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48"TRANSLATION" AS A CENTRAL CONCEPT TRANSLATION THEORY
Shohrukh Fakhriddinov
Master, Uzbek State University of World Languages
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an overview of the main trends in modern translation studies. The review shows that not only the subject matter of translation has become more diverse, which is associated with certain changes in the nature of translation studies, but translation studies itself has become interdisciplinary, involving the data of related disciplines. The main feature of translation studies today is its focus on practice, on studying the regularities of translation activity, which makes it possible to comprehend both the features of different types of translation and the essence of translation as a human activity.
Keywords: language, translation, methods, researchers, transformation.
Translation is a very ancient human activity. Its roots traced back to those distant times when the first languages began to split apart. It has its origins in the distant past when the foremost language began to break down into separate languages and the need arose for people who knew several languages and who could act as intermediaries between different linguistic communities.
The twentieth century is considered the "golden age" of interpretation, which has become a very important and widespread human activity thanks to the rapid development, in science and technology: simultaneous interpretation equipment, audio and video equipment, computers, internet.
In 1953, Pierre-François Caille founded the International Federation of Interpreters in Paris, in which more than fifty countries represented today. This a professional, non-political and non-profit organization whose aim is to bring together translation organizations from various countries. Uzbekistan is a member of the International Federation of Translators.
By the middle of the twentieth century, international contacts had increased dramatically. Many new nation states appeared on the world map, numerous international organizations and global movements emerged. The explosive growth of science and technology has caused an enormous information exchange. There has been an immeasurable increase in of international trade, diplomacy and correspondence. Cultural ties between nations have expanded, international tourism become widespread. All these changes in the life of humanity have created the need in translations and interpreters. Translation agencies started to appear, publishing houses of translated
literature. According to UNESCO, today about 40 thousand translated books are published in the world every year, that is more than a hundred books a day.
The role of translation increased dramatically, but it was not until the mid-twentieth century that the process of translation became the subject of comprehensive scientific study. Linguists focused their attention on the semantic aspect of language units and speech works, the relationship of language with thinking, reality, society and culture. New linguistic disciplines and fields of research appeared, such as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, speech act theory. As a result, the requirements for the accuracy of translations have increased considerably.
Studies of a special kind of speech activity, called translation in Uzbek, began to establish itself as an independent linguistic discipline only from the beginning of the second half of the XX century.
Thus, the linguistic science of translation is still very young is still very young. Until now, it does not even have a universally accepted name. In various researchers, we can find, for example, such terms as, such as "translation studies", "translatology", "translation theory".
The need for a scientific understanding of the translation process was also due to the mass training of translators. The time has passed when especially gifted people who had the ability to translate themselves could only do translations. To meet the enormous demand for translators in many countries, translation schools, faculties and institutes created to ensure the training of a significant number of translators with sufficiently high qualifications within a set period.
The implementation of mass training of translators has revealed the inadequacy of the traditional formulation of the translator's qualification, which stated "In order to translate, one must know two languages and the subject matter of the speech". It turned out that the factors mentioned in this formulation not in themselves ensure the ability to translate proficiently. It is not just a matter of knowing two languages - it is a matter of knowing them "translationally" in combination with the rules and conditions of transition from the units of one language to the units of the other.
The theory of translation and seeks to find out how the transition from the source to the target text, which patterns underlie the translator's actions.
To ensure high quality, the translator must be able to compare the text of the translation with the original, assess and classify possible errors, and make necessary corrections. A set of requirements for translation quality called a translation norm. The quality of a translation determined by the degree of its compliance with the translation norm and the nature of unintentional or conscious deviations from this norm. A translation norm is a relative notion; it defined in relation to different functional styles, genres and text types. Awareness of the problems of norms and normativity in language goes back to antiquity. Scholars believe that even ancient linguists were interested in the
problem of analogy and anomaly in language. The interest in "right" and "wrong" in language noted in ancient Indian culture. Already in II millennium B.C. and later in India, the Vedic language was opposed, on the one hand, to a "common language" of priests as speech of gods, and on the other hand, to a "language of people" or simply spoken language, as later Sanskrit was opposed to new Indo-Aryan languages (Prakrit). Thus, the language norm as an objective reality realized long ago and fulfilled certain social functions.
When choosing the most appropriate translation technique, it is necessary take into account the way in which the source text presented by the author and the means he uses to bring its semantic and connotative content to the reader's awareness.
When translating foreign-language realities, one of the following methods used:
1. Transliteration - transfer by means of the translating language. The translation of a word in the source language (grapheme level transmission: Lincoln -Линкольн).
2. Transcription - transfer of the sound form of the translated word by letters of translating language (transfer at phoneme level: drug store - драг-стор).
Transcription and transliteration are widely used in transfer of foreign proper names, geographic names, names of different types of companies, firms, steamships Hotels, newspapers, magazines etc.
3. Calculation - literal (literal) translation that allows transferring a reality into the target language with maximum retention of its semantics as much as possible preservation of its semantics, for example: Winter Palace - Qishgi Saroy.
4. Descriptive translation - transferring the meaning of a lexical the term "descriptive translation" used to describe the meaning of a lexical unit by means of expanded word combinations revealing the essential features of the phenomenon denoted by the lexical unit, i.e. in fact, by means of its definition. The phenomenon, in fact, with the help of its definition. Here are some examples of descriptive English equivalent vocabulary translated into Uzbek: showmanship - o'ziga jalb etmoq (o'ziga qaratmoq); coroner - tergovchi.
5. Approximate translation - selection of the closest match in the translating language for a lexical unit the source language, which has no exact equivalent in the target language. Such approximate equivalents of lexical units called "analogues" the source language, which has no exact equivalent in the target language. Such approximate equivalents of lexical units called "analogues".
Examples of translating English equivalents into Uzbek: drugstore -dorixona; knowhow - ishlab chiqarish sirlari (texnologiya, mahorat).
Although such "analogues" only approximate the content of the words in question, due to their lack of exact equivalents in the target language, their use is
justified in the target language; their use is justified, because they give some idea of the nature of the thing or phenomenon being translated.
When "analogues" used in translation, it must be borne in mind that they in some cases not give a completely correct idea of the nature of the object or phenomenon they meant to represent. With this in mind, experienced translators provide additional explanations in the translation commentary.
Most researchers believe that absolute equivalence (identity) of the source and translated texts is impossible due to semantic, structural and pragmatic differences between the source text and the target text, and recognize the relativity of realistically achievable equivalence in translation.
6. Transformational translation - translation by means of lexical and grammatical translation transformations. In cases, When transferring non-equivalent vocabulary the translator has to resort to rearrangement of the syntactic structure of the sentence, to lexical substitution with complete change of meaning of the source word or both of the source word or both at the same time.
Thus, the absence in the target language of direct equivalents for some lexical units in the vocabulary of another language does not mean that they are untranslatable. There are many ways for the translator to convey the meaning of the source word quite accurately. The translator has many ways at his disposal through which the meaning of the source word conveyed quite accurately.
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