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388seemed to be trying to edge him towards the big Warfedale printing press - Gryce saw that there were yet another three men present [12], реализуя одновременно и модусное и пропозициональное значения.
Можно сделать следующие выводы, двойственность семантики исследуемых глагольных предикатов, которая заключается в том, что они имеют разноплановые значения - пропозициональное и модусное, обусловливает возможность их собственно-предикатного и функторного использования. В первом случае эти предикаты сочетаются, как правило, с предметным объектом, выражаемым именем конкретной семантики, во втором - с пропозициональным, выражаемым инфинитивом, герундием, именем событийной семантики. Таким образом, реализация рассматриваемыми предикатами пропозиционального или модусного значения во многом определяется типом структуры, в которой они употребляются.
Список литературы
1. Ожегов С.И. Словарь русского языка. М: АСТ, 2014. 736 с.
2. Серль Дж.Р. Природа интенциональных состояний // Философия, логика, язык, 2011. № 9. С. 112-114.
3. Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of English Language. Clevelend&New York, 1999. 1210 p.
4. Cary J. The African Witch. London: Thistle Classics, 2003. 127 p.
5. WellsH.G. The Time Machine. Moscow: Penguin Books Ltd., 2012. 146 p.
6. Golding W. Lord of the Flies. М: Каро, 2015. 256 с.
7. Harrison A. The silent Wife. М: Эксмо, 2011. 250 с.
8. Касевич В.Б. Семантические типы предикатов. М: Каро, 2013. 137 с.
9. Macmillan English Dictionary. London: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2014. 1692 p.
10.Michener J.A. Miracle in Seville. New York: Dial Press Trade, 2015. 273 p.
11. Caldwell E.P. The Complete Stories. Toronto: University of Toronto Press UTP, 2013. 415 p.
12. Waterhouse K.S. Office Life. London: Mills&Boon Limited, 2011. 154 p.
TYPOLOGY OF ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PHONOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS Barotova M.B.
Barotova Marifat Barotovna - Teacher of English language, DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES, BUKHARA STATE MEDICAL INSTITUTE, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article studies the typology of the phonological system of Russian and English languages. As the example of the phonemes we will deeply analyze the similarities and differences between these two languages.
Keywords: phoneme, constitutive function, distinctive function, morpheme.
Phonological level is the first among those levels which form complexhierarchical structure of a language.
The main unit of this level is a phoneme. Phoneme as the main unit of the phonological level of language fulfils two functions essential to communication: 1) constitutive function. Phonemes are the necessary building material for the units of morphological and other levels (neither morphemes nor words can exist without phonemes); 2) distinctive function which gives chance to distinguish morphemes from each other, It has important significance for the
communicative purpose.Thus, phoneme can be defined as "the class of sounds physically similar and functionally identical''[1].
So one and the same phoneme can sound variously on different conditions. Such sounds representing variety of one and the same class of physically similar sounds are called allophones or versions of the same phoneme. Besides phonemes and their versions supersegmentive units that is stress and intonation belong to the phonological level too.Subsystem of English vowels is divided into two types of phones: 1) 12 monophthongs and 2) 9 diphthongs.
English monophthongs are classified according to the position of the tongue and according to the position of rise with two varieties - narrow and wide [2].
According to the position of the tongue English vowels are divided into 5 groups:
1) front: [i:], [e], [ж];2) front - retracted: [i];3) medial: [e:], [э];4) back: [ээ], [э:], [u:]; 5) back - advanced: [a:], [л], [u].
According to the height of the raised part of the tongue vowels are divided into 6 groups: 1) upper rise, narrow: [i:], [u:];2) upper rise, wide: [i], [u];3) medial rise, narrow: [e], [e:]; 4) medial rise, wide: [э];5) lower rise, narrow: [л],[э:];6) lower rise, wide: [ж], [a:], [ээ].
Russian vowel subsystem consists of 6 phonemes. Unlike English vowel subsystem Russian subsystem is divided according to the position of the tongue and rise without any subdivision.
According to the position of the tongue Russian vowels are divided into 3 groups: 1) front: [u], [э]; 2) medial: [ы]; 3) back: [a], [o], [y].
According to the height of the raised part of the tongue vowels are divided into 3 groups: 1) upper rise: [u], [y]; 2) medial rise [э], [o];3) lower rise: [a], [э];
There are 9 diphthongs in English vowel subsystem: [ai, ai, ou, au, э1, 1э, еэ, ш, ээ]. These diphthongs form a number of oppositions with monophthongs and especially lots of (to 36) oppositions with each other [3].There is no diphthong in Russian vowel subsystem. Phonetic diphthongs in words are not diphthongs from the phonological point of view as they consist of two phonemes - vowel and non - syllabic [u]. When word - changing or word - building morpheme which begins with a vowel sound joins a corresponding word non -syllabic [u] joins the following vowel;
compare: край - края [кра - цъ], дай - даю [длцу] and so on.
The table of typological sings of vowel subsystems in both languages is given below.
Table 1. Typological sings of vowel subsystems in both languages
Sings Language
English Russian
Monophthongs 12 6
Diphthongs 8 -
Row numbers 5 3
Rise numbers 5 3
Oppositions on row 6 4
Oppositions in one rise 4 -
Oppositions in different rises 7 6
Length of vowels Distinguishable Non - distinguishable
Distribution Depends on word Doesn't depend on word
structure structure
There are 24 consonant phonemes in English and 35-in Russian. Significant exceeding of Russian consonant phonemes is the result of soft or palatalized, hard phonemes in its phonological system.There are plosive, fricative, sonorous and affricative phonemes in the consonant subsystems of both languages.There are six zones of articulation in the English language - labial, interdental, alveolar, medio-lingual, back-lingual and guttural [4]. There
are no interdental and guttural zones of articulation in Russian. There is a dental zone instead of an alveolar one.
Consonant subsystems of comparable languages are characterized by following phoneme classes:
1. Plosive class is represented by the following phonemes:
in English - [p, t, k, b, d, g] in Russian - [n, n', t, t', k, k', 6, 6', g, g', r, r']
2. Fricative class consists of the following phonemes:
in English - [f, e, s, /, w, v, 5, z, 3, h]
in Russian - [$, $', c, c', m, x, x', b, b', 3, 3',
3. Class of affricates, most limited in both languages, consists of:
in English - [t, d] in Russian - [m, m', h, h', p, p', g, g', h]
4. Sonorous class consists of the following phonemes:
in English - [m, n, r, l, j, q]in Russian - [m, m', h, h', p, p', g, g', h]
5. Class of long consonants consists of:
in English -lack in Russian - ': m':]
Most divergences on the inventory of consonant phonemes are in the fricative class where there are the the phonemes [e, w, 5, h], and in sonorous class where there is the phoneme [q], absent in Russian.
In Russian consonant subsystem we observe two types of opposition: hardness - softness and voicelessness - voicedness. As V.K. Juravlyov notes, the first opposition has more power than voicelessness - voicedness opposition in the modern Russian language, it has also a tendency to intensification [6; p. 115-116]. In the English language one type of opposition, that is voicelessness - voicedness is significant.
The table of typological signs of consonant subsystems in both languages is given below.
Table 2. Typological signs of consonant subsystems in both languages
Signs Language
English Russian
Plosive 6 12
Fricative 10 12
Affricative 2 2
Sonorous 6 9
Long consonants - 2
Voicelessness - voicedness correlation Yes Yes
Palatality (palatal character)-non-palatality (non-palatak character) correlation No Yes
Neutralization of the voicedness-non-voicedness opposition No Yes
Frequency 0,26 0,18
References
1. Abduazizov A. Theoretical phonetics of modern English. T., 1986.
2. Arakin V.D. Comparative typology of English and Russian languages. L., 1979.
3. Dikushina O.I. English phonetics. M., 1965.
4. To the concept of "strength" of phonological opposition. In: Phonology. Grammar. M., 1971.
5. Vasilyev V.A. English phonetics. A theoretical course. M., 1970.
