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1209TYPES, FORMS OF CORRUPTION, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Khidirov Khoshim Ibodullaevich Usmanova Gulbahor Kholmomin kizi
Teacher of Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute Teacher of Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute xoshim2021 @mail.ru
ABSTRACT
This article provides information on the types of corruption, its negative importance in everyday life, its harmful consequences, causes, its dependence.
Keywords: types of corruption, business corruption, corruption in high power, harmful effects of corruption, causes of corruption, fundamental dependence.
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF CORRUPTION. Today there are the following types of corruption.
1. Corruption in everyday life. This type of corruption occurs as a result of the interaction of ordinary citizens and officials. It includes various gifts of citizens and services to the official and his family members. This category includes kinship (nepotism).
2. Corruption in business. This type of corruption occurs when government and business interact. For example, in a business conflict, parties can resort to the help of a judge to decide in their favor.
3. Corruption in high power. This type of corruption includes political leadership and supreme courts in the democratic system. It is the conduct of a policy to the extent that a group of unscrupulous people, who have settled in power, pursue their interests and harm the interests of the electorate.
HARMFUL CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION. As Thomas Hobbes wrote, corruption is"the root at all times and in all temptations resulting from hatred against all laws." In the case of highly corrupt officials, most public resources are deliberately diverted to the channels where it is easiest to plunder them or pora is collected in the easiest way. And the policy is aimed at further suppression of control over corruption: the land of the press, the independence of the justice system, the personal rights of rival politicians (oppositionists) and citizens. In short, the policy will begin to serve for corruption. There is also the view that it is possible to be in a relationship with tolerance to corruption. According to historical evidence, economic growth in the history of the development of many countries (Indonesia, Thailand, Korea) coincides with those periods when corruption is accompanied by an increase. Even the increase in corruption during this period did not hamper economic growth. According to another argument, the issuance of pora is the implementation of market principles only in the activities of state
and local structures. Thus, it is accepted that the attitude of tolerance to corruption does not affect economic growth or market efficiency at all. Critics of this view point out that for the above reasons, there is a risk that countries with high levels of corruption will lose stability after a period of growth and fall into a downward spiral.
CAUSES OF CORRUPTION. The reasons for corruption are said to be the activities of organized criminal groups,caused by the illegal acquisition of property by private individuals, non-governmental organizations, as well as international partnership associations, taking advantage of the status of organized groups in public institutions. This is mainly the main reason for the existence of fundamental contradictions in the norms of law and morality that regulate the life of society.
FUNDAMENTAL RESISTANCE. The production of any commodity requires the consumption of certain resources, which is compensated by the amount received from the consumers of the outgoing costs for these goods. The salary of employees is one of the costs that will eventually be covered by the consumer, but their activities are determined by the will of the head and employer. This leads to the fact that the consumer receives the desired service or product from the employee, but this can not directly affect the activity of the employee. A particular case is public property, which is paid by taxes and is provided by civil servants. Despite the fact that the salaries of officials are actually paid by citizens, their employer is a state, which gives them the right to make decisions that affect the competitive interests of different persons by law.
METHODOLOGY
"Corruption would be impossible if there were not any voluntary power." However, a person or group with high authority can not independently carry out the policy established by him. To this end, he appoints administrators, gives them the necessary powers, transfers the necessary resources at their disposal, establishes rules of Conduct for them and carries out control over them. Here the following problem arises:
1. Conservatism of the law. The instructions used in practice change much more slowly than those that occur in external conditions. Therefore, the mutassists leave a place to carry out some actions according to their own desires.Without it, the management system will not be completely flexible, it will arise that the established strict norms do not correspond to life realities can completely stop the work. However, this means that in a situation that is not provided for by law, an administrator can start managing with the most favorable rent. It means that the conservatism of laws also paves the way for corruption.
2. The impossibility of control, which covers everything. As you know,as long as there is a state, its control function will also be available. Sometimes control is too expensive for the state. Excessive control also damages the quality of management and
leads to a decrease in creative talents. This means that even in the management principle itself there is a possibility of corruption.. This opportunity develops in the context of the object, getting a potential renta(benefit) outweigh the risk. This problem is repeated several times in the bureaucracy. The reason for this is the appointment of high-level administrators themselves subordinates. And in systems with representative democracy, the highest positions of power are occupied by the political elite and are threatened by the risk of losing power in subsequent elections.
DISCUSSION
2.11. CAUSES OF HIGH DEGREE OF CORRUPTION. The reason for the high level, according to many experts, is in the imperfection of political institutions, which provide for internal and external restrictions of inhuman actions. Some objective cases to this:
- two different meaningless laws;
- the fact that the population does not know or understand the laws;
- the imposition of officials on arbitrary bureaucratic procedures or increasing the corresponding payments;
- instability of the political situation in the country;.
- lack of established links between government agencies;
- adherence to standards and printouts ' dominant elite policies based on bureaucratic hardware activity;
- professional incompetence of bureaucracy;
- kinship and political sponsorship; (this leads to the conclusion of secret agreements that undermine the control of corruption);
- lack of unity in the executive power system, that is, the regulation of the same activity by different authorities;
- low level of participation of citizens in control over the state others also contribute.
2.12. HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE CAUSES OF HIGH DEGREE OF CORRUPTION. The following assumptions were made on the circumstances that could lead to the emergence of a high level of corruption::
* low wages in the public sector compared to the private sector;
* state regulation of the economy;
* dependence of citizens on officials, state monopoly on certain services;
* distinguish the bureaucratic elite from the people;
* economic instability, inflation;
* ethnic diversity of the population;
* low level of economic development;
* religious traditions;
• there is also the culture of the country in general and so on, and there is no agreement on their approval today .
RESULT
Thus, an increase in wages in the public sector in relation to the private sector does not lead to an immediate decrease in corruption. On the other hand, such a situation will help to gradually increase the level of qualification of bureaucrats and will have a positive effect on the long-term. An example of this can be seen when the salaries of officials in the countries with the lowest level of corruption are 3-7 times higher than the wages in the production sector.
One of the most controversial issues is the regulation of the state as a monopolist, that is, the regulation of the markets.
Supporters of the free market noted that the state will reduce the role and the outflow of competition,which will contribute to the decline in corruption,because it will reduce the amount of voluntary power required and the ability to obtain market autonomy through the regulation of protection and, therefore, reduce the possibility through the payment of rent. In fact, all countries with low corruption are characterized by a relatively free economy. On the contrary, the planned economy, characterized by the monopoly power of officials and the fact that prices are kept below the market level, should encourage bribery as a means of obtaining inadequate products and services.
CONCLUSION
There are also a number of references to this evidence. These are the following:
First, the private sector is not always able to offer satisfactory solutions to the problems, and in such cases, many people see public intervention as justified. This, in turn, creates prerequisites for unfair control and payment of State rent. Thus, corruption can not be completely eliminated even in the conditions of a free economy.
Secondly, the process of liberalization of the economy is carried out by the government, and therefore, in essence, it is an active intervention in the economy. (this could additionally happen by creating sources of corruption enrichment through customization). Therefore, in practice, the initial period of liberalization is often characterized by the opposite effect - the onset of corruption .
Thirdly, studies show that the level of corruption in the Liberal-Democratic political system does not depend on the adherence of the country's leadership to neoliberal or sosial-democratic ideology. In addition, taxes and government expenditures in many countries with low corruption are relatively high.
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