CC BY
692016
Trainability of body composition, aerobic power and muscular
endurance of cadet wrestlers
Bahman Mirzaei1, Farhad Rahmani-Nia1, Navid Lotfi1, Seyed Mohammad Nabati2
'Department of Exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 2Department of Physical Education, Ghorveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghorveh, Iran
Abstract:
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the trainability of body composition, aerobic power and muscular endurance of cadet wrestlers. Material: Fifteen cadet wrestlers (age: 15.20±0.94 years) participated in this study. Methods: The testing was conducted twice, before and after four-week training period. The physiological parameters included aerobic power, muscular endurance and body composition. Results: A significant decrease in the body fat was observed following the training (p<0.05). No significant changes were found in the weight, aerobic power and muscular endurance measures (p >0.05). In general, although a lot of factors including skill, mental, genetic and other fitness factors render some influences on a wrestler's success, improvement of physical fitness plays an important role in championship. Based on results of the present study more time is needed to improve muscular and cardiovascular endurance, therefore wrestling coaches and trainers are recommended to pay special attention to these factors. Conclusion: Our results indicated that wrestlers experienced significant changes in their body fat percentage during four-week training period. Cadet wrestlers' aerobic power, muscular endurance and body composition are trainable, although these improvements may be less than what has been observed in junior and senior wrestlers.
Keywords: cadet, wrestling, conditioning, periodization.
Бахман Мирзаеи, Фархад Рахмани-Ниа, Навид Лотфи, Сеыед Мохаммад Наба-ти. Способность к обучению кадетов борцов в зависимости от состава тела, аэробной мощности и мышечной выносливости. Цель: Цель настоящего исследования состояла в том, чтобы исследовать обучаемость кадетов борцов в зависимости от состава тела, аэробной мощности и мышечной выносливости. Материал: 15кадетов борцов (возраст: 15.20 ± 0,94 лет) принимали участие в этом исследовании. Тестирование проводилось дважды, до и после четырех недель тренировочного периода. Физиологические параметры включали аэробную силу, мышечную выносливость и состав тела. Результаты: значительное снижение жира в организме наблюдалась после тренировки (р <0,05). Никаких существенных изменений не было обнаружено в весе, аэробной мощности и мышечной выносливости (р> 0,05). Многие факторы, в том числе умения, психические, генетические и другие, оказывают некоторое влияние на успех борца. Совершенствование физической подготовке играет важную роль в чемпионате. На основании результатов данного исследования требуется больше времени, чтобы улучшить мышечную и сердечно-сосудистую выносливость. Поэтому тренеры рекомендуют обратить особое внимание на эти факторы. Выводы: Наши результаты показали, что у борцов произошли значительные изменения в содержание жира в организме в течение четырех недель обучения. У кадетов борцов аэробная мощность, мышечная выносливость и состав тела влияют на способность к обучению, хотя эти улучшения могут быть меньше, чем те, которые наблюдались у младших и старших борцов.
кадет, борьба, физическая форма, периодизация.
Мiрзаei, Фархад Рахмат-№а, На-вщ Лотсфк Сеиед Мохаммад Наба-тк Здатжсть до навчання каделв борщв залежно вщ складу тша, аеробного потужност i м'язовоТ ви-тривалостг Мета: Мета цього досль дження полягала в тому, щоб дослщити здатнють до навчання каде™ бор^в залежно вщ складу тша, аеробноТ по-тужност i м'язовоТ витривалостк Ма-тер':ал: 15кадетов бор^в (вк: 15.20 ± 0,94 роюв) брали участь в цьому до-слщженнк Тестування проводилося двiчi, до i пюля чотирьох тижжв тре-нувального перюду. Фiзiологiчнi пара-метри включали аеробну силу, м'язову витривалють i склад тша. Результати: значно знизився рiвень жиру в оргаыз-м^ що спостергався пюля тренування (р <0,05). Ыяких ютотних змЫ не було виявлено у ваз^ аеробнм потужност i м'язовш витривалост (р> 0,05). Багато факторiв, в тому чи^ вмЫня, психiчнi, генетичн та iншi, роблять деякий вплив на устх борця. Удосконалення фiзичноТ пiдготовки грае важливу роль в чемпь онатi. На пщст^ резУльтатiв даного дослiдження потрiбно бiльше часу, щоб полiпшити м'язову i серцево-судинну витривалiсть. Тому тренери рекомен-дують звернути особливу увагу на цi фактори. Висновки: Нашл результати показали, що у бор^в вiдбулися значнi змiни в вмют жиру в органiзмi протя-гом чотирьох тижыв навчання. У каде-тiв борцiв аеробна потужнiсть, м'язова витривалють i склад тiла впливають на здатнiсть до навчання, хоча ц по-лiпшення можуть бути меншл, нiж тi, якi спостергалися у молодших i старших бор^в.
кадет, боротьба, ф1зична форма, периодизация.
Introduction
Wrestling is one of the heaviest combat sports and wrestlers need to have a high level of physical, mental, technical and tactical preparation. Frequent changes in wrestling rules during last ten years, especially rules related to duration of competition has exposed various physiological requirements of this Olympic sport with a lot of challenges including interference of aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, recovery between two competitions and measuring and evaluating physical fitness factors [13]. The factor that makes this matter more complicated is considering wrestling as a sport which need weight classification.
One challenge that has attracted attention of sport coaches and specialists is identification of the physical and biological factors that affect participants' performances. Talent identification in the fields of sport, selecting young
© Bahman Mirzaei, Farhad Rahmani-Nia, Navid Lotfi, Seyed Mohammad Nabati, 2016 doi:10.15561/18189172.2016.0508
athletes who have high capacity in different sports can contribute considerably to championship achievements through spending the least amount of time and the lowest amount of the budget at the same time [20]. After identifying the talented athlete with the related potentiality, applying proper preparation and training programs are required. Sport specialists and coaches can get useful information by using fitness tests to evaluate their current conditions and identifying the type of the physical capacities of the elite athletes [14]. In addition for setting criteria to compare other with athletes, this information helps to identify their weaknesses and strengths and provides operational strategies for designing training.
Sensitivity of adolescence age is an important factor in the one hand and the lack of the proper related knowledge of the coaches on the other hand encounter the adolescents with a lot of risks and dangers [19]. The researchers have demonstrated that adolescents are not young adults and it's not reasonable to do the same amount and type of exercises
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with the lower intensity [10]. Lack of adequate knowledge to prepare young athletes and lack of coaches' attention to specific characteristics of adolescents prevents them from achieving success and directs them to the irreversible path of fatigue and injury at the same time. The matter which is often ignored is the physical development and maturation of these adolescents. Adolescents' bodies have enough capacity to respond even to wrong exercises and trainings. For adolescence championship in is not so important and is not the main goal in many developed countries and based on some researches championship programs need 8 to10 years of training [3], but many coaches ignore this important fact and they try to make athletes a champion in wrestling through applying unsystematic training and unfortunately they are sometimes called successful coaches. Today, it has been found that these exercises put the athletes at risk of health problems. Although through proper training, cadet wrestlers can be successful considerably, this success is temporary and does not last for a long time and sometimes the athlete is forced to give up wrestling because of improper training programs chosen by some coaches.
The studies relates to physiological characteristics and physical capabilities of the wrestlers and has demonstrated that physical fitness is the basis for training programs and wrestlers' success, and it has been noted that each wrestler should be exercised only with a certain percentage of his aerobic and anaerobic capacities [11]. Arabaci and Canakya (2000) investigated the effects of the training program on some physiological parameters in young wrestlers and have reported significant increase in the strength, aerobic capacity, flexibility and the anaerobic power of the wrestlers who regularly participate in the preparation period compared to those who received no training [1]. Buford et al (2006) have studied the impact of competition season on body weight, hydration and muscle performance of college wrestlers. They have reported significant increase in body weight and muscular performance of wrestlers at the end of competition season [5]. In another study, Buford et al (2008) have reported that 2.9 % increase in the amount of body fat before and after the season [6].
Published information about cadet wrestlers is limited. Wrestling training recently has been started systematically in very countries and it means that coaches are not familiar enough with the periodization of training and with factors influencing wrestling. Also, to identify the time required to effectiveness of wrestling training on physical fitness factors, the purpose of present study was to investigate the trainability of body composition, aerobic power and muscular endurance of cadet wrestlers.
Methods
Subjects
Fifteen cadet wrestlers were recruited from wrestling clubs in Iranian province of Kurdistan and served as objects in this study. They all had at least 3 years training experience and were representative of the top wrestlers of Kurdistan competing in national competitions. Before
participating, the subjects' parents were informed of the potential risks and gave their written informed consent for their children to participate in this study, which was consistent with the human subject policy of the Guilan research center. Subject characteristics were as follows (mean ± SE): age (15.20±0.94 yr); height (169.07±8.38 cm); and weight (47.69±13.86 kg).
Training program
The exercise program consisted of 28 sessions (2 sessions of combat (live) wrestling, 1 session reviewing and practicing techniques, 2 sessions of interval running, 1 session of endurance training and 1 session of power training each week). Due to the possible risk of weight training for adolescent athletes, wrestling specific exercises using body weight was employed in the strength training. Between any two exercise sessions enough time was given for adequate recovery. In general, the training emphasized cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength factors.
Table 1. Weekly training program
Days AM PM
Monday Interval running off
Tuesday off review of techniques
Wednesday Interval running Power training
Thursday off Combat wrestling
Friday off off
Saturday off Endurance training
Sunday off Combat wrestling
Testing procedures
The testing was conducted twice, before and after 4-week training period. Physiological parameters included cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance and body composition. Subcutaneous body fat was measured at 3 sites (chest, abdominal and thigh) with a Lafayette caliper. Body fat percentage was calculated with the formula developed by Jackson & Pollock (1978) [9]. Height and weight were also recorded.
12 minute run test was used to estimate VO2max. After warm up, the object runs as far as possible during 12 minutes. Tester records distance covered (kilometers, and meters). VO2max was assessed by the following formula: VO2max = (22.351 x kilometers) - 11.288 [7].
A pull-up test (with palms facing the subject) was used to assess muscular endurance and a 1-minute bent-knee sit-up test was used to assess abdominal muscular endurance. The bent-knee sit-up test required object to lock at his hands behind his head and touch his elbows to the thigh with a partner holding his ankles [15]. The testing was completed in three days in standardized order to allow adequate recovery [16]. Coaches and teammates provided verbal encouragement throughout each test.
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Table 2. Body composition, aerobic capacity and muscular endurance of the subjects before and after four- week preparation
Body Weight Body Fat (%) VO2max Sit-up Pull-up
Pre-test 47.69±13.86 6.25±2.10 42.79±7.03 45.66±6.21 16.53±9.60
Post-test 51.42±7.87 5.08±2.13 44.98±7.21 48.53±5.24 18.66±10.93
t t=-1.12 7.16 -2.38 -1.69 -2.54
Statistical methods
All descriptive data are expressed as means ± SD. The obtained results were analyzed using paired-samples t-test, to compare the two stages of preparation (P < 0.05). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 16.0 for Windows.
Results
The values of body composition (weight and body fat), muscular endurance and aerobic capacity are presented in Table 2.
The results showed that body fat percentage of the objects decreased significantly after 4 week wrestling training (P<0.05). Also, the result showed that body weight of the subjects decreased after 4 week wrestling training and this change was statistically significant (P<0.05).
The results of muscular endurance showed that the number of the sit-ups test increased after 4 week wrestling training, but this change was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Also, the result of chin-ups in the post test increased comparing with the pre-test measurements but the differences were not significant (p>0.05). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2Max) as an aerobic capacity index increased after 4 week wrestling training, but this change was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
Discussion
Measuring body fat in the untrained participants has been studied frequently and its importance in wrestling has also been considered even more. Coaches have always considered weight loss in wrestling as a main concern in the process of improving the wrestlers' performances. Fat loss after endurance training has been well accepted [3]. Also it has been indicated that body composition can have a significant effect on physiological responses [2]. In the present study, the body fat percent of the cadet wrestlers have significantly decreased after four weeks of training which is probably the result of the endurance training sessions.
A significant decrease in the body fat after endurance training is consistent with Rahimi (2006) and Fathi et al., (2009) [8, 17]. They have reported that physical activity has an effect on the body composition. The results are also consistent, with the Baer et al (1983) and Arabaci & Cankaya (2000) studies on young wrestlers [1, 2]. In contrast, Shriver et al (2009) have reported that wrestles cannot change their body fat percentage during the period of preparation [18]. This is probably due to the age of subjects and the exercise protocol.
Also, there has been a slight increase in body weight comparing with the pre-test data. It seems that slight increase in body weight is probably due to the lack of power training in preparation program (4 sessions). It should be noted that during wrestling training, performing many techniques such as reverse lift may also be considered as a part of power training.
In the present study, aerobic capacity of objects increased. However, this increase was not statistically significant. It seems that, four weeks training is not a sufficient time to make significant increase of VO2max. This result is consistent with the results of Matos & Winsley (2007) [10]. They have reported that adolescents like adults can improve their aerobic capacity through endurance exercises. In contrast, Arabachi and Canakya (2008) have reported a significant increase of aerobic capacity in cadet wrestlers [1]. This is probably due to differences in training protocol, object's fitness level and training duration. There was no significant increase in the muscle endurance (sit-up and pull-up tests).
In contrast, Arabachi and Canakya (2008) have reported a significant increase of upper body endurance [1]. This difference may be the result of using different tests to estimate the muscular endurance, preparation phase and fitness levels of the objects. According to recent changes in wrestling rules, it seems that in wrestling, endurance and aerobic capacity are less important comparing with anaerobic capacity. Of course, this does not mean that aerobic exercises should be removed from the fitness (preparation) schedules of wrestlers. Through well-designed and scheduled exercises, wrestlers can control their weights, and also this could be involved in faster and better recovery of wrestlers between two heavy training sessions or two wrestling matches. On the other hand, high aerobic capacity index (Vo2max) in wrestlers will guarantee their faster recovery during competition [12].
However, no significant increase was observed in muscular endurance based on test results. It seems that aerobic capacity factor and muscular endurance have less trainability (need more practice) and require more than four weeks training to have a significant increase. Accordingly, wrestling coaches are recommended to start endurance training sooner and put more emphasis on it.
Conclusion
In general, although a lot of factors including skill, mental, genetic and other fitness factors render some influences on a wrestler's success, improvement of
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physical fitness plays an important role in championship. Based on results of the present study more time is needed to improve muscular and cardiovascular endurance, therefore wrestling coaches and trainers are recommended
to pay special attention to these factors. It is recommended that similar studies done on more objects and other fitness factors that influencing the success of athletes. Conflict of interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
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Информация об авторах: Бахман Мирзаеи; http:// orcid.org/0000-0002-4615-7295; bmirzaei2000@yahoo.com; Университет Гуилан; Кхалий Фарс шоссе, 5-й километр дороги Казвин, почтовый индекс 4199613776, Решт, Иран.
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Information about the authors: Bahman Mirzaei; Professor of Exercise Physiology; http:// orcid.org/0000-0002-4615-7295; bmirzaei2000@yahoo.com; University of Guilan; Khalij Fars highway, 5th kilo meter of Ghazvin road, Postal Code 4199613776, Rasht, Iran.
Фархад Рахмани-Ниа; http:// orcid.org/0000-0001-7021-0060; frahmani2001@yahoo.com; Университет Гуилан; Кха-лий Фарс шоссе, 5-й километр дороги Казвин, почтовый индекс 4199613776, Решт, Иран.
Farhad Rahmani-Nia; Professor of Exercise Physiology; http:// orcid.org/0000-0001-7021-0060; frahmani2001@yahoo. com; University of Guilan; Khalij Fars highway, 5th kilo meter of Ghazvin road, Postal Code 4199613776, Rasht, Iran.
Навид Лотфи; http:// orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-5058; navid_lotfi2008@yahoo.com; Университет Гуилан; Кхалий Фарс шоссе, 5-й километр дороги Казвин, почтовый индекс 4199613776, Решт, Иран.
Navid Lotfi; PhD in Exercise Physiology; http:// orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-5058; navid_lotfi2008@yahoo.com; University of Guilan; Khalij Fars highway, 5th kilo meter of Ghazvin road, Postal Code 4199613776, Rasht, Iran.
Сеыед Мохаммад Набати; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3756-8612; mohamad9208@yahoo.com; Гхорвех филиал, Исламский университет Азад; Дзанбазан сквер, Гхорвех, Иран.
Цитируйте эту статью как: Бахман Мирзаеи, Фархад Рахмани-Ниа, Навид Лотфи, Сеыед Мохаммад Набати. Способность к обучению кадетов борцов в зависимости от состава тела, аэробной мощности и мышечной выносливости // Педагогжа, психолопя та медико-бюлопчш проблеми ф1зичного виховання i спорту. - 2016. - N5. - С. 53-57. doi:10.15561/18189172.2016.0508
Электронная версия этой статьи является полной и может быть найдена на сайте: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive. html
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Дата поступления в редакцию: 14.09.2016 г. Принята: 01.10.2016 г.; Опубликована: 30.10.2016 г.
Seyed Mohamad Nabati; MSc; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3756-8612; mohamad9208@yahoo.com; Ghorveh Branch, Islamic Azad University; Janbazan Sq, Ghorveh, Iran.
Cite this article as: Bahman Mirzaei, Farhad Rahmani-Nia, Navid Lotfi, Seyed Mohammad Nabati. Trainability of body composition, aerobic power and muscular endurance of cadet wrestlers. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2016;5:53-57. doi:10.15561/18189172.2016.0508
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive-e.html
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Received: 14.09.2016
Accepted: 01.10.2016; Published: 30.10.2016
