm,debugging,test-ing,iteration,CPU,recursion, variable,byte,...). The tree of connection may be spanned by adding words connected with words W3. Research aim and used methods
The disadvantage of the method, described in article [1], is that, it does not take into account distances between words W1 and W2. The aim of our investigation is an improvement of the formula, described in [1] and selection of weight function, permitting to analyze context most precisely.
If there is one word W1 and several W2, defining different context meaning of W1, than to calculate real context meaning of W1 one may use the following formula:
C|n=Zr=l(^£X/(ii)); [1],
where C - number, defining context of W1, L - distance between word, e.g.,, "computer" (W2) and "debugging" (W3), Mi - metrics for word-characteristic W3 (M=l-^100), m - number of words W3, semantically corresponding to definite word W2, - weight
function of Li, i - number of particular word W3 [1]. The meaning of M is taken from the table, see [1], their values were optimized for test texts.
At simplest case = l/t^ and for small documents
/M = 1. L is defined by word number N situated between word W2 and one of the words W3 (L=N+1). weight function /"(£() is used to decrease influence of distant words to the context estimate of W1.
If there are several W1, and text volume is big enough, we may estimate the context meaning of every word W1 separately, fixing definitional domain size.
It is supposed, that W2 follows after W1, and W3 - after W2 and only contributions from these words influence on the C value, i.e. a contribution all previous word is ignored.
Let there are n identical words W1 (W11,W12?...W1i,...,W1n). Let also there are k identical words W2 (see figure 1), determining context of W1 (W21,W22,...,W2j,...,W2k). Generally speaking, every of words W2 (and also W3) may met in the text more than once. Let there are m words W3, corresponding these W2. L[W1i,W2j] - distance between words W1i and W2j. In W2[1,1] the first index corresponds to the number of word W1, and the second - to the number of W2. For W3[1,1,3] first index corresponds to the word number of word W1, the second - to the number of word W2, and the third- to the number of W3. Pyi1] - probability, that distance between W1 and W2[1,1] is L[1,1]. '
On figure 1 N corresponds to a number of words W1 in the text.
W2[1,1]
_ W3[1,1,1] L[1'1'2] ©W3[1,1,2] W3[1,1,3]
L[1,3]
W2[1,3]
О
F i g. 1. Parameter determination scheme To any word W1 must correspond two or more words W2, presented in the text. If there is only one word W1 and one word W2, we need to calculate nothing as in the case context of W1 is defined by W2.
If there is more than one sample of word-meaning W2, defining context of W1, then the formula for W1 context calculation should be changed1.
_ * m x f (L ))
X
j-1
D,
[2],
where Dj defines a distance from given W1 to one of the words W2 with number j; K - z number of specific word-meaning W2 in the
document. If there are 4 words W2="code", then K=4. D = |L - LI +1.
' j 1 j 0'
L0 - minimal distance from W1 to the particular word W2. Let word W1 may have m context meanings, determined by W2. Cardinality of set W2 w is equal m (it contains m elements). Actually there are k words W2 (k < m). 0 < k < m, i.e. W2 are present not to all possible contexts of W1.
If there is only one word W2 and number of W1>1, then at big text volume one may attempt to determine the best regional context meaning for any W1.
For every W2 from the list (W2 number > 1) Ckn is calculated. Evidently, that these values will be different, as they correspond to different values of distances W1-W2.
To compare results for formulas [1] and [2] 100 files were taken with more than 500 words each. In every of these files there was one word "programm" (W1), one or more word "computer" (W2) and arbitrary number of words W3 coresponding it. For formula 2 also were taken 100 files with more than 500 words each. In every of these files there was one word "programm" (W1), one or more word "computer" (W2) and arbitrary naumber of words W3. Dispersion, root mean-square deviation a, average value of C and ratio a/Cavr were calculated for weight functions 1/L, 1, 1/(1+Log(L)) and for formulas [1] and [2] at a=100 and 300. Figure 1 explanes form weight function and its parameters. f(L=1) for all variants =1.
AM =1Л
F i g. 2. The possible forms of the weight function Results
1 Dorenskaya E.A. Raschyot kontekstnogo znacheniya zadannogo slova v tekstovom fajle [Calculation of the Context Value of a Given Word in a Text File]. Patent RF, no. 2018615758, 2018. (In Russ.); Dorenskaya E.A. "Wordcontext" v1.0 dlya raschyota kontekstnogo znacheniya slova s uchyotom rasstoyanij ["Wordcontext" v1.0 for Calculating the Contextual Meaning of a Word with Distance]. Patent RF, no. 2019660440, 2019. (In Russ.); Dorenskaya E.A., Semenov Yu.A. Sposob opredeleniya konteksta slova i tekstovogo fajla [The Way to Determine the Context of a Word and a Text File]. Patent RF, no. 2685044. 2018. (in Russ.)
Современные информационные технологии и ИТ-образование
Том 15, № 4. 2019
ISSN 2411-1473
sitito.cs.msu.ru
E. A. Dorenskaya, Y. A. Semenov
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF NEW IT AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
The calculation results are presented in tables 1 and 2 below. In the table 1 results for formula [1] are presented. In the table 2 results for formula [2] are presented. In every table different variants of weight function * V. U are considered.
In the first function variant 1/L was used. In the second also used function 1/L., but at low values of L there is flat area of width a, where /(¿-¡J =1 (see. fig. 2). The calculations were made for a=100 and a=300 (see tables 1 and 2).
The same calculations were made for/ft-^) = l/(l+log(L.)). This variant of weight function was used to mitigate influence of big L. on C value.
The best result was achieved for/(£-j) = l/(l+log(L.)) with a=300 for formula 2 and 1 both. This is related to increasing influence of far words close to this context. This gives preference in comparison with variants, where = 1/L.
However a distance between words is taken into account and if word is far away its influence will be negligible, but it happens for big files only.
The least ratio ct/C was resulted for formula 2 (see tables 1 and
' avr
2). The less this ratio, the more probability of correct word context identification. That is why we may say, that formula 2 provides better result, than 1. An advantage of formula [2] is connected with that it takes into consideration distances between W1 and W2. Table 1 for the formula 1
Weight function version CT C avr CT /C avr
1/Li 13,34 7,22 1,85
1/La=100 89,11 58,17 1,53
1/La=300 198,80 149,87 1,33
1/(1+log(L)) 278,02 221,41 1,26
1/(1+log(Li)) a=100 300,93 253,45 1,19
1/(1+log(Li)) a=300 369,72 317,29 1,17
1061,53 774,58 1,37
Table 2 for the formula 2
Weight function version CT C avr ct/C ' avr
1/Li 9,66 7,64 1,26
1/L a=100 108,35 83,19 1,30
1/L a=300 245,36 183,66 1,34
1/(1+log(L)) 328,40 276,49 1,19
1/(1+log(Li)) a=100 351,13 324,26 1,08
1/(1+log(Li)) a=300 411,93 394,16 1,05
1 1434,12 1000,43 1,43
For different types of formula the distributions of probability density distributions were built. That was done for the version with minimal ratio CT/Cavr .
On figures 3 and 4 the abscissa scale shows values of C, and scale of ordinate indicates a probability C to have value in corresponding
interval. It is seen that probability is growing at the beginning and then is falling down. Therefore one may say, that it has Gaussian like form. Similar distribution we got at simulation for C in [1]. That means, that the results of calculations of C for real texts confirm the data, got from simulations.
0,2 0,18 0,16 ¡33,14 §3,12
.iIMtw^
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ôooooooôooooôrT<rT<^rT4TT<rT<TT<rT4rT4TT,^TT4^rT4rTJr^^r^ r^-^<ncomrsaiiDmor-.-d-^oooooooooooooooooo
MHTepBa/ibi "SSmaaSSäSS
i» S m o .
F i g. 3. Probability density distribution for C (formula 2) at weight function 1/ (1+log(L)) and flat area width a=300
F i g. 4. . Probability density distribution for C (formula 1) at weight function 1/
(1+log(L)) and flat area width a=300 From figures 3 and 4 it is seen, that C dispersion is big enough. It is contributed from variations of file sizes, word numbers W2 and W3, and also their allocation in the text. In [1] it was shown, that even at such dispersion a probability of correct context determination is higher than 90%. Nevertheless, any methods of a dispersion lowering should be welcome.
In [1] at simulation it was supposed a homogeneous word distribution in file and even under this assumption we got rather high dispersion. In reality L variations might be very big, on fig. 5 L-dis-tribution is shown for words W2-W3 for one of the files. The ordinate scale shows event number with given L for AL=300. The file contained 75041 bytes.
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000
F i g. 5. An example of distance distribution between W2 and W3
Modern Information Technologies and IT-Education
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И РАЗРАБОТКИ В ОБЛАСТИ НОВЫХ Е.А. Доренская,
ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И ИХ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ Ю.А. Семенов
The L scatter lead to an additional dispersion rise, that is partially compensated by averaging.
The dependence of o/C from text size was investigated. The dependence appeared to be week. Conclusion
As investigations show a proposed formula improve results, gotten in [1,30]. An optimizing weight function was found. This technics may be used at text analyses, and to minimize software errors, by using at software development a problem but not an algorithm description [2].
References
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Современные информационные технологии и ИТ-образование
Том 15, № 4. 2019
ISSN 2411-1473
sitito.cs.msu.ru
E. A. Dorenskaya, Y. A. Semenov
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF NEW IT AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
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Submitted 15.08.2019; revised 30.10.2019; published online 23.12.2019
Elizaveta A. Dorenskaya, Software Engineer, Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (25 Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya Str., Moscow 117218, Russia), ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-5131, dorenskaya@ itep.ru
Yuri A. Semenov, Lead Researcher, Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (25 Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya Str., Moscow 117218, Russia); Deputy Head of the Chair for Computer Science, Institute of Nano-, Bio-, Information, Cognitive and Socio-hu-manistic Sciences and Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (9 Institutskij per., Dolgoprudny 141701, Moscow region, Russia), Ph.D. (Phys.-Math.), ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002- 3855-3650, semenov@itep.ru
All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Список использованных источников
[1] Доренская Е. А., Семенов Ю. А. Метод определения контекстных значений слов и документов // Современные информационные технологии и ИТ-образование. 2018. Т. 14, № 4. С. 896-902. DOI: 10.25559/ S1T1T0.14.201804.896-902
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Поступила 15.08.2019; принята к публикации 30.10.2019; опубликована онлайн 23.12.2019.
|об авторах:|
Доренская Елизавета Александровна, инженер-программист, Институт теоретической и экспериментальной физики имени А.И. Алиханова Национального исследовательского центра «Курчатовский институт» (117218, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Большая Черемушкинская, д. 25), ORCID: http://orcid. org/0000-0002-4249-5131, dorenskaya@itep.ru Семёнов Юрий Алексеевич, ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт теоретической и экспериментальной физики имени А.И. Алиханова Национального исследовательского центра «Курчатовский институт» (117218, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Большая Черемушкинская, д. 25); заместитель заведующего кафедрой информатики и вычислительных сетей, Институт нано-, био-, информационных, когнитивных и социогуманитарных наук и технологий, Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет) (141701, Россия, Московская обл., г. Долгопрудный, Институтский пер., д. 9), кандидат физико-математических наук, ORCID: http:// orcid.org/0000-0002-3855-3650, semenov@itep.ru
Все авторы прочитали и одобрили окончательный вариант рукописи.
Современные информационные технологии и ИТ-образование
Том 15, № 4. 2019
ISSN 2411-1473
sitito.cs.msu.ru
