CC BY
25
УЧЕНЫЕ ЗАПИСКИ КАЗАНСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА.
_СЕРИЯ ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ_
2023, Т. 165, кн. 1 ISSN 2542-064X (Print)
С. 58-67 ISSN 2500-218X (Online)
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
UDC 543.8:615.322 doi: 10.26907/2542-064X.2023.1.58-67
ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms ROOT
L.P.T. Quoc, H.N.Q. Anh
Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City,
Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
Abstract
Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms root extracts were obtained and separated using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with the preset optimal parameters, such as solvent/solid (SS) ratio (50/1, mL g-1), ethanol concentration (40%, v/v), temperature (45 °C), and extraction time (20 min). The best values of the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) of the extracts under these extraction conditions were 2.13 ± 0.02 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry sample weight (DW) for TPC and 78.13 ± 0.25% for AC. In addition, the structure of the plant material was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM): it was revealed that the structure of the residues changed completely as a result of the ultrasound treatment compared to the initial material.
Keywords: ethanol, herb, phenolic compounds, Polyscias fruticosa, UAE
Introduction
Recently, evidence has been mounting that phenolic compounds possess many properties beneficial for human health, such as antibacterial and antioxidant activities, thus suggesting their therapeutic utility for preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes [1]. Phenolics are substances having an aromatic ring linking with one or more hydroxyl substituents and classified as secondary metabolites in plants with different structures and functions. Generally, they can be typed as either soluble in water (phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and quinones) or not (condensed tannins, lignins, and cell-wall bound hydroxycinammic acids) [2].
Some plants are known to be rich in phenolic compounds. Among them are species of the genus Polyscias (Araliaceae) that are widely used for medicinal purposes (roots and leaves) and as a food source. To date, 97 bioactive compounds from various chemical classes have been isolated from them, and these are mostly phenolic compounds (flavonoids). For instance, quercetin-3-O-D-glucopyranoside, aglycone luteolin, diglycoside tamaraxetin 3, 7-di-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside have been isolated from P. fulva, P. nodosa, and P. balfouriana, respectively [3]. In addition, some phenolic acids, including chlorogenic, caffeic, and ferulic acids, have been detected in the extracts of P. filicifolia shoots using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis [4]. Of special interest is P. fruticosa, which is widely cultivated in Vietnam. It thrives in environments with medium humidity and temperatures varying from 16 to 29 °C. This plant exhibits antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic action, as well as a-glucosidase
inhibitory and antidiabetic activities [5]. An exciting feature of P. fruticosa is that specific phenolic compounds in its roots and leaves are strong, yet poorly studied: one of the most important finding related to it was made by Mai [6] - using the HPLC method, she revealed that P. fruticosa leaves are a source of high levels of quercetin. The latter is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols and of medical value due to its antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities, as well as therapeutic potential in the treatment of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders [7]. According to Do [8], P. fruticosa also contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, and B vitamins in high amounts. This adds to many previous studies that reported only the presence of saponins in P. fruticosa [9, 10]. Until now, the phenolic composition of this plant material, especially polyphenols extraction, have received little attention from researchers.
Only a few studies have reported the presence of phenolic compounds in P. fruticosa. Le et al. [11] measured the concentration of quercetin in P. fruticosa leaves (0.332 mg g-1 DW), as well as flavonoids and total polyphenols in its roots (86.13 ^g QE mg-1 DW and 125.37 ^g GAE mg-1 DW, respectively) [12]. Nguyen et al. [13] showed that the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities of P. fruticosa root extracts had IC50 values of 96.14 ^g mL-1 and 38.76 ^g mL-1, respectively. Hence, they suggested that this material can be used in dietary applications and for reducing oxidative stress. In these studies, the extraction process was almost exclusively performed by the conventional method, and the authors focused on the effects of extraction, cultivation, and storage conditions of P. fruticosa on the changes in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity.
Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an alternative technique, in which the extraction process runs with the help of ultrasound waves. Two main factors that enhance the UAE efficiency are cell disruption and effective mass transfer [14]. This method is of major significance in food processing and analysis owing to the growing industrial demand for sustainable development. Ultrasound generates cavitation bubbles in the biological matrix. It has been rated as helpful for achieving high yields and extraction rates of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds [15]. Probe and bath systems are the two ways of applying ultrasound waves to the sample. Bath sonicators can be used for a range of samples simultaneously with high extraction yields and are also suitable for laboratory use. Compared to the conventional methods (maceration, percolation, and Soxhlet method), UAE is simple, inexpensive, applies for various solvents, and easily scaled up for industrial purposes [16]. Particularly, it can offer substantial environmental benefits and has great potential for further advance and application, especially in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the extraction conditions using UAE in order to obtain the best yield from the extract of P. fruticosa root.
1. Material and Methods
1.1. Plant material and sample preparation. For this study, we selected the roots of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms. from Tra Vinh province (Vietnam) that were aged 4-5 years. They were washed with tap water, drained, sliced (2-3 mm thick), and dried at 60 °C for 4 h in a convection oven (Shel Lab SGO3-2, USA) until the moisture content was lower than 14%. The latter parameter was measured with a moisture analyzer
(Ohaus MB120, China). The dried samples were then ground into a fine powder (particle diameter < 0.5 mm), vacuum-packed, and kept at room temperature until further analysis.
1.2. Chemicals and reagents. The Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) and DPPH (2,2-diphe-nyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) reagents were bought from the Merck Company (Germany). All organic solvents and other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade.
1.3. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) process. The powdered material was extracted using an ultrasonic bath (Elmasonic S60 H, 550 W, Germany) at different extraction temperatures (40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 °C), ethanol concentrations (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50%, v/v), extraction times (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min), and solvent/solid (SS, v/w, mL g-1) ratios (30/1, 40/1, 50/1, 60/1, and 70/1). The extracts were vacuum-filtered to remove any insoluble residue, and their total polyphenols content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) were measured.
1.4. Total polyphenols content (TPC). The TPC was analyzed according the FC colorimetric assay of Siddiqua et al. [17]. The results were quantitated on a standard curve obtained with gallic acid as a standard agent at 738 nm by an UV-spectrophoto-meter (Genesys 20, USA). The TPC was expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (mg GAE g-1 DW).
1.5. Antioxidant capacity (AC). The AC was evaluated by DPPH assay using the procedure described by Rahman et al. [18]. It was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm and expressed in percent of DPPH radical scavenging capacity (RSC):
DPPH™ = QD° ~ ODl • 100%,
RSC OD0
where OD0 is the absorbance of the control and ODj is the absorbance of the sample.
1.6. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM-6400, USA) operating at 5 kV and vacuum pressure of 0.04 Pa was used to determine the structural changes in the P. fruticosa root samples before and after extraction.
1.7. Statistical data analysis. All data were statistically processed with analysis of variance to determine the significance level. Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) procedure was used to calculate the significance of differences between the mean scores. Detailed statistical inference was carried out with the help of the Statgraphics software (Centurion XV).
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effect of SS ratios on the UAE yield. At the first stage, samples were isolated under the following fixed extraction conditions: extraction time 20 min, temperature 50 °C, and ethanol concentration 50% (v/v). The SS ratio was raised from 30/1 to 70/1 (mL g-1) to determine the efficiency of the extraction process. Table 1 illustrates that the extraction yield increased steadily as the SS ratio grew from 30/1 to 50/1 (mL g-1). Then, both TPC and AC values decreased slightly at higher SS ratios. The best TPC and AC values were 2.03 ± 0.02 mg GAE g-1 DW and 77.59 ± 0.23% at the ratio of 50/1 (mL g-1), respectively.
Table 1
Effect of the SS ratio on TPC and AC of the extract
SS ratios (mL g-1) 30/1 40/1 50/1 60/1 70/1
TPC (mg GAE g1 DW) AC (DPPHrsc, %) 1.53 ± 0.02a 70.67 ± 0.36a 1.77 ± 0.05c 75.59 ± 0.22b 2.03 ± 0.02e 77.59 ± 0.23c 1.86 ± 0.02d 77.30 ± 0.21c 1.69 ± 0.05b 75.66 ± 0.28b
Values are the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate analyses. Different superscript letters (a, b, c, etc.) in the same row indicate significant differences between the SS ratios (p < 0.05) as measured by Fisher's LSD test.
The positive effect of increasing the SS ratio was also reported by Quoc and Muoi [19] who isolated polyphenols from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. roots using UAE: the highest process yield was achieved when the SS ratio was increased from 20/1 to 30/1 (mL g-1). This trend has been also observed in other studies [20, 21]. However, when equilibrium is reached, the soluble compounds no longer diffuse into the solvent [22]. Therefore, if the solvent volume is too large, the extraction yield increases insignificantly, which is time consuming. At lower SS ratios, it is impossible to extract the material completely. On the other hand, the SS ratio depends on the type and size of materials and the level of soluble components.
Based on the above results, the SS ratio of 50/1 (mL g-1) was considered suitable to evaluate the TPC and AC for the subsequent experiment.
2.2. Effect of ethanol concentration on the UAE yield. The experiment was performed at the SS ratio of 50/1 (mL g-1), temperature 50 °C, and extraction time 20 min. Ethanol concentrations varied from 30 to 50% (v/v). The results in Table 2 show that the TPC values slightly increased, reached 2.03 ± 0.02 mg GAE g-1 DW at the ethanol concentration of 40% (v/v), and then slowly decreased at higher ethanol concentrations; the AC value remained unchanged at all concentrations studied. This indicates that the AC values do not depend on the ethanol concentrations from 30 to 50% (v/v).
Ethanol is a promising environmentally friendly solvent and thus an important ingredient in food production. The presence of water in the ethanol feed increases the mixture polarity; in this case, ethanol concentrations have a medium polarity and can improve the TPC value of the extracts. Compared to a pure solvent, water can penetrate easily into the plant cells, raise the polarity of the solvent, and reduce its viscosity; with suitable polarity, soluble chemical components are easily released, and the extraction efficiency becomes enhanced significantly [23]. The successful use of aqueous ethanol as a solvent to extract polyphenols from P. fruticosa roots has been described in the literature [12, 13]. The optimal ethanol concentration obtained in this study was essentially different from those found in other works. Tabaraki et al. [24] and Wang et al. [25] isolated polyphenols from pomegranate peel and Sparganii rhi-zoma using UAE at the ethanol concentrations of 70% (v/v) and 80% (v/v), respectively. These variations can be explained by the different polarities and soluble components of the materials. Therefore, the ethanol concentration of 40% (v/v) was set for the next step, which aimed to evaluate the UAE yield.
2.3. Effect of temperature on the UAE yield. Temperature is one of the important parameters in the UAE process. In this study, temperatures were evaluated in the range from 40 to 60 °C with other fixed parameters: SS ratio 50/1 (mL g-1), ethanol concentration 40% (v/v), and extraction time 20 min.
Table 2
Effect of the ethanol concentration on TPC and AC of the extract
Ethanol concentration (%, v/v) 30 35 40 45 50
TPC (mg GAE g-1 DW) AC (DPPHrsc, %) 1.73 ± 0.03a 77.44 ± 0.26a 1.86 ± 0.02b 77.46 ± 0.42a 2.03 ± 0.02c 77.51 ± 0.26a 1.82 ± 0.02b 77.46 ± 0.15a 2.01 ± 0.02c 77.36 ± 0.34a
Values are the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate analyses. Different superscript letters (a, b, c, etc.) in the same row indicate significant differences between the ethanol concentrations (p < 0.05) as measured by Fisher's LSD test. Table 3 Effect of the extraction temperature on TPC and AC of the extract
Temperature (°C) 40 45 50 55 60
TPC (mg GAE g-1 DW) AC (DPPHrsc, %) 1.82 ± 0.01a 77.16 ± 0.24a 2.13 ± 0.03d 78.06 ± 0.16b 2.02 ± 0.01c 77.53 ± 0.33a 1.89 ± 0.04b 77.16 ± 0.24a 1.85 ± 0.04ab 77.12 ± 0.09a
Values are the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate analyses. Different superscript letters (a, b, c, etc.) in the same row indicate significant differences between the ethanol temperatures (p < 0.05) as measured by Fisher's LSD test.
As seen in Table 3, the extraction yield increased slowly at the temperature from 40 to 45 °C; the TPC and AC values at 45 °C were 2.13 ± 0.03 mg GAE g-1 DW and 78.06 ± 0.16%, respectively. Thereafter, they declined slightly.
High temperature reduces the surface tension and viscosity of the solvent and enables the solvent to easily penetrate into the plant cells, thereby resulting in a high extraction yield [26]. However, bioactive compounds are thermally sensitive and get degraded at high temperatures. According to Vinatoru [27], UAE generates compressed cavitation bubbles and leads to their collapse at extremely high local temperature and pressure; the cell matrix is opened, and extractives are released. In general, the extraction temperature used in this study was relatively lower than the temperatures used in previous studies. For example, Aybastier et al. [28] and Sahin et al. [29] isolated phenolic compounds from blackberry leaves and Artemisia absinthium by using UAE at 66-68 °C and 64-70 °C, respectively. This demonstrates that the phenolic compounds contained in P. fruticosa are more sensitive to temperature than those in other plant materials.
Consequently, the extraction temperature of 45 °C is the best choice to gain the maximum extraction yield for the next step.
2.4. Effect of extraction time on the UAE yield. The variations in the TPC and
AC values were examined at various time intervals (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min), solvent concentration of 40% (v/v), SS ratio of 50/1 (mL g-1), and temperature of 45 °C. The influence of the extraction period on the yield was significant (p < 0.05). The optimal TPC and AC values were 2.13 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g DW and 78.13 ± 0.25%, respectively, for the interval of 20 min (Table 4). These values were much higher than those obtained by Nguyen [30] who also extracted polyphenols from P. fruticosa roots (0.124-0.313 mg GAE g-1 DW for TPC and 20.36-29.42% for DPPHrsc).
Table 4
Effect of the extraction time on TPC and AC of the extract
Extraction time (min) 10 15 20 25 30
TPC (mg GAE g-1 DW) AC (DPPHrsc, %) 1.66 ± 0.03b 78.01 ± 0.16c 1.88 ± 0.04c 78.12 ± 0.16c 2.13 ± 0.02d 78.13 ± 0.25c 2.13 ± 0.04d 77.44 ± 0.16b 1.09 ± 0.02a 76.71 ± 0.17a
Values are the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate analyses. Different superscript letters (a, b, c, etc.) in the same row indicate significant differences between the extraction times (p < 0.05) as measured by Fisher's LSD test.
Fig. 1. Structure of the plant material before (a) and after (b) UAE
The extraction time also plays a major role in the UAE process. If it is short, the extractives are not completely released into the solvent, which results in a low extraction efficacy. In contrast, if the extraction time is long, the bioactive compounds in the extract are exposed to high temperature or oxygen in the surrounding environment, leading to their degradation. The extraction time of 20 min used in this study can be regarded as relatively short; it is similar to that used in the extraction of polyphenols from the seed shells of Euryale ferox (21 min) [31] and shorter than that selected for blackberry leaves (105-107 min) [28]. This can be explained by the fact that the extraction time strongly depends on the content of extractives in the material, as well as on the size and structure of the sample. Hence, the extraction time of 20 min was chosen for the experiments in this study.
2.5. Effect of UAE on the structure of the material. At the optimum extraction parameters determined above, the powdered sample and the residue after the UAE treatment were analyzed using SEM. Fig. 1, a shows that the sample particles were quite small (< 10 ^m) and some plant cells were larger and considerably dispersed. The surface of the sample particles had many small pores. After the UAE treatment, the residue micromorphology changed completely as compared to the initial sample. Many large cleft, rough surfaces (Fig. 1, b) appeared. Our results are similar to those reported by Chemat et al. [32] and Ho et al. [33] who extracted polyphenols from caraway seeds and misai kucing, respectively. Fig. 1, b shows the plant cells damaged by ultrasound waves. Ultrasonic energy may affect the diffusion boundary layer by surface vibration and expansion of the material that influence the mass transfer [34]. As a result, the extraction efficiency increases.
Conclusions
The results obtained by us confirm that aqueous ethanol can be recommended as the best solvent to extract phenolic compounds from P. fruticosa roots. In our study, the extraction yield was determined by all extraction factors. The most suitable conditions for UAE were as follows: SS ratio 50/1 (mL g-1), ethanol concentration 40% (v/v), temperature 45 °C, and extraction interval 20 min. The highest TPC and AC values were 2.13 ± 0.02 mg GAE g-1 DW and 78.13 ± 0.25%, respectively. The SEM examination showed that ultrasound waves cause destruction of plant cells and increase the TPC and AC values.
Acknowledgments. This research was performed at the Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam).
The authors would like to thank Bui Thi Huyen Phuong, Nguyen Thi My Tien, and Tran Quoc Thang for their helpful advice on various technical issues examined in this paper.
References
1. Deleris P., Nazih H., Bard J.-M. Seaweeds in human health. In: Fleurence J., Levine I., (Eds.) Seaweed in Health and Disease Prevention. Ch. 10. London, Elsevier, Acad. Press, 2016, pp. 319-367.
2. Haminiuk C.W.I, Maciel G.M., Plata-Oviedo M.S.V., Peralta R.M. Phenolic compounds in fruits - an overview. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2012, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 2023-2044. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03067.x.
3. Ashmawy N.S., Gad H.A., Ashour M.L., El-Ahmady S.H., Singab A.N.B. The genus Polyscias (Araliaceae): A phytochemical and biological review. J. Herb. Med., 2020, vol. 23, art. 100377. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100377.
4. Figat R., Sliwinska A., Stochmal A., Soluch A., Sobczak M., Zgadzaj A., Syklowska-Bara-nek K., Pietrosiuk A. Antigenotoxic, anti-photogenotoxic, and antioxidant properties of Polyscias filicifolia shoots cultivated in vitro. Molecules, 2020, vol. 25, no. 5, art. 1090. doi: 10.3390/molecules25051090.
5. Luyen N.T., Dang N.H., Binh P.T.X., Hai N.T., Dat N.T. Hypoglycemic property of triterpe-noid saponin PFS isolated from Polyscias fruticosa leaves. An. Acad. Bras. Ciena, 2018, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 2881-2886. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170945.
6. Mai N.P. Cultivation method for producing Ming aralia (Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms) under saline conditions. Master of Science Thesis. Thailand, Kasetsart University, 2020, 78 p.
7. David A.V.A., Arulmoli R., Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quer-cetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacogn. Rev., 2016, vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 84-89.
8. Do T.L. Nhung cay thuoc va vi thuoc Viet Nam. Ha Noi, Nha xuat ban Y hoc, 2004, 1274 p. (In Vietnamese)
9. Pakianathan B.M.N.N., Venkataswamy R., Divakar M.C. A pharmacognostic report on the leaf and root of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms. Ancient Sci. Life, 1998, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 165-172.
10. Hau N.T., Nhu Thao L.T., Minh T.V. Cultivation of leaf-tissue of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms for quantity of saponin accumulation. Acad. J. Biol., 2015, vol. 37, no. 1se, pp. 184189. doi: 10.15625/0866-7160/v37n1se.6108.
11. Le H.H., Pham T.P., Nguyen T.H., Ho B.D., Nguyen Q.H. Study of ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis to obtain quercetin and their antioxidant activities from some plants. VNU J. Sci.: Nat. Sci. Technol., 2019 vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 88-95. doi: 10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4961.
12. Nguyen N.Q., Nguyen V.T., Nguyen D.V., Nguyen T.H.P., Truong T.H., Nguyen Q.T., Ngo T.L.G., Le T.T.T., Nguyen D.K., Le K.P. Evaluate the total polyphenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity of dinh lang roots (Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harm) naturalli grown and cultivated by aeroponic methods. J. Sci. Technol. - NTTU, 2019, vol. 8, pp. 38-41. (In Vietnamese)
13. Nguyen N.Q., Nguyen M.T., Nguyen V.T., Le V.M., Trieu L.H., Le X.T., Khang T.V., Giang N.T.L., Thach N.Q., Hung T.T. The effects of different extraction conditions on the polyphenol, flavonoids components and antioxidant activity of Polyscias fruticosa roots. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2020, vol. 736, art. 022067. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/736/2/022067.
14. Azwanida N. A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Med. Aromat. Plants, 2015, vol. 4, no. 3, art. 1000196. doi: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000196.
15. Wen C., Zhang J., Zhang H., Dzah C.S., Zandile M., Duan Y., Ma H., Luo X. Advances in ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from cash crops - A review. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2018, vol. 48, pp. 538-549. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.07.018.
16. Khoddami A., Wilkes M.A., Roberts T.H. Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Molecules, 2013, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 2328-2375. doi: 10.3390/molecules18022328.
17. Siddiqua A., Premakumari K.B., Sultana R., Vithya, Savitha. Antioxidant activity and estimation of total phenolic content of Muntingia calabura by colorimetry. Int. J. ChemTech Res., 2010, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 205-208.
18. Rahman M.M., Islam M.B., Biswas M., Khurshid Alam A.H.M. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of different parts of Tabebuia pallida growing in Bangladesh. BMC Res. Notes, 2015, vol. 8, art. 621.
19. Quoc L.P.T., Muoi N.V. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. roots. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 2018, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 229-235.
20. Cacace J.E., Mazza G. Mass transfer process during extraction of phenolic compounds from milled berries. J. Food Eng., 2003, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 379-389. doi: 10.1016/s0260-8774(02)00497-1.
21. Al-Farsi M.A., Lee C.Y. Optimization of phenolics and dietary fibre extraction from date seeds. FoodChem., 2008, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 977-985. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.009.
22. Herodez S.S., Hadolin M., Skerget M., Knez Z. Solvent extraction study of antioxidants from Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) leaves. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 275-282. doi: 10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00382-5.
23. Mandal V., Mandal S.C. Design and performance evaluation of a microwave based low carbon yielding extraction technique for naturally occurring bioactive triterpenoid: Oleanolic acid. Biochem. Eng. J.., 2010, vol. 50, nos. 1-2, pp. 63-70. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.03.005.
24. Tabaraki R., Heidarizadi E., Benvidi A. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel antioxidants by response surface methodology. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2012, vol. 98, pp. 16-23. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.06.038.
25. Wang X., Wu Y., Chen G., Yue W., Liang Q., Wu Q. Optimisation of ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Sparganii rhizoma with response surface methodology. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2013, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 846-854. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.11.007.
26. Miron T.L., Plaza M., Bahrim G., Ibanez E., Herrero M. Chemical composition of bioac-tive pressurized extracts of Romanian aromatic plants. J. Chromatogr. A, 2011, vol. 1218, no. 30, pp. 4918-4927. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.055.
27. Vinatoru M. An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 303-313. doi: 10.1016/S1350-4177(01)00071-2.
28. Aybastier O., Isik E., Sahin S., Demir C. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from blackberry leaves using response surface methodology. Ind. Crops Prod., 2013, vol. 44, pp. 558-565. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.022.
29. §ahin S., Aybastier O., I§ik E. Optimisation of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Artemisia absinthium using response surface methodology. Food Chem., 2013, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 1361-1368. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.003.
30. Nguyen M.P. Changes of phytochemical, antioxidant characteristics of Polyscias fruticosa rhizomes during convective and freeze drying. Biosci. Res., 2020, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 323-326.
31. Liu Y., Wei S., Liao M. Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of phenolic compounds from Euryale ferox seed shells using response surface methodology. Ind. Crops Prod., 2013, vol. 49, pp. 837-843. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.023.
32. Chemat S., Lagha A., AitAmar H., Bartels P.V., Chemat F. Comparison of conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction of carvone and limonene from caraway seeds. Flavour Fragrance J.., 2004, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 188-195. doi: 10.1002/ffj.1339.
33. Ho S.K., Tan C.P., Thoo Y.Y., Abas F., Ho C.W. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidants in Misai Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus). Molecules, 2014, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1264012659. doi: 10.3390/molecules190812640.
34. Esclapez M.D., García-Pérez J.V., Mulet A., Cárcel J.A. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural products. Food Eng. Rev., 2011, vol. 3, pp. 108-120. doi: 10.1007/s12393-011-9036-6.
Received November 2, 2022 Accepted December 5, 2022
Le Pham Tan Quoc, PhD in Food Science and Technology, Lecturer
Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City
Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam E-mail: lephamtanquoc@iuh. edu.vn
Huynh Nguyen Que Anh, MSc in Food and Beverage Technology, Lecturer
Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City
Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam E-mail: huynhnguyenqueanh@iuh.edu.vn
ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ
УДК 543.8:615.322 doi: 10.26907/2542-064X.2023.1.58-67
Экстракция с ультразвуковой обработкой фенольных соединений из корня Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms
Л.Ф.Т. Куок,Х.Н.К. Ань
Институт биотехнологий и пищевых технологий, Промышленный университет Хошимина,
г. Хошимин, 700000, Вьетнам
Аннотация
Получены экстракты корня Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms с помощью метода экстракции с ультразвуковой обработкой (Э-УЗ) при следующих экспериментально установленных оптимальных параметрах: соотношение растворитель/твердое вещество - 50/1, мл/г; концентрация
этанола - 40%, об.; температура - 45°С; и время экстракции - 20 мин. Для исследуемых экстрактов определены наилучшие значения общего содержания фенольных соединений (ОФ) и антиок-сидантной емкости (АОЕ), которые составили 2.13 ± 0.02 мг эквивалентов галловой кислоты (ГК) на грамм сухого веса (СВ) образца для ОФ и 78.13 ± 0.25% для АОЕ. Кроме того, с помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии (СЭМ) показано, что обработка ультразвуком полностью изменяет структуру растительного материала по сравнению с его исходным состоянием.
Ключевые слова: этанол, лекарственное растение, фенольные соединения, Polyscias Аийсош, Э-УЗ
Благодарности. Исследование выполнено на базе Института биотехнологий и пищевых технологий Промышленного университета Хошимина (Вьетнам).
Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность коллегам Буй Тхи Хойан Пхуонг, Нгуен Тхи Ми Тянь и Тран Куок Тханг за ценные рекомендации относительно ряда технических вопросов, рассматриваемых в настоящей статье.
Поступила в редакцию 02.11.2022 Принята к публикации 05.12.2022
Ле Фам Тан Куок, доктор философии в области наук о продуктах питания и их производстве, преподаватель
Институт биотехнологий и пищевых технологий, Промышленный университет Хошимина
р-н. 4, г.о. Го Вап, г. Хошимин, 700000, Вьетнам E-mail: lephamtanquoc@iuh.edu.vn
Хюн Нгуен Ку Ань, магистр наук в области технологии продуктов питания и напитков, преподаватель
Институт биотехнологий и пищевых технологий, Промышленный университет Хошимина
р-н. 4, г.о. Го Вап, г. Хошимин, 700000, Вьетнам E-mail: huynhnguyenqueanh@iuh.edu.vn
<For citation: Quoc L.P.T., Anh H.N.Q. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms root. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2023, vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 58-67. doi: 10.26907/2542-064X.2023.1.58-67.
<Для цитирования: QuocL.P.T., Anh H.N.Q. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms root // Учен. зап. Казан. ун-та. Сер. Естеств. науки. - 2023. - Т. 165, кн. 1. - С. 58-67. - doi: 10.26907/2542-064X.2023.1.58-67.
