CC BY
7
УДК 517.532
Two-dimensional Motion of Binary Mixture such as Hiemenz in a Flat Layer
Nemat B. Darabi*
Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science Siberian Federal University Svobodny, 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041
Russia
Received 10.04.2015, received in revised form 05.05.2015, accepted 08.06.2015 This paper considers solution of thermal diffusion equations in a special type, which describes two-dimensional motion of binary mixture in a flat channel. Substituting this solution to equations of motion and heat and mass transfer equations results initial-boundary problems for unknown functions as velocity, pressure, temperature and concentration. If assume that Reynolds number is small (creeping motion),these problems become linear. In addition, they are inverse since unsteady pressure gradient is also desired. Solution of the problem is obtained by using trigonometric Fourier series, which are rapidly convergent for any time value. Exact solution of the stationary and non-stationary problems is presented.
Keywords: thermal diffusion, creeping motion, initial-boundary problem, stationary regime. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1397-2015-8-3-260-272
Introduction
Exact and approximate solutions of hydrodynamics equations contribute to a better understanding about qualitative features of motion. They allow us to estimate applicability range of simpler models (non-viscous liquid, creeping motion, boundary layer, and others) and are indispensable for testing numerical, asymptotic and approximate methods. Such solutions are widely used for mathematical modeling of many processes in the chemical and petrochemical technology [1], including convection of mass processes and heat transfer, and various natural phenomena.
This paper deals with unsteady and steady motions of a binary mixture in a flat channel with solid fixed walls. Solution of the thermodiffusion convection equations is sought in a special form: one velocity component is a linear function along the length of channel, and the temperature and concentration are quadratic functions along this coordinate.
First time such solutions for the stationary Navier-Stokes equations are considered by Hiemenz [2]. A review for similar type of exact solutions is available in [3].
In this case, the problem is reduced to a series of one-dimensional inverse problems for parabolic equations (thermal conductivity). For creeping motions (Reynolds number Re C 1) is found exact solution of stationary and non-stationary problems.
* nematdarabi@gmail.com © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
1. Problem statement
Consider a binary mixture. If C is concentration (mass fraction) of component 1, then concentration of component 2 is 1 — C.
We assume that the pressure gradient causes no significant molecular motion between mixture's components relative to each other, and it is also assumed that deviations of temperature T, concentration C, and pressure p are small from the average values, and density is a function of T and C. So, the mass flux for component 1 can be written as
J = —po (DVC + DtVT), (1)
where po is mixture density at average temperature and concentration; D is diffusion coefficient; DT is thermal diffusion coefficient. These coefficients, in general, depend on temperature and concentration. However, under the above assumptions, they are constants whose values correspond to average values of temperature and concentration: D = D (Tav, Cav), DT = DT (Tav, Cav). The first and second terms on the right hand side of equation (1) describe the flows due to diffusion and thermal diffusion, respectively.
In model Oberbeck-Boussinesq, mixture's motion obeys equation of state
p = po (1 — Pt (T — T0v ) — Pc (C — C0v )) ,
here p0 = const > 0, pT is thermal expansion coefficient and pC is concentration expansion coefficient.
It is assumed that mixture is located in the gravity field with acceleration vector g = (0, —g). Thus motion equations of binary mixture have next form
Ux + Vy = 0, (2)
po (ut + UUx + VUy ) + Px = pop (Uxx + Uyy ) , (3)
Po (vt + uVx + vVy) + Py = pop (Vxx + Vyy) — gpo( 1 — Pt (T — Tav) — Pc (C — Cav)), (4)
Tt + uTx + vTy = x (Txx + Tyy), (5)
Ct + uCx + vCy = D (Cxx + Cyy) + Dt (Txx + Tyy). (6)
Using the equality py +gpo = d (p + pogy) /dy = py it is possible to rewrite equation (4) as follows
po (vt + uvx + vvy) + py = pop (vxx + vyy) + pog(pT (T — Tav ) + Pc (C — Cav )) ,
where u is velocity component in direction x; v is velocity component in direction y; py is deviation of total pressure from hydrostatic pressure; p and x is dynamic viscosity and coefficient thermal diffusivity, respectively.
Fig. 1 shows the scheme of movement field. According to this scheme the boundary conditions arise:
slip on the walls y = 0 and y = h
u(x,y,t) |y=o= 0, v(x,y,t) |y=o =0,
u(x,y,t) |y=h= 0, v(x,y,t) |y=h= 0;
specified temperatures on these walls
T(x,y,t) |y=o= Ti(x,t), T(x,y,t) ly=h= T2(x,t);
lack of material flow through the walls
DCy + Dt Ty = 0
for x = 0,h.
(8)
(9)
Fig. 1 Scheme of movement field
The initial conditions are
u(x,y,t) |t=o= uo(x,y), v(x,y,t) |t=o= vo(x,y), ux(x,y,t) |t=o= -vy(x,y,t) |t=o, (10)
T(x, y, t) |t=o= To(x,y), C(x, y, t) |t=o = Co(x,y).
In solution of specific problems it is convenient to distinguish characteristic dimensionless quantities (similarity criteria). In connection with defined purpose are used different dimensionless parameters. Here we take dimensionless variables so that in new resulting system of equations as a control dimensionless parameter appeared Reynolds number. To do this, we set
x* = x/h, y* = y/h, u* = u/Uo, v* = v/Uo, t* = t^/po h2, p* = ph/^Uo, T* = (T - Tav )/AT, C* = (C - Cav )Pt/Pc AT,
where * is shows dimensionless quantities.
It should be noted that in the above formulas, h is channel height is taken as the characteristic of length dimension, AT is characteristic temperature difference in the system, Uo is characteristic velocity, Tav and Cav is average temperature and concentration respectively.
Substituting these dimensionless parameters in equations (2)-(6) and also in boundary and initial conditions (7)-(10) and omitting for simplicity upper indices in dimensionless variables, we obtain next equations
Ux + vy = 0, Ut + Re (uux + vUy) + px = Uxx + Uyy, vt + Re (uvx + vvy) + py = vxx + vyy + G (T + C), (11)
Tt + Re(uTx + vTy) = (Txx + Tyy) /Pr, Ct + Re (uCx + vCy) = ((Cxx + Cyy ) — ^ (Txx + Tyy ) j /Sc.
System (11) contains five dimensionless parameters: Reynolds number Re = Uoh/p, which represents ratio of inertial force to viscous friction force; Prandtl Pr = p/x and Schmidt Sc = x/D numbers, which characterize relative intensity of momentum transfer and molecular heat and mass transfer, respectively; split ratio
^ = Dt/PT D,
which characterizes effect of thermal diffusion; parameter G = Gr/Re = ATh2/U0p is a measure for relation of buoyancy force to inertial force acting on flow and Gr is Grashof number.
Since number of equations (five) is equal to number of unknown functions (u, T, C), the resulting system (11) will be close one.
Boundary conditions (7)-(9) can be rewritten as
u(x,y,t) |y=0=0, v(x,y,t) |y=o =0, (12)
u(x,y,t) |y=i=0, v(x,y,t) |y=i =0;
T(x,y,t) |y=o= (Ti(x,t) - T„v) /AT, (13)
T(x,y,t) |y=i= (T2(x,t) - T„v)/AT; ( j
= for x = 0,1. (14)
Initial conditions in dimensionless form will take the form
u(x,y,t) |t=o= uo(x,y)/Uo, v(x,y,t) |t=o = vo(x,y)/Uo,
ux(x,y,t) |t=o = -vy(x,y,t) |t=o, (15)
T(x,y,t) |t=o = (To(x,y) - T„v)/AT, C(x,y,t) |t=o= ßT(Co(x,y) - Cav)/ßcAT.
In following section will discuss solution of thermal diffusion equations in a special type, which describes two-dimensional motion in a plane channel.
2. Solution in a special kind for initial boundary problems
We shall seek a solution in the next form
u(x,y,t) = U (y,t)x, v(x,y,t) = V (y,t). (16)
Applying these representations to motion's equations (11), we find
U (y,t) + Vy (y,t)=0, (17)
p(x,y,t)= W(y, t)x2/2 + a(y,t), (18)
W(y,t) = Uyy - Ut - Re(VUy + U2), (19)
T (x,y,t)= A(y,t)x2 + B(y,t), (20)
C (x,y,t) = M (y,t)x2 + N (y,t), (21)
where
Wy(y,t) = 2G (A(y,t) + M(y,t)), (22)
ay (y, t) + Vt - Vyy + ReVVy = G (B(y, t) + N(y, t)). (23) Equations (11) give the system
At + Re (2AU + VAy) = Ayy/Pr, (24)
Bt + ReVBy = (Byy + 2A) /Pr; (25)
Mt + Re (2MU + VMy ) = (Myy - ^Ayy ) /Sc, (26)
Nt + ReVNy = (Nyy + 2M - 2^A - ^Byy) /Sc. (27) The boundary conditions (12) reduce to the following
U(y,t) |y=o= 0, V(y,t) |y=o= 0, U(y,t) |y=i= 0, V(y,t) |y=i= 0.
In accordance to (20), (21) and (13) the temperatures on the walls must be of the form
(Ti(x,t) - Tav) /AT = Ai(t)x2 + Bi(t),
(29)
(T2(x,t) - Tav) /AT = A2(t)x2 + B2(t).
With the given functions Aj(t),Bj(t), j = 1, 2 boundary conditions (14) are converted to four relations
My (y,t) |y=0= ^Ay (y,t) ^^ Ny (y,t) |y=0= ^By (y,t) ^ My(y,t) |y=i= 4Ay(y,t) |y=i, Ny(y,t) |y=i= 4By(y,t) |y=i .
The initial conditions will take following type
U (y, 0) = Uo(y), V (y, 0) = Vo(y), (31)
furthermore
Uo(y) = -Voy (y), (To(x, y) - Tav)/AT = Ao(y)x2 + Bo(y), (32)
ßT (Co(x, y) - Cav) /ßcAT = Mo(y)x2 + No(y).
(28)
Thus, arise the following initial-boundary problems when 0 < y < 1 and t > 0:
At + Re(2AU + VAy) = Ayy/Pr, A(y,t) |t=o= Ao(y), A(y,t) |y=o= Ai(t), A(y,t) |v=i= A2(t);
Bt + ReVBy = (Byy + 2A)/Pr, B(y,t) |t=o= Bo(y), B(y,t) |y=o= Bi(t), B(y,t) |y=i= B2(t);
Mt + Re (2MU + VMy) = (Myy - ^Ayy) /Sc, M(y,t) |t=o= Mo(y), My(y,t) |y=o= ^Ay(y,t) My(y,t) |y=i= ^Ay(y,t) |y=i;
Nt + ReVNy = (Nyy + 2M - 2^A - ^Byy)/Sc, N(y,t) |t=o= No(y), Ny(y,t) |y=o= ^By(y,t) |y=0, Ny(y,t) |y=i= ^By(y,t) |y=i •
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
In following sections discuss stationary and non-stationary solutions of systems (33)-(36) under certain conditions.
3. Results
In this section, solutions for both regimes (non-stationary and stationary) are presented.
3.1. Non-stationary solution
In systems (33)-(36), it is assumed that Re ^ 0 (creeping motion) and G = Gr/Re = O(1). The last condition is necessary to account effect of buoyancy force on the motion of mixture. Applying these assumption, will have
At = Ayy/Pr, A(y, 0) = Ao(y), A(0, t) = Ai(t), A(1,t)= A2(t).
By using separation of variables' method we try to solve this system. To achieve this purpose follow the next steps:
Dfc = 2 Ao (y) sin knydy,
o
fk (t) = 2 f (y,t) sin knydy, o
where
Ao(y) = (Ai(0) - A2(0^y + Ao(y) - Ai(0), f (y,t) = (Ai(t) - A2W) - a4_i(t);
knowing Dk and fk (t) and substituting them we find
gk (t) = e-(kn)2t/P^ f* e(kn)2T/Pr ffc(r )dT + Dfc) , and finally A(y,t) takes next form
A(y,t) = £)gfc(t)sinkny +(A2(t) - Ai(t)) y + Ai(t). (37)
k = i
Equation for B(y,t) after omitting Reynolds number takes the next form
Bt = (Byy + 2A)/Pr, B(y, 0) = Bo(y), B(0,t) = Bi(t), B(1,t) = B2 (t) •
There is a difference in solution of corresponding equation for B(y, t) compared with solution for A(y, t) and it is in the form of f(y, t) that looks like as
f (y, t) = (Bi(t) - - Bi(t) + 2A/Pr,
where A(y, t) is found from (37) and the final form for B(y, t) is equal to
B(y,t) = ^3gfc(t)sinkny + (B2(t) - Bi(t))y + Bi(t).
k = i
Note, that for computing gk (t) corresponding boundary and initial values for B(y,t) are used. Boundary-initial problem for M(y, t)
Mt = (Myy - ^Ayy)/Sc, M (y, 0) = Mo(y), My (0,t) = ^Ay (0,t),
My (1,t) = ^Ay (1,t).
The first step is to estimate Dk and f (y, t) using next relations
Dfc = 2 Mo(y) cos knydy, o
i
ffc (t) = 2 f (y,t) cos knydy, o
here
M0(y) = M0(y) - ih\Ay(1,0) - Ay(0,/2 - VAy(0,0)y, f (y,t) = (K + a±y + a2y2)/2 - Ay^/Sc + (Ayt(0,t) - Ayt(1,t))y2/2 - Ayt(0,t)y
a0 = 2Ay(1,t) - 2Ay(0,t)+4Ayy(0,t), ai =4Ayy(1,t) - 4Ayy(0,t)+2Ayyy(0,t),
a2 = Ayyy (1,t) - Ayyy (0,t).
Similar to case for A(y,t) and B(y,t) the next step is finding gk(t)
gk(t) = e-(kn)2t/Sc(J* e(kn)2T/Scfk(T)dT + D^ ,
and at the last step
M(y, t) = Y, gk (t) cos kny + W(Ay (1,t) - Ay (0, t)j/2 + VAy (0, t)y.
Solving the problem for N(y,t) completely is similar to one for M(y,t), so we have
Nt = (Nyy +2M - 2VA - VByy)/Sc, N(y, 0) = No (y), Ny (0,t) = VBy (0,t), Ny (1,t)= VBy (1,t).
Dk = 2 No(y) cos knydy,
0
fk (t) = 2 f (y,t) cos knydy,
0
No(y) = No(y) - Vy2(By(1, 0) - By(0, 0^ /2 - VBy(0,0)y, f (y,t) = (bo + biy + b2y2)/2 - 2A - By^j/Sc+ +V(Byt(0,t) - Byt(1,t))y2/2 - VByt(0,t)y + 2M/Sc,
where
b0 = 2By(1,t) - 2By(0,t)+4Byy(0,t), bi = 4Byy(1,t) - 4Byy(0,t)+2Byyy(0,t),
b2 = B yyy(1,t) - Byyy (0,t);
therefore gk (t) equal to
gk (t) = £ e^V/(t)dr + D
and finally
N (y, t) = ^ gfc (t) cos kny + ^y2 (By (1, t) - By (0, t))/2 + ^By (0, t)y. k=1
From equation (20) and (21), knowing A(y, t), B(y,t), M(y,t) and N(y, t) easily are determined temperature and concentration in the mixture.
To find (u, v,p) begin with equation (19) for U(y,t), combining equations (19) and (22) for Re ^ 0, we obtain
Uyy - Ut = 2G J^ (^(z,t) + M(z,t)) dz + w0(t). (38)
It should be noted that the function w0(t) is also unknown. The function U(y, t) satisfies boundary conditions (28), initial conditions (32) and, in addition
i U(z,t) dz = 0 (39)
Jo
The last follows from slip condition V(1,t) = 0.
Equation (38) is linear, and it's solution can be sought as the sum of the following two functions,
U (y,t) = U 1(y,t) + U 2(y, t), (40)
which are solutions of problems
Uly - Ut1 = wo(t), U 1(0,t) = U 1(1,t) = 0, U1 (y, 0) = Uo(y);
Uy2y - U2 = f (y,t), U2(0,t) = U2(1,t) = 0, U 2(y, 0)=0,
where
f (y,t) = 2G j0 (A(z,t) + M(z,t)) dz
is right-hand side of equation (38) without w0(t). Solution for Ux(y,t) looks like
U1 (y, t) = gk(t)sin kny k=1
with coefficients
In the same way,
where
t-1
gk(t) = gk(0)e-(kn)2t - 2qk / e-(kn)2(t-T^(t) dT,
o
qk = (1- (-1)k)/kn,
gk (0) = 2/ Uo(y) sin knydy.
o
œ
U2 (y, t) = ^ jk (t) sin kny,
k=1
ft
jk(t) = -/ e-(kn)2(t-T)ffc(r) dr,
0
fk(t) = 2/ f (y, t) sin knydy.
0
Consequently U(y,t) is sum of the found functions U 1(y,t) and U2 (y, t):
TO r /• t , ,
U(y,t) = ^ gk(0) e-(kn)2t - e-(fcn)2(t-T)(2 qfc wo(t) + fk (r)J dr k=1 ^
From the condition (39) we obtain an integral equation for determining w0(t):
TO „ t
J22q2J e-(kn)2(t-T)wo(r) dr = h(t),
0
sin kny. (41)
(42)
k=1
here
h(t) = k=1 qk (gk(0)e-(kn)2t - 0 e-(kn)2(t-T)ffc(T) dr) .
TO
Applying Laplace transform L[r(t)] = e-str(t) dt = R(s), [4] to both sides of (42), we arrive
0
to equalities
whence
E2 q2 l
-(kn)2t
k=1
wo(t) = L
L [wo(t)] = L[h(t)], \
H (s)
£2 q2/(s + k2n2)
k=1
/
where L 1 is Laplace inverse. Hence U(y,t) is completely detected from (41), and then using equation U(y,t) + Vy (y,t) = 0 will be found V(y,t). From (23)
a(y,t) = Vy - -dt ^ V(z, t) dz + G^ (B(z,t) + N(z,t)) dz + a0(t).
In our problem, without loss of generality, we can set a0(t) = 0 and pressure from the equations (18), (19) and (38) is equal to
r y
p(x,y,t)
y
2G / (A(z,t) + M (z,t)) + wo(t)
o
x2/2 + a(y,t).
Thus all dimensionless unknown functions u, v, p, T and C are defined.
e
1
3.2. Stationary solution
In such case d/dt = 0 in equations (11), and denote by us, vs, ps, Ts and Cs stationary solution.
Further, using creep motion conditions and G = Gr/Re = O(1), we obtain the following linear problem when 0 < y < 1 and t ^ 0:
Ayy = 0,
As(y) |y=o= Au (43)
As(y) |y=i= A2;
Bsyy = -2As(y),
Bs(y) |y=o= Bu (44)
Bs(y) |y=i= B2;
Ms = 0, yy '
Msy(y) |y=o= 4Ay(y) |y=o, (45)
Msy(y) |y=i= 4Ay(y) |y=i;
Nsy =2^As(y) + ^Bly - 2Ms(y),
Ns(y) |y=o= 4Bs(y) |y=o, (46)
Ns(y) |y=i= 4BÏ(y) |y=i .
'yWJ \y=
Solution of these systems is written by finite formulas. It should be noted that in process of solution (46) (since all the boundary conditions, which are used for defining the desired function are from first order), it is required another condition for determining Ns(y). In this task, to overcome this problem, use the following condition
f C(x,y) |x=0 dy = Cav. (47)
Jo
It means that average concentration at x = 0 is given. With (21) we see that (47) takes the form
T Ns(y) dy = Cav .
0
As the case of non-stationary solution after the first stage i.e. finding As, Bs, Ms and Ns will be searched unknown functions Us, Vs, ps, Ts and Cs but since all of these functions do not depend on the time variable, then using sequential integrations, easily possible to identify them. To achieve this purpose, removing time functions and with equation (38), which connects As with velocity Us(y), we will have
Usyy = 2G 0 [As (z) + Ms (z)^ dz.
Next step is to find Vs(y) using the equation Us(y) + Vy (y) = 0, then by following relation, we can find pressure
ps(x,y) = Gx2 0 (A(z) + M(z)) dz + G 0 (B(z) + N(z)) dz + Vy.
In this case, since there isn't any time variable, problems have solved and as a result forms of desire functions are shown.
System of equations (43)-(46) are solved and unknown functions As, Bs, Ms and Ns look
like
As(y) = (A - Ai) y + Ai, Bs(y) = y3 (Ai - A2) /3 - Aiy2 + (B2 - Bi - (2Ai + A2) /3)y + Bi, Ms(y) = - (A2 - Ai) y + -Ai = -As(y),
Ns (y) = -Bs (y) + - (7Ai + A2 - 6Bi - 6B2) + C0v.
Since in stationary regime all boundary conditions must be constant, so for simplicity in calculations, the values Ai = Bi = B2 = 1, Ui = U2 =0 and A2 = -1 are used. Using these values, we will have
21
Ts(x, y) = (1 - 2y)x2 + 3y3 - y2 - 3y +1,
Cs(x, y) = -(1 - 2y)x2 + - (2y3 - y2 - 3y + 1) - 6^ + Cav,
us(x,y) = -1(1 + -)Gxy (-1 + 6y - 10y2 +5y3) , (49)
vs(y) = ¿(1 + -)G(-1 + y)2y2(-1 + 2y), 60
ps(x, y) = 3OGy [29 + 30Gav - 151-0 + (1 + 0) (10y3 - 20y2 + y - 30x2(-1 + y)^
4. Discussion
These results derived under two conditions that are noted in Section 3. First condition is associated with creeping movement and second with dimensionless number G. These constraints define scale of work and suitable combinations from h and U0 for this modeling. As a result it is obtained that, this approach is fair for binary mixtures with big viscosity when h ~ 10-i mm and U0 ~ 10-i mm/s.
In stationary case exact solution is obtained using sequential integrations and it is important to note that it needs additional condition to find all unknown functions.
In process of solving non-stationary mode, method separation of variables is used and solution of the problem derived by using trigonometric Fourier series, which are rapidly convergent for any time value. Accuracy of answers depends on number of sentences, that are considered for series.
References
[1] A.D.Polyanin, A.M.Kutepov, A.V.Vyazmin, D.A.Kazenin, Hydrodynamics, Mass and Heat Transfer in Chemical Engineering, Topics in Chemical Engineering, vol. 14, Taylor & Francis, 2001.
[2] K.Hiemenz, The boundary layer on a submerged straight circular cylinder in the uniform liquid flow, Dinglers Polytech Journal, 326(1911), 321-440.
[3] S.N.Aristov, D.V.Knyazev, A.D.Polyanin, Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations with the linear dependence of velocity components on two space variables, Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, 5(2009), 547-566 (in Russian).
[4] M.A.Lavrentiev, B.V.Shabat, Methods of Theory of Functions of Complex Variable, Nauka, Moscow, 1973 (in Russian).
Двумерное движение бинарной смеси типа Хименца в плоском слое
Немат Б. Дараби
В статье рассматривается 'решение уравнений термодиффузии специального вида, описывающее двумерное движение в плоском канале. После подстановки этого решения в уравнения движения тепломассопереноса возникают начально-краевые задачи для неизвестных функций скорости, давления, температуры и концентрации. В предположении малости числа Рейнольдса (ползущие движения) эти задачи становятся линейными. Кроме того, они являются обратными, так как нестационарный градиент давления тоже является искомым. Решение задачи получено с помощью тригонометрических рядов Фурье, быстро сходящихся для любого момента времени.
Ключевые слова: термодиффузия, ползущее движение, начально-краевая задача, стационарный режим.
