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2TURKESTAN REGION SARYAGASH DISTRICT SARYAGASH CITY WHAT IS AUTISM ? DEFINITION, SYMPTOMS AND GIFTS.
SAHOVA AYAZHAN TALGATOVNA
Teacher of English language at college Abu Ali Ibn Sina
KUDYAROVA SANDUGASH QUDIRETZHANKYZY
Teacher of English language at college Abu Ali Ibn Sina
Annotation. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. There have been recent concerns about increased prevalence, and this article seeks to elaborate on factors that may influence prevalence rates, including recent changes to the diagnostic criteria. The authors review evidence that ASD is a neurobiological disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors affecting the developing brain, and enumerate factors that correlate with ASD risk. Finally, the article describes how clinical evaluation begins with developmental screening, followed by referral for a definitive diagnosis, and provides guidance on screening for comorbid conditions. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a diverse group of conditions. They are characterized by some degree of difficulty with social interaction and communication. Other characteristics are atypical patterns of activities and behaviours, such as difficulty with transition from one activity to another, a focus on details and unusual reactions to sensations.
Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), prevalence, etiology, screening, evaluation, medical comorbidity
What Is Autism?
Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting how a person perceives and interacts with the world. Autistic individuals experience difficulties in social communication and interaction, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities. Autism is often referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to encompass a wide range of differences, strengths, and challenges
From a neurodiversity lens, autism is a natural variation of human neurology rather than a disorder or deficit. Neurodiversity emphasizes that the neurotypical world should respect these differences as valuable contributions to society. For instance, communities should focus on acceptance, accommodation, and support for autistic individuals rather than attempting to "fix" or change them. This perspective promotes inclusivity and celebrates the unique talents and abilities that can coexist with the challenges faced by individuals on the autism spectrum.
Signs of Autism
Signs of autism can vary widely and may manifest differently from person to person. Some common characteristics of autism include social communication and interaction challenges. Autistic individuals may struggle to understand nonverbal cues such as facial expressions and body language. They may have alexithymia and struggle to identify or express emotions. They may also have difficulty with reciprocal conversations.
Signs of autism in children and adults may include:
Early signs of autism in children
• Showing obsessive interests
• Language, movement, or learning delays
• Abnormal eating habits (possibly signs of ARFID)
• Rocking back and forth, flapping hands, or spinning in circles
• Preferring to play individually rather than with peers
• Limited facial expressions
• Abnormal sleeping habits
Signs of autism in adults
• Avoiding eye contact
• Social anxiety
• Trouble understanding other's emotions, expressions, or thoughts
• Missing social cues
• Speaking bluntly or appearing uninterested in conversations
• Rigidity about routine
• Taking things very literally
• Heightened sensitivity to stimuli
• Becoming obsessed with certain topics
• Speaking in a monotone voice
Symptoms of Autism
Autism symptoms encompass a range of challenges across different areas of functioning. In terms of social communication and interaction, autistic people may have difficulty initiating conversations and forming or maintaining relationships. They may also exhibit challenges in empathy and understanding the perspectives of others.
Restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests are also common symptoms of autism, often as repetitive movements or behaviors, intense fixations on specific interests or objects, and a strong adherence to ritualistic routines. Autistic folks may also experience sensory sensitivities, difficulties with motor coordination, and atypical speech and language development patterns.
Below are the symptoms of autism:
Social Differences
A primarily identified autistic characteristic is a difference in social interaction. For an autistic person, social interactions can feel overwhelming or confusing. As each autistic person is unique, one individual may interpret words very literally, while another can enjoy and be proficient in sarcasm.
Below are common social differences associated with autism:
• Lack of eye contact: Eye contact is commonly referenced in the discussion about autism, as autistic people often make eye contact differently than their neurotypical counterparts. Many autistic individuals find eye contact painful or overwhelming. Others might make more intense eye contact as if "looking into the soul."
• Low social batter: While some autistic individuals are outgoing and extroverted, many are introverts with little energy for social interaction. Being social requires more energy and brain resources for an autistic person than a neurotypical person, leaving the autistic person feeling exhausted and drained (autistic burnout).
• Preferring virtual communication: Those on the spectrum often feel comfortable using different methods than in-person communication. Autistic individuals may maintain robust and long-term friendships via the internet, gaming, email, or text because other ways of connecting may require more energy or resources than they can spare.
• Struggling with social cues: Some autistic individuals may have difficulty reading nonverbal communication (body language, facial expressions).
• Different methods of interaction: Other notable social differences in the autistic population may include literal, direct, or "blunt" communication. Some may use scripting to ease communication, socialize, or stim.
• Heightened sensitivity to interactions: Hypersensitive autistic individuals notice the small changes in "vibes" and micro-expressions of others. They may feel bombarded by information.
Sensory Issues
Sensory processing differences are another common characteristic of the autistic population. Our senses constantly work together to process the world around us, and each person has their own sensory profile.
Some autistic people are hypersensitive to elements in the environment around them. A loud, bright, or crowded environment, like a supermarket or concert, can be painful and distressing for those with sensory sensitivities. Certain fabric textures, smells, or tastes might feel unbearable.
Other individuals may be hyposensitive to sensory stimuli and seek sensory input. Someone hyposensitive to taste may prefer spicy or flavorful foods. Another might enjoy bright colors and visually complex environments. A person who seeks vestibular stimulation might find comfort in spinning around or being upside down.
Some individuals are primarily sensory seeking or sensory avoiding, but many are a combination of both. Also, the ability to process sensory input can vary based on the day and what is happening in life. So, sensory differences can become even more pronounced if a person is tired, stressed, understimulated, or overstimulated. How Is Autism Diagnosed?
Parents or caregivers who believe their child may be autistic should first speak with a healthcare professional familiar with autism. They will likely perform developmental and behavioral screenings to assess the skills and behaviors. They may refer the child to a specialist, such as a child psychologist, developmental pediatrician, or neurologist, for further evaluation if results indicate autism.
Further evaluations may include a comprehensive behavioral evaluation, cognitive testing, language assessments, and hearing and vision screenings. These tests aim to establish whether the child meets the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Final Thoughts
Autism spectrum disorder is a complex developmental condition that can present itself in various ways and impact individuals differently. Acceptance, early intervention, support, and therapy can significantly improve the quality of life for autistic individuals and their families. Seek a proper diagnosis and access appropriate resources tailored to meet individual needs. Support your autistic loved one with understanding, acceptance, and validation. Childhood autism morbidity grew 12% in Kazakhstan Childhood autism morbidity grew 12% in Kazakhstan
The roundtable discussions on childhood autism problems took place in Taraz bringing together representatives of education system, social assistance sector, psychologists, mental specialists.
The roundtable discussions on childhood autism problems took place in Taraz bringing together representatives of education system, social assistance sector, psychologists, mental specialists.
REFERENCES
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistcal manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 1994.
3. Halfon N, Kuo AA. What DSM-5 could mean to children with autism and their families. JAMA Pediatr 2013;167:608-13. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2188
4. Maenner MJ, Rice CE, Arneson CL, et al. Potential impact of DSM-5 criteria on autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates. JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71:292-300. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3893
