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130TRANSLATION OF REALIA AND CULTURE - BOUND WORDS
Saidxonova Aziza
O'zbekiston Davlat Jahon Tillari Universiteti Tarjimonlik ( ingliz tili ) kafedrasi o'qituvchisi
Shokuchkarova Guljamol
Bachelour student of Uzbekistan State World Language University https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6811632 Abstract. This article deals with rendering realias and culture-bound elements into a foreign language and types of realias. There are presented the ways how to translate realias correctly.
Key word: realia, culture-bound word; equivalent-lacking word; translation.
ПЕРЕВОД РЕАЛИЙ И КУЛЬТУРЫ - СВЯЗАННЫЕ СЛОВА Аннотация. В данной статье речь идет о передаче реалий и элементов культуры на иностранном языке и типах реалий. Представлены способы, как правильно переводить реалии.
Ключевые слова: реалии, культурное слово; безэквивалентное слово; перевод.
INTRODUCTION
English language as the language of international communication may play the role of intellectual bridge and become a kind of intercultural guide in better understanding and communication. Different texts containing information about European countries, their traditions, life patterns, achievements in science and engineering are issued in English, which makes their adequate translation vitally important.
The word "realia" comes from medieval Latin, in which it originally meant "the real things". Currently, in the English language the word "realia" is usually used to denote objects or activities relating to the real life. However, the notion of realia in translation theory means cultural - bound words and expressions. which denote notions peculiar to one culture and non-existing in other cultures, therefore it is difficult, if possible at all to translate them into other languages. Culture - bound words do not have exact equivalents in other languages. RESEARCH METHOD AND METHODOLOGY
As the survey of the linguistic literature has shown, there are different types of realias:
A. Household realia (house, clothes, food and drinks, households, transport, communication, leisure, customs, currency and units of measurement, behavior)
( a. Food and drinks: Eng: muffing, pudding, hot - dog, toffee, toast, Scotch whisky, scone. Uzb: somsa, sumalak, ayron, go'ja, parvarda, qimiz. b.clothes, shoes, decoration and headdress:
Eng: kilt, bowler hat, parka, jeans. Uzb: jiyak, nimcha, do'ppi, mahsi, rumol, lozim, yaktak, kovush, paranji )
B. Geographical realia (toponyms, names of shoreline features, varieties of bays, straits, bays, the names of relief features, hydrographic names, political and economic, geographical realia relating to administrative-territorial division)
( Eng: tidewater cordillera, canyon, sun belt, tornado, cyclone, tsunami; Olimpic mountains. Uzb: adir, Chimyon, Zomin, to'qay, ariq, saksavul, tol, yulg'un Hisor tog'lari )
C. Social and political realia (state symbols, realia connected with the constitution of the states, agencies, civil servants, the judiciary, state government and local government, elections, political parties and public organizations)
(Eng: Peace Corps; John birgh Society, Young Mer's Christian Association, White House, House of Common, House of Lords. Uzb: Yoshlar ittifoqi, Qizil yarim oy jamiyati, Vazirlar Mahkamasi, Oliy Majlis, mahalla, oqsoqol )
D.Realia of culture and art (music, dance, holidays, games)
Eng.: blues, jazz, Limericks, ragtime, Auld Lang Sune, Maypole dance, Morris dance, hoodening, swing, rock-and-roll, Queen's birthday, Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving Day, Halloween, scavenger hunt (game) Simon says (game),Uzb; Alla, yor- yor , tanovar, baxshi, karnay-surnay, lapar, shashmaqom, Andijon polka, Navruz, Hosil bayrami, Chillak, Varrak o'yini, kurash, kupkari.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
One language into another in order to create an equivalent response from the receivers, as differences between cultures may cause more severe complications for the translator than differences in language structure.
Text translators are to be familiar with and understand the culture and history of the corresponding countries. They need to feel confident of the typical communication patterns, have good educational background and safe grasp of both the mother tongue and the foreign language.Cultural context is obligatory when translaters have to translate the meaning of the original text. Popular-scientific text translation is impossible without cultural context. However, literary translation is not just recording of cultural and semantic elements by means of target language and culture.
Traditional uzbek clothes are very bright, beautiful and cozy. Uzbek clothes are a part of rich cultural traditions and life style of Uzbek people. National men's clothes is the quilted robe -chapan, tied with shawl. Traditional men's caps are different: duppi, kalpon, kallapush and traditional footwear is boots, made of thin leather. Traditional Uzbek woman's suit consists of plain tunic-dress of khan-atlas and wide lozim. Over these clothes women wore robes like man's chapans. Dressy look garments made of atlas fabric and richly laced with golden thread. The footwear consisted of mahsi (nice heelless step-in boots with a soft sole), and high boots made of rough leather or rubber.
An'anaviy o'zbek kiyimlari juda yorqin, chiroyli va qulay. O'zbek kiyimlari o'zbek xalqining boy madaniy an'analari va turmush tarzining bir qismidir. Erkaklar milliy kiyimlari ko'rpali chopon - shol bilan bog'langan chopon. An'anaviy erkaklar qalpog'i - bu har xil turda bo'ladi: duppi, kalpon, kallapush va an'anaviy poyabzal - yupqa teridan tikilgan etik.
An'anaviy o'zbek ayollari kostyumi xon-atlasdan tikilgan ko'ylagi va keng lozimlardan iborat. Bu kiyimlar ustidan ayollar erkaklarning choponlariga o'xshab chopon kiyishgan. Atlas matosidan tikilgan va tillarang iplar bilan bog'langan liboslar. Oyoq kiyimi mahsi (yumshoq taglikli chiroyli poshnasiz etik) va dag'al teri yoki rezinadan tikilgan baland etiklardan iborat.
Culture -bound words are commonly translated in the target language through transcription, transliteration calque translation and approximate translation( description , explanation) . Transcription is transmission of sounds of a foreign language (usually proper name, geographic name, scientific term) using the letters of the alphabet of the receiving culture. The source language use the same or different alphabets involves further differences. If the alphabet is different, the change is even more necessary so that the target language reader could be able to comprehend it. If the alphabet is the same, there can be cases of adaptation reproducing the pronunciation. On the other hand transliteration is the a transmission of letters of a foreign word using the letters of the alphabet of the target language.(Uzbekistan- O'zbekiston, manty - manti, kishlak - qishloq)
Approximate translation is used to translate all sorts of realia, by explaining their meanings. They serve to explain the cultural peculiarities in which the realia is used. Explication of culture-bound words can be made in commentaries. The disadvantage of in-text notes is that they distract a receptor's attention from the main text. (Andijon polka - ( it is a type of dance in Uzbek nation, Andijon also is a region of Uzbekistan)
CONCLUSION
The discussion of the study concludes that in translating the culturally-bound expressions and rialias , translator uses some ways to solve the cultural gap between the source and target languages.
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