CC BY
17
UDC 159.99 DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-4-55-59
Trap shooting: psychological training of athletes
Margarita G. Kolodeznikova1*, Veronika P. Ivanovo2, D'ulustan N. LazareV M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University Yakutsk, Russia ORCID:0000-0003-0327-1976, mgkolodeznikova@inbox.ru* ORCID0000-0002-8690-589, lmekec394@mail.ru 2 Sports Training Center of the National Teams of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Yakutsk, Russia ORCID0000-0002-3030-0085, veronika.iva@icloud.com
Abstract: High results achievement in sport is impossible without a system sports training organization. Many scientists consider complex and integral approach to the training process. One of the effective sides of the training process is psychological training. It provides maximal psychological security, success in sport competitions. The article considers psychological training of athletes in shooting sports in Yakutiya. Scientific novelty. The novelty of the present work is in the fact that we included optimally chosen different diagnostic tests (the most suitable for the features of a shooter's temperament) into psychological training of trap shooters in order to improve the work of a coach in "Psychological training" direction. Practical significance. The presented work can be useful both for the coaches and athletes at the stages of sport training. Material. Psychological state of athletes-trap shooters revelation. Research methods. Psychological testing, theoretical analysis and synthesis of literature sources, psychological training, psychological training of trap shooters taking into consideration their temperament and experimental work analysis. Results. In the training process of trap shooters we used special methods. They improve psychological state of an athlete. As a result of the held research work we see positive shift of the initial data among all participants of the research. As a result of the carried out research we formed some recommendations concerning the training process organization at the stage of psychological training of trap shooters. They don't guarantee 100% of the result and success, however, they would give an opportunity to estimate shooting in a different way and see the necessity to pay more attention to psychological training of trap shooters. Conclusion. By means of diagnostics we revealed the method of psychological state improvement with psychic features indices. They help to improve the work of a coach. As a result we got a positive shift among all participants of the experiment. It proves that psycho-diagnostics introduction into educational-training process improves the effectiveness of the training among trap shooters and their psychic state. It proves our hypothesis.
Keywords: trap shooting, psychological training of an athlete, educational-training process, psychological state of an athlete, psychological training.
For citation: Margarita G. Kolodeznikova*, Veronika P. Ivanova, D'ulustan N. Lazarev. Trap shooting:
psychological training of athletes. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(4): 49-52.
DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-4-55-59.
Introduction
High results achievement in sport is impossible without a system sports training organization. Many scientists consider complex and integral approach to the training process [1,3]. One of the effective sides of the training process is psychological training. It provides maximal psychological security, success in sport competitions [7,8]. At the same time it is a well-known fact that many coaches pay insufficient attention to psychological training of athletes, though many researchers try to solve this problem
[2,4,5,6]
The aim of the research: to reveal psychological state of athletes-trap shooters and reveal an effective method for the work of a coach improvement in "Psychological training" direction.
Objectives of the research:
1. To study scientific-methodical sources connected with the topic of the research.
2. To select diagnostic tests and study psychic state, temperament of trap shooters during the training activity.
3. Experimentally check the influence of the offered method on psychological state of athletes-trap shooters.
The hypothesis of the research: it was supposed that specially selected diagnostic tests would help to reveal psychological state of an athlete and improve the work of a coach in a psychological direction.
Materials and methods
The following methods were used in the research: literature sources analysis, psychic situations analysis, training, psychological testing, psychological training, methods of mathematical statistics.
Results and discussion
The experiment was held since October, 2021 till May, 2022 in a republican center of training sport reserve in Yakutsk in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. 29 athletes - trap shooters from the national team of the region took part in the experiment (18 of them had sport category).
During the training lessons we realized not only important technical elements study and improvement but also formed psychological readiness for exercises fulfillment.
Psychological readiness includes the following features:
• concentration, sensitivity and acquired tolerance to a shot;
• readiness to cope with the difficulties at a firing line (lack of confidence, excitement);
• the ability to regulate pre-start state;
• the ability to improve quickness of reaction (the ability to hit the target quickly and straightly within a minimal time period);
In order to form emotional stability we used the following methods:
1) shooting after the load;
2) multiple repetition;
3) elements of autotraining;
4) competitive, emergency situations modeling during the lesson.
We revealed negative states of the shooters: heart rate increase; tremor in hands and legs and as a result, coordination violation; inattentiveness; target visibility reduction.
Mentioned above states have negative influence on the result: a shooter has difficulty with front sight finding. It increases the probability of misses. Pulling the trigger slows down or on the contrary, we see inert, impulsive pulling. It leads to the time of aiming disorder and the speed of shooting slow down.
We tested the temperament of each athlete according to Eysenck Personality Inventory.
According to the results of the test we revealed
that out of 29 trap-shooters 13 are choleric persons, 8 people are sanguine persons, 6 people are phlegmatic persons, 2 are melancholic persons.
Out of 13 choleric persons 6 were not included into the first team of the national team. It shows insufficient level of psychological training. They answered all questions very impulsively. These athletes lost interest in sport very quickly because of failures during the competitions.
Sanguine persons showed quick irritability. But they were relatively stress resistant, however, they had emotional instability, susceptibility, lability and quickness of reaction. According to our observations, sanguine persons, who have good level of working capacity, stopped working for the result and missed the lessons if they lost interest.
Phlegmatic persons were slow. They were in a good mood and had the desire to act, were less emotional during feelings demonstration. During the training process they showed tranquility, perseverance, persistence and tranquility.
Melancholic persons are supersensitive. They showed shyness, passivity, excessive susceptibility, fatigability, lack of confidence and quite often cowardice.
After the test we realized the diagnostics in order to reveal the level of psychological readiness of each trap shooter, using the following diagnostic means:
- Spielberger's Anxiety Test, "State Trait Anxiety Inventory", A.A. Rean questionnaire, "Motivation of success and fear of failure";
- "Scale of needs for achievements estimation";
- The peculiarities of volitional training of a personality, Gutkin M.S., "Methodology of volitional training of a personality study";
- The level of emotional steadiness, Eysenck H., "Scale of emotional stability - instability";
- The level of self-evaluation, "Test questionnaire for the level of self-evaluation revelation" Kovalev S.V.
Spielberger's Anxiety Test helped to reveal personal and situational anxiety during sport competitions.
The results of testing showed that personal anxiety of the shooters was within the following limits: 30-47. After the testing we received the following results: moderate anxiety level was revealed among 15 trap shooters (83%). This proves that a shooter would have an adequate reaction to the difficulties during the competitions.
According to the scale of situation anxiety 11% of the respondents (2 athletes) have a low level of anxiety (till 30 points). They need energy, interest, initiative. The average level (from 31 till 44 points). It is considered more optimal for trap shooters. It is among 16 people (89%).
Rean A.A. test presented the situation of motivational sphere among athletes-trap shooters.
The points were the following: from 1-7 -motivation for failure; from 14 till 20 - motivation for success. As a result among 95% of trap-shooters (17 people) motivation is directed toward success, and 5% (1 person) has the motivation for failure.
Orlova R.A. test according to "Scale of needs for achievements estimation" revealed the level of need for the results achievement. According to the test results we revealed that 16 people (80%) have a high level of need for achievements and 2 people (17%) have the average level. It shows that the athletes and their motivational sphere are directed toward the result achievement.
Gutkin M.S. test revealed the indices, which characterize volitional sphere of a personality.
According to the results of this test we defined that 78% of the respondents have developed (axiological-conceptual) personality organization, perseverance, determination and self-confident-control; moderate level of development 50% has activity organization and independence. The indices of lie are low among all respondents.
Emotional stability/instability scale by Eysenck H. defines emotional steadiness of a person.
The results of the first scale define the following: 12 points and less - emotionally stable; 13-18 points - moderately emotionally stable; 19-24 pints - very emotionally unstable.
The second scale shows that if a respondent got 5 points and more, his answers are not honest.
It was revealed that 95% of trap-shooters have a high level of emotional stability, 5% have the average level of stability.
Self-evaluation of trap shooters according to Kovalev S.V. test showed that the shooters have sufficiently high level of self-evaluation. The athletes-trap shooters adequately estimate own abilities and react to critique.
Conclusion
We created recommendations connected with psychological training of athletes trap shooters, as psychological training of trap shooters helps to evaluate the training process in a different way, estimate shooting and show effectiveness.
By means of diagnostics we revealed the method of psychological state improvement with psychic features indices. They help to improve the work of a coach. As a result we got a positive shift among all participants of the experiment. It proves that psycho-diagnostics introduction into educational-training process improves the effectiveness of the training among trap shooters and their psychic state. It proves our hypothesis.
References
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Submitted: 20.11.2022 Author's information:
Margarita G. Kolodeznikova - Candidate of Pedagogics, Professor, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, 677007, Russia, Yakutsk, Kulakovskogo str., House 42, e-mail: mgkolodeznikova@ inbox.ru
Veronika P. Ivanova - Sports Instructor, Sports Training Center of the National Teams of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), 677007, Russia, Yakutsk, Oyunskogo str., House 26, e-mail: veronika.iva@icloud.com
D'ulustan N. Lazarev - Senior Lecturer, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, 677007, Russia, Yakutsk, Kulakovskogo str., House 42, e-mail: lmekec394@mail.ru
