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Научный результат. Социология и управление. Т. 7, № 3, 2021. С. 34-40 Research Result. Sociology and management. Vol. 7. № 3. 2021. P. 34-40
УДК 316.77
DOI: 10.18413/2408-9338-2021-7-3-0-4
Original article
Vladimir Mentus
Traditional value orientation and religiosity -a multilevel analysis across Europe_
Belgrade Institite of Social Sciences 11000, 45, Kraljice Natalije Str., Belgrade, Serbia [email protected]
Abstract. In this paper, we examine the relationship between traditional value orientation and religiosity in European societies. While the association between traditional values and religiosity is well-established, no study examined differences in its strength in relation to religiosity on a societal level. Our main aim is thus to test whether this association is moderated by country-level religiosity. Because of the weakened importance of religion in less religious societies, we hypothesized that the effect of religion on individual values is also weaker compared to more religious societies. We used the European Social Survey data, from 2018, with 49,519 respondents from 29 countries. The data indicated a significant but very weak negative moderating effect of country-level religiosity on an individual religiosity and traditional values association. We discuss our findings in the light of the transformation of the traditional relationship between human values and religiosity, as well as a separation between religion and culture.
Keywords: tradition; values; religiosity; European Social Survey; multilevel analysis Information for citation: Mentus, V. (2021), "Traditional value orientation and religiosity - a multilevel analysis across Europe", Research Result. Sociology and management, 7 (3), 34-40, D0I:10.18413/2408-9338-2021-7-3-0-4
Оригинальная статья
Ментус В.
Традиционная ценностная ориентация и религиозность многоуровневый анализ в странах Европы_
Институт общественных наук Белграда 11000, Сербия, Белград, Кралице Наталие, 45 [email protected]
Аннотация. В этой статье мы исследуем взаимосвязь между традиционными ценностными ориентациями и религиозностью в европейских обществах. Хотя связь между традиционными ценностями и религиозностью хорошо известна, ни одно исследование не изучало различия в ее силе по отношению к религиозности на уровне общества. Таким образом, наша главная цель - проверить, модериру-ется ли это объединение религиозностью на страновом уровне. Из-за ослабления значения религии в менее религиозных обществах мы предположили, что влияние религии на индивидуальные ценности в них также слабее по сравнению с
Ментус В. Традиционная ценностная ориентация и религиозность ...
V. Mentus. Traditional value orientation and religiosity.
более религиозными обществами. Мы использовали данные Европейского социального исследования за 2018 год, в котором приняли участие 49 519 респондентов из 29 стран. Данные свидетельствуют о значительном, но очень слабом отрицательном сдерживающем влиянии религиозности на уровне страны на ассоциированность индивидуальной религиозности с традиционными ценностями. Мы обсуждаем наши выводы в свете трансформации традиционных отношений между человеческими ценностями и религиозностью, а также разделения между религией и культурой.
Ключевые слова: традиция; ценности; религиозность; Европейское социальное исследование; многоуровневый анализ
Информация для цитирования: Ментус В. Традиционная ценностная ориентация и религиозность - многоуровневый анализ в странах Европы // Научный результат. Социология и управление. 2021. Т. 7, № 3. С. 34-40. DOI: 10.18413/2408-933 8-2021 -7-3 -0-4
Introduction. Traditional values refer to the respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that one's culture or religion provides (Schwartz et al., 2012). They involve a group's need to preserve and honor cultural customs and principles (Abi-Hashem and Driscoll, 2013). Strong traditions define community standards and regulate social behaviors - shared experiences of a group are often expressed through symbols or practices that may take the form of religious rites, belief, or normative behaviors (ibid.). They symbolize the group's solidarity, express its unique worth, and contribute to its survival (Schwartz, 2012a). Also, especially in times of crisis, respect and adherence to these values serve to solidify cultural bonds and develop alliances for support and cohesiveness - societies have relied upon strong cultural bonds to provide coherence for survival and stability through history (Abi-Hashem and Driscoll, 2013).
According to Schwartz's typology of value orientations (Schwartz, 2012a), tradition values are (along with power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universal-ism, benevolence, conformity and security values) one of the ten basic value orientations. They are often measured using items such as "He thinks it's important not to ask for more than what you have. He believes that people should be satisfied with what they have", "Religious belief is important to him. He tries hard to do what his religion requires", "He thinks it
is best to do things in traditional ways. It is important to him to keep up the customs he has learned", and "It is important to him to be humble and modest. He tries not to draw attention to himself' (Schwartz et al., 2001).
The above definition and items clearly reflect strong ties of tradition values and religiosity. Many researches indicate that traditional values, compared to other nine basic values, have actually the strongest relations with religiosity (Schwartz, 2012b; Saroglou et al., 2004; Saroglou, 2008; Pepper et al., 2010; Schwartz and Huismans, 1995; Schnabel and Grotsch, 2015). Schwartz and Huismans (Schwartz and Huismans, 1995) note some presumptions on the basis of which these findings may be explained. First, as religiosity emphasizes reaching toward and submitting to forces beyond the self, it should correlate positively with values that emphasize submission to transcendental authority by accepting the customs and beliefs of traditional culture. Second, religion symbolizes, preserves, and justifies the prevailing social structure and normative system - it encourages believers to accept the social order and discourage questioning and innovation, which is why religiosity should correlate positively with values that emphasize preserving the status quo. Third, as one of the functions of religion is individual's need to reduce uncertainty, religiosity should correlate positively with values that emphasize attaining and maintaining certainty in life.
Научный результат. Социология и управление. Т. 7, № 3, 2021. С. 34-40 Research Result. Sociology and management. Vol. 7. № 3. 2021. P. 34-40
Although the association between tradition and religiosity is well-established, examinations of differences in its strength in relation to religiosity on a societal level are non-existent. We fil the gap by testing these differences across European countries - which are still relatively heterogeneous in terms of religiosity (Van der Noll et al., 2018; Storm, 2017). We hypothesize that societal level religiosity moderates the association between individual religiosity and traditional value orientation - given that in less religious societies, religion should have a weaker role in an individual's behavior, attitudes, everyday life etc. (and thus value orientations as well).
Methodology and methods. We used the data from the European Social Survey, which is a large nationally-representative, repeated, cross-sectional survey in more than thirteen European countries. For the purposes of this research, we used the data form the ninth round of the survey, from 2018. The round contains data from a total 49,519 respondents (51.4% of females, Mage = 48.42, SDage = 19.02), coming from 29 countries.
Religiosity in the ESS is measured using three dimensions: self-rated religiosity, frequency of attending religious services apart from special occasions, and frequency of praying apart from at religious services. However, we limit this examination to the first one only. Schwartz and Huismans (Schwartz and Huis-mans, 1995) give several arguments for such an approach in this type of research. The first argument is that research has the primary interest in relating religiosity to general cultural attitudes and not in unravelling relations among the various components of religion. Second, if the sample consists of relatively heterogeneous groups (as in different country residence and religious affiliation), religious commitment needs to be operationalized through religiosi-ty's common denominator (rather than its discrete dimensions). Third, as the authors note, many prior researches indicate that nationally representative samples generate a single religious factor. It may also be noted that the unidimensional approach much simplifies multilevel analysis.
This dimension of religiosity in the European Social Survey is measured using the question: "How religious would you say you are?", where 0 means "Not at all religious", and 10 means "Very religious". Traditional values orientation is measured on two six-point scales. Respondents rate extent to each of the following descriptions are or are not like themselves: "It is important to him to be humble and modest. He tries not to draw attention to himself", and "Tradition is important to him. He tries to follow the customs handed down by his religion or his family". The response options range from 1 - "Very much like me", to 6 -"Not like me at all" (we reversed the scale values). Internal consistency of the scale is low (Cronbach's alpha = .325), which may be explained by the small number of items and the fact that value encompasses different sub-constructs (Schwartz, 2003), however, it is reasonable to be used (Sortheix and Schwartz, 2017).
In our analysis, we controlled for age, gender and income. We transformed gender into a dummy variable, with females as the reference category. Income is measured through ten categories, from 1 (which is the first decile) to 10 (which is the tenth decile).
Research Results and Discussion. As it may be seen from Table 1, nearly 50000 respondents (from 29 European countries) rated their importance of tradition as 4.4 out of 6 on average, which indicates an above-neutral score. On the other side, the average self-rated religiosity score is to some extent below neutral - 4.49 on a ten-point scale. Country-level religiosity score - an average level of religiosity in all examined countries, is approximately equal (4.40).
In order to examine whether more religious societies are characterized by the stronger effect of religiosity on traditional value orientation compared to less religious ones, we run four multilevel regression models. First of our models included only control variables (gender, age, and income). The second model additionally included individual religiosity.
Ментус В. Традиционная ценностная ориентация и религиозность ...
V. Mentus. Traditional value orientation and religiosity.
Descriptive statistics
Table 1
Specifications n Mean SD Min Max
Gender 49519 1.51 0.50 1 2
Age 49286 47.84 18.89 15 90
Income 39043 5.48 2.76 1 10
Tradition 48931 4.40 0.93 1 6
Religiosity 48989 4.49 3.13 0 10
Country-level religiosity 49519 4.40 0.93 2.4 6.71
The third model included religiosity on a and religiosity at the individual level on our de-country-level, while the fourth includes an in- pendent variable. The results of a multilevel re-teraction effect of religiosity at a country-level gression are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Multilevel modeling results
Specifications Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Intercept 3.811*** 3.596*** 3.311*** 3.572***
(.055) (.049) (196) (197)
Female .120*** 041*** 041*** 041***
(001) (.001) (.001) (.001)
Age 009*** .006*** .006*** .006***
(.0003) (.0003) (.0002) (.0003)
Income -024*** -.018*** -.018*** -.018***
(.002) (.002) (.002) (.002)
Religiosity (individual level) .095*** .095*** .036***
(.002) (.002) (.009)
Religiosity (country level) -.063 (.042) .0004 (.043)
Religiosity (individual level)* Religiosity (country level) -.013*** (.002)
Observations 39,138 38,942 38,942 38,942
Log Likelihood 108623.002 104782.080 104779.922 104723.839
AIC 108635.002 104796.080 104795.922 104741.839
BIC 108686.451 104856.068 104864.480 104818.968
Note: Effects and standard errors (between brackets) of a multi-level linear regression.
*p<0.5, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001
The proportion in variation in tradition that lies between countries was approximately 6% - in the null model, the Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was about .062. This
indicates a clustering of observations within countries to the extent that multilevel models could to be applied. Our control variables have
Научный результат. Социология и управление. Т. 7, № 3, 2021. С. 34-40 Research Result. Sociology and management. Vol. 7. № 3. 2021. P. 34-40
a significant, although weak, effect on traditional value orientation, especially income -which is slightly negative related to individual tradition values scores. Females have significantly higher scores of tradition value orientation compared to males. Age is also shown to be related to traditional values in a positive direction.
When it comes to our main independent variables, the results indicate a significant and positive association between individual religiosity and traditional values (Model 2). The effect is not very strong (P = .095), and religiosity on a country level is not related to individual traditional values (Model 3), which together indicate a somewhat separation of religion and tradition.
Finally, in order to investigate our main research question, we run a multilevel model on traditional values with an interaction effect between an individual-level and country-level religiosity - we tested whether religiosity on a country level moderates the relationship between religiosity and traditional values on an individual level (Model 4). The results indicated that country-level religiosity is a significant moderator of this association. The interaction is negative, although the effect is very weak.
Also, the goodness of fit measures (AIC and BIC) show that the fourth model explains the highest amount of variance compared to the previous three models.
In this paper, we carried out a multilevel analysis of traditional value orientation and religiosity across Europe. We found that tradition value orientation is related to age, lower income, and being female. This is consistent with many previous researches (Chan et al., 2020; Schwartz and Rubel, 2005; PEW, 2015). However, these effects are not strong. Having in mind items that the tradition scale is consisted of, it looks like the expectations within gender norms that woman should be humble and modest is still present across Europe, and on the other side, women usually experience less security in their lives, being more vulnerable to the hardships of poverty, debt, poor health, old age, and lack of physical safety
(Norris and Inglehart, 2004; 2008; Kregting et al. 2019). The latter may also explain income differences in tradition values and religiosity. Older people may be more traditional and religious because they are more aware of their own mortality and the potential afterlife; also, in times they were socialized, traditional and religious practices were more common; finally, people who have become more isolated and disengaged from wider society may often find social network and support in traditional and religious groups (Voas and Crockett, 2005).
Conclusions. Our primary aim was to test whether in more religious societies across Europe the effect of religiosity on tradition is stronger than in less religious ones. We assessed the interaction effect of mean religiosity at a country-level and religiosity at the individual level on tradition. The results indicated that there is a significant negative, but very weak interaction effect. In other words, the level of religiosity on a country level does moderate, but to a very small extent, the association between individual religiosity and tradition values. Our results also indicate a moderate association between religiosity and traditional values on an individual level, and a non-significant effect of country-level religiosity on individual traditional values, so a weak moderating effect is not surprising.
Carneiro and colleagues (Carneiro et al., 2021) sum some explanations for the autonomy of value orientations in relation to religiosity and only moderate relation between them. To some extent, that can be somewhat related with the thesis that the traditional relationship between human values and religiosity is experiencing a transformation (see: Davie, 1990), which is, however, no evidence of ongoing secularization, but that people believe without belonging. This is a result of a rising religious pluralism, globally and particularly in Europe. Besides that, these authors agree with the thesis about advocating a pure religion and a separation between religion and culture (see: Roy, 2014). According to this thesis, there is no more a quest for synthesis or integration of religion and culture since religion was not concerned with society.
Ментус В. Традиционная ценностная ориентация и религиозность .
V. Mentus. Traditional value orientation and religiosity.
Future studies should examine the moderating effect of country-level religiosity in non-European countries, in the first place, more religious ones. Also, future research should examine these effects taking into account other dimensions of religiosity such as attending religious services or frequency of prayer.
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Received 12 April 2021. Revised 12 August 2021. Accepted 04 September 2021.
Статья поступила в редакцию 12 апреля 2021 г. Поступила после доработки 12 августа 2021 г. Принята к печати 04 сентября 2021 г.
Conflicts of Interest: the author has no conflicts of interest to declare.
Конфликты интересов: у автора нет конфликта интересов для декларации.
Vladimir Mentus, Researcher, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia.
Ментус Владимир, Научный сотрудник Института общественных наук, Белград, Сербия.
