CC BY
8
Philology and linguistics Филология и лингвистика
UDC 81.276.5 DOI: 10.29013/AJH-20-11.12-37-44
E.S. KARPOV 1, E.G. KARPOVA 1
1 Russian State University named by A. N. Kosygin (Technology. Design. Art), Moscow, Russia
TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES IN THE COMMUNICATIVE SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN MASS MEDIAL DISCOURSE
Abstract
Objective: Determine the influence of modern mass media discourse on the communicative system of the language.
Methods: comparison, generalization, observation, system analysis, data grouping, theoretical knowledge, as well as the analogy method.
Results: based on the analysis of literature sources, the place of modern mass-medial discourse in the communicative system of the language was revealed, the specificity of transformation processes in the communicative system of the language was determined, functional and stylistic features of mass-media discourse, which had linguistic and stylistic originality, were substantiated; the promising directions of development of the communicative system of the language are determined.
Scientific novelty: for the first time, on the basis of a complex of the presented methods, the influence of modern mass-media discourse on the communicative system of the language and the transformation processes associated with it is investigated. The novelty of the research also lies in the clarification and expansion of scientific approaches to understanding the systemic typological characteristics in the aspect of modern stylistics, textology and discourseology, as well as in identifying functional and stylistic features of mass media discourse as a variant of the discourse of Internet communications, which has a linguistic and stylistic originality, a special polycode, also in the fact that systematized materials on the theory of multimedia help to identify new promising areas of research into this phenomenon and its problematic aspects.
Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and practical pedagogical activities, in the activities of practicing journalists in the study of applied issues of the development of social networks, internet journalism. The practical value also lies in the possibility of using its results and conclusions in lecture and practical courses on the language and style of media, journalism, social networks, mass communication, especially in innovative special courses on the latest online journalism and media research, as well as in special courses on modern genre features of media texts. The materials can be useful for practicing journalists on the Internet.
Keywords: mass media discourse; communicative language system; information space; Internet communications.
For citation: Karpov E.S., Karpova E.G. Transformation processes in the communicative system of language under the influence of modern mass medial discourse// Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2020, No. 11-12. - P. 37-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29013/AJH-20-11.12-37-44
Introduction
Society of the XXI century is going through a new stage in the formation of the information space. The Internet as a type of text is playing an increasingly important role in the culture and structure of society. Scientists compare its emergence with the emergence ofwriting or the formation of the media. Oral communication was previously possible only through direct communication. The development of technology has led to the emergence of the ability to contact using the messenger anytime and anywhere. This predetermined the formation of new types of institutional discourse, changes in the forms of existence of vocabulary, the entire communicative system of the language. The modern info society is a new type of society, and its main feature is the presence of a new type of literature and information delivery — the Internet. This leaves an imprint on all types of speech activity, including oral institutional discourse.
Modern approaches to understanding the functional transformation of the communicative system of a language, including in Internet media, reveal the importance of the multimedia characteristic, under the influence of which the language is dynamically changing as a way of communication in the network media space. One of the most important types of discourse in which modern man is practically "immersed" is mass media discourse. It is multifunctional, it uses a variety of communication channels, and video content prevails in today's mass media discourse.
There is a kind of "overflow" of information: a person lives in the information space, surrounded by news, events, news stories, and to attract his attention each time an ever brighter news occasion is required that can overshadow the previous ones. It turns out that the media are trying to "overtake" each other in pursuit of the attention of the listener, viewer, reader, and that, in turn, no longer knows which media to address. Modern mass media are the main, and for many people practically the only means of recognizing information. Consequently, the influence of information and telecommunication technologies, mass media discourse on almost all aspects of life actualizes research in this direction.
Main part
The concept of discourse, despite extensive discussion and coverage in scientific literature, turned out to be blurred due to its multifaceted nature and did not receive an unambiguous interpretation. Within the framework of this study, based on the use of methods of system analysis
and analogy, discourse is understood as "a coherent text in combination with extralinguistic-pragmatic, sociocul-tural, psychological and other factors" [1, p. 98-136], immersed "in a situation of communication and allowing many dimensions" [8, p. 5-6].
Discourse is verbal communication in a complex of various factors. In particular, the structure of discourse includes the context and consituation, previous acts of communication between the same two communicants, various precedent phenomena and the common apperception base of two communicating people.
A linguistic personality manifests itself in discourse. Typical forms of discourse, formed in the speech practice of a given society, are usually called institutional discourse. These can be various typical situations of communication, characteristic of a particular type of interpersonal interaction. The Internet enriches the number of models of institutional discourse due to the emergence of new ways of being information.
Unaware of the various types of institutional discourse, their differences and similarities, their use in different situations, a person will not be able to adequately translate and understand the statement addressed to him, and also will not cope with understanding someone else's dialogue in literature, cinema, mass communication. Accordingly, the study of various types of institutional discourse and everyday discourse, including taking into account their updated composition, as well as typical ways of expressing typical meanings, will allow a person to navigate in a foreign language, in particular, in the English-language discourse of Internet communications.
The authors consider the main approaches to the study of the category of discourse and its interpretation. The role of discourse in the modern network communication space is determined, which makes it possible to single out a new type of discourse — mass media discourse. The concept of "discourse" arose in linguistics as an opposition to the concept of "text" and in many ways develops it, however, discourse, in contrast to the text, includes many parameters that are related mainly to the extralinguistic situation [1, p. 67].
Based on the theoretical analysis of the studied body of literature, as well as the method of grouping data and the method of generalization, the main changes and trends in the development of the modern language in connection with globalization and the transition to an information society are revealed, which can be summarized in several provisions:
ISSN 2310-5593 (Print) / ISSN 2519-1209 (Online) -
1. Word formation is overactive, since new derivative words are formed and enter into speech use not in stages, but rapidly, when, in accordance with the needs of society, a whole word formation group enters into speech use.
2. There is a wave of abbreviations and formations from abbreviations, for example: OMON — riot police, riot police; GIBDD — a traffic policeman; FSB — fees-beshnik; GKChP — Gekachepist; CIS-Eseng, etc.
3. The "openness" of modern society for international contacts, the strengthening of the process ofglobalization and informatization, the expansion of communication through the World Wide Web in recent years have led to the entry into the language of a large number of borrowings (mainly from the American version of the English language): manager, briefing, animation, merchandising, franchising, supervisor, trend, fundraising, overdraft, guest worker, etc. Foreign words have become not only necessary, necessary, but also attractive and prestigious. In this case, the measure and selectivity in the use of foreign language vocabulary begins to be lost. General mood and fashion come to the fore. Signs of the city serve as an indicative illustration: shop, supermarket, mini-market, boutique. All new borrowings can be divided into two categories — necessary, inevitable, partly meeting the needs of the language itself, since they fit into the main trends of its development (as a result of the law of speech economy: brand "trade mark", remake "processed work (film, musical, etc.) based on the old model", exit poll "poll at the exit from polling stations", musical "theatrical performance with elements of a rock opera"), and borrowings that do not meet the requirements of necessity, complicating the degree of mutual understanding in communication (blockbuster "box office movie", artifact "education, unusual for the object of research and arising under the influence of research", legitimacy "legality", electorate "circle of voters", guest worker "hired worker", volunteer "volunteer", face control "check", franchise zing "copying in business", overdraft "credit on a plastic card", fundraising "fundraising", creative "creative", etc.).
4. Another manifestation of innovations in the language of our time is semantic transformations, which are also proceeding extremely intensively. The collocation of words is rapidly expanding, which leads to the rapid formation of new meanings, for example, a metal shuttle "part of a sewing machine mechanism" and a spinning shuttle "a successful trader who makes periodic trips to buy goods", etc.
5. Intensive democratization of the language, combined with the abolition of censorship, has led to the fact that unnormalized vocabulary as well. quite often invectives have gone beyond the limits of everyday speech and are widely used in all genres that require expression: newspaper and television reports, publi-cistic speeches, political debates. Buzz, get it, soak it, sucks, fat, freebie, brake, etc.— before, such vocabulary was outside the scope of literary use and was carefully fixed.
Today, in the 21st century, jargonized speech can be heard and read almost everywhere: on the street, in transport, in the cinema, on radio, television, in the speeches of politicians, businessmen, in advertising, and this phenomenon does not shock the public, as two decades ago, and for its understanding, specialized dictionaries were created, which are being actively updated. The question of the state of the modern language occupies a significant place in the academic environment and causes serious scientific controversy, which is due to the relevance and depth of this problem.
Characterizing the linguistic situation, theorists and practitioners who support them, distinguish the following features:
1) significant changes that have occurred in Russia in the post-perestroika era, have led to changes in the language situation and led to the widespread spread of profanity;
2) the use of slang and foreign language vocabulary is widely used in the nomination process: according to the linguistic appearance of the surrounding world, in particular, the names of city streets, the names of infrastructure institutions, banks, shops and other organizations, it is difficult for advertising to determine which language is in our country has the status of a state;
3) the government, officials whose concern is to improve the management tool — language, do not know effective methods to improve the situation in the language sphere. As a result, the adoption of measures to regulate and protect the language from unnecessary and imposed forms of vocabulary is delayed;
4) significant damage to the language is caused by the publishing policy associated with the translation of foreign literature, which does not fulfill the function of enriching the dictionary, phraseology of the Russian language, its syntax. The poor quality of the originals and the even lower quality of commercial translations into Russian impoverish the lexical system;
5) in information and telecommunication technologies, in the mass media that play the role of a linguistic authority, illiteracy is passed off as the norm, and the modern "newspeak" — as a literary language. The speech of television and radio broadcasters, journalists, commentators, called upon to be carriers of the state cultural and linguistic policy, is replete with mistakes, an open orientation towards foreign samples that are alien to the traditions of the Russian language. On radio and television, it has become fashionable to speak with an American accent and cheekily [20, C.117].
Professor Yu. V. Rozhdestvensky expresses concern about the undefined socio-political status of the Russian language and believes that the Russian language is losing ground at the very core of the latest language practice, since borrowings from the English language are used in the field of information technologies of all types and purposes [4, C.104-120].
Based on the use of observation methods and analogy, the following can be stated. In general, the quality and level of language proficiency in society is low. The current problems of the language have a distinct socioeconomic connotation and are part of the general crisis experienced by society.
Without entering into polemics with the judgments of scientists, we believe that it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that establishes a direct connection between what you say and write and how it happens. Language as a way of conceptualizing the surrounding reality determines, in a sense, a view of the world and even, to a certain extent, the behavior of a person.
We believe that conditions and lifestyle determine the behavior of an individual. The level of education, upbringing, value attitudes, worldview, environment, a number of other factors — all this directly influences and forms the speech culture of personality. A ban on anything, and in our case on the use of profanity (obscene vocabulary, argot, jargons of various kinds), which includes slang in the discourse of Internet communications, instills fear, but does not lead to the necessary results to improve the quality of the common language: a literate ideology is needed in relation to the preservation of the fundamental principle of the language. In other words, the speech of a society in a broad sense reflects the level of its life, satisfaction with the conditions of existence.
In our opinion, those changes in the language, about which so much is written and spoken about, affect not
the language system, but linguistic competence (the ability to speak) and, consequently, generated texts; the lack of culture that has gripped society, the inability to vary language styles depending on the situation and circumstances are not irreversible. When discussing and assessing the level of development of a modern language at the present time, one cannot confuse the actual language issues and the speech practice of language users. The processes taking place in the language, in our opinion, should be considered as a dynamic, functionally developed state of the language system. Positive changes in the socio-political life of the country will duly affect the speech of society, increasing the linguistic competence of native speakers. Thus, having designated the nature of the phenomena and trends in the development and functioning of the language in modern conditions, we note that the "liberalization" of the norms of the codified language as a result of socio-economic changes and transformations ofvalue attitudes in society was the primary cause of the main changes in the lexical system of the language and in the speech of its users.
In modern society, special attention is focused on establishing effective communication between representatives of different cultures in virtual Internet communication. Regardless of social or professional affiliation, age, religious views, there has recently been a massive use of slang by all segments of the population. The lexicon and phraseology of slang reflects the peculiarities of its existence: the absence of prohibitions, censorship, norms of use. Slang is distinguished by such features as openness, the transition to spoken language of various segments of the population, an abundance of borrowings and slan-gisms created on their basis. Slang in the discourse of Internet communications at the present time most vividly conveys the cultural and linguistic situation of the beginning of the XXI century. and reflects the dynamics of lexicon development, attracting the attention of linguists, scientists and practitioners.
Many sciences are engaged in the study of slang, including linguistics, communication studies, psychology, philosophy, etc. The work uses systemic and typological approaches. These approaches make it possible to reveal the novelty of the undertaken research, in which, based on the method of system analysis and generalization of the available theoretical knowledge in the field of the functioning of the language of modern network mass communication and modern trends in philology and psycholinguistics, arguments are proposed for iden-
tifying stable features that collectively and dominantly determine the conceptuality of language modernization the influence of new information technologies and current trends in the media space. Being a functional variety of the Russian language lexical and semantic subsystem, slang uses phonetics and grammar of the primary communicative system (literary language, colloquial speech, written speech, territorial dialect) and is characterized by lack of independence. They use it not so much because of a communicative need (for this, a common language is enough), but in order to show originality, update familiar expressions, and give speech a friendly tone.
Research results
To solve the stated scientific problem, various analytical-theoretical and empirical methods were used that are used to describe general philological problems, including the method of system analysis used in the study and generalization of actual language material, the method of data grouping or component analysis. In the course of the work, methods of observation, comparison, analogy, discourse, contextual analysis, etc. were also used. As a result of the study, the authors come to the following kind of conclusions and generalizations. The communicative environment of mass media discourse includes the following genres: 1) e-mail; 2) chat — informal communication in real time using technical devices, devices; 3) electronic bulletin boards; 4) computer conferences; 5) webinars; 6) social networks — uniting people into network communities for communication and instant transmission of information and telecommunication messages "Vkontakte", "Odnoklassniki", "Facebook"; "Twitter", programs for transmitting information and telecommunication messages Wiber, WhatsApp, etc. The empirical material of the study was the content of the sites Vkontakte, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, LJ blog, Wiber chats, WhatsApp, etc., on which more than 100 texts were considered and selectively more than 40 examples are analyzed in detail. The choice of texts for analysis was due to the breadth of features and functional flexibility of this language, as well as the need to identify common, key characteristics, while using the methods of observation, comparison, generalization, as well as contextual analysis.
As a material for the analysis, micro messages from the Twitter website were chosen, conceived as an answer to the question "what the user is doing at the moment" — each talked about what worries him at the moment, what is happening in his life, etc. short text messages is the
most efficient way to disseminate information: for example, in moments of acute social conflicts, it was "tweets" that turned out to be a way to unite and discuss what was happening. The site loads quickly, does not require a lot of traffic and easily allows you to report everything that happens.
On the other hand, Internet users often abuse their attempts to "grasp" their momentary experiences: objectifying their experiences becomes an end in itself, a person seems to be looking in the mirror all the time.
The emergence of a new way of communication radically changes the structure of the linguistic personality: the rapid exchange of messages leads to the use of abbreviations, non-observance of grammatical and syntactic rules, punctuation marks are often absent in the text. However, the main criterion is the understanding by the potential audience — the so-called followers — of the meaning of messages and the correct reading of their communicative intention.
The constant fascination with their experiences could not but affect the vocabulary and grammar of the linguistic personality, while the pragmaticon is determined by the ability to communicate in real time about your emotions and get a reaction online.
The texts of messages within the framework of the discourse of Internet communications are characterized by structural-semantic and functional-pragmatic features characteristic of the discourse of mass communication networks, informal discussions of problems within the framework of informal interpersonal communication. The specificity of the discourse of Internet communications consists in the selective combination of features characteristic of other types and forms of communications.
The investigated statements in social networks, on online forums, blogs, social networks represent the dialectical unity of written and oral communication — written, since they are formally recorded in alphanumeric characters and are perceived visually; and oral, as they capture direct communication, including paragraphic substitutes for sign language, facial expressions and intonation (a striking example is emoticons). Utterances are very often divided not into sentences, but into intonation units — predication, if necessary separated by punctuation. This type of communication — oral through writing — is labeled by the author as oral and written.
The authors investigate the functional and practical specifics of slang units in the space of Internet commu-
nications; speech specifics of Internet communications; the main types of Internet communications; transformational processes in human consciousness in the media of network mass communication; slang as a marker of personality transformation on the Internet.
In the globalizing conditions of the development of the information society, the functioning of the masses, media discourse in the communicative system of the language is an independent direction of modern Internet journalism, corresponding to classical systems, possessing original and stable functional and stylistic features, including polycode, which were formed in the conditions of the development of modern network mass communication in the media space and identified the possibility of separating slang into an independent linguistic unit of the discourse of Internet communications. If the author identifies with a certain social group through the use of slangisms, then a so-called marginal discourse appears: the discourse of a person who considers himself to be a limited linguistic community, using slangisms for self-identification.
Conclusions
1. The structure of mass communication with the advent of the Internet has changed, since the transformation processes in the communicative system of the language have an increasing dynamics.
2. A new structural entity has appeared — a global network. Researchers note that the Internet was originally a qualitatively new type of media, so new that representatives of traditional journalism literally did not know what to do with it.
3 The proliferation of the Internet, on the one hand, neutralizes the unidirectionality of the information flow, but at the same time expands the possibilities for manipulation.
4. The Internet contains a wide variety of information on the same issue, and any user himself forms the content of the information he has read, using hypertext navigation using links.
Among the features of modern mass media discourse in the communicative system of the language, the following should be highlighted:
(1) selectivity in the use of the media: an increasing number ofpeople prefer to receive information not from one, but from several sources;
(2) some bias in the presentation of news: the emotional component is brought to the fore, and news important or unpleasant for the state is hushed up;
(3) playing with vocabulary: the formation of a certain perception of what is happening with the help of the lexemes used.
The Internet, which has entered the already established structure of the media as a new entity, has changed the "balance of power". A significant factor is that the electronic format for presenting information, as it were, accumulates all those features of the media that existed before. Slang is the language of a new type of Internet communications, in which the properties of verbal and non-verbal discourses are closely intertwined, the concepts of completeness, integrity and coherence are expanded, and meanings and functions are redistributed as a result of combining information, analytical and communicative characteristics.
The study can be continued in terms of expanding the applied aspects of studying the Internet space as an environment for the functioning of mass media discourse in the context of the intensive development of network mass communication, communicative space, a single media space based on multimedia and identifying its specificity and dynamics. It seems promising to further study the functional and pragmatic aspect of other genres of Internet communications on the material of other languages, which will reveal the algorithmic features and patterns of modern network mass communication in the media space, while significantly complementing the modern mass media discourse of the communicative system of the language.
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Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11 -12 (2020) ' Philology and linguistics - ISSN 2310-5593 (Print) / ISSN 2519-1209 (Online) -
Information about the authors
Ernest S. Karpov, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department ofJournalism and Television Technologies, Russian State University named by A. N. Kosygin (Technology. Design. Art), Moscow, Russia Address: Sadovnicheskaya 33, bldg. 1, 115035, Moscow, Russia, tel.:+7 (495) 811-01-01 ext. 1303/1123 general department
E-mail: calib_mr_stolz1@rambler.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8908-2705
Elena G. Karpova, Doctor of Pedagogy, Professor of the Department of Sociology and Advertising Communications, Russian State University named by A. N. Kosygin (Technology. Design. Art), Moscow, Russia Address: Sadovnicheskaya 33, bldg. 1, 115035, Moscow, Russia, tel.:+7 (495) 811-01-01 ext. 1303/1123 general department
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-8957
