CC BY-NC-ND
29
Sergei L. Nikolaev
Institute of Slavic studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow/Novosibirsk); [email protected]
Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 2: Algonquian-Wakashan sound correspondences
The second part of the present study, continuing an earlier publication by the author in a previous number of JLR, includes: an inventory of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan phonemes with a list of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan phonemes with references to Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan roots (§2); a comparative Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan dictionary that includes more than 400 root reconstructions, with relevant examples from Proto-Wakashan, Proto-Nivkh and Proto-Algic data, also including Proto-Nivkh-Algic roots (§3); an index of lexical meanings for the Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan and Proto-Nivkh-Algic roots (§4). The main innovative aspect of the present article is the formal demonstration of genetic relationship between Nivkh, Algic, and Wakashan languages, conducted by means of the standard comparative method, i. e. establishing a system of regular sound correspondences between the vocabularies of the compared languages.
Keywords: Algonquian-Wakashan languages, Nivkh-Algonquian languages, Algic languages, Wakashan languages, Chimakuan-Wakashan languages, Nivkh language, historical phonology, comparative dictionary.
1. Introduction
In the first part of the present paper (Nikolaev 2015) it was stated that a genetic relationship between Proto-Wakashan, Proto-Nivkh, and Proto-Algic may be demonstrated by means of the standard comparative method, i. e. the establishment of a system of regular sound correspondences between the compared vocabularies. Table 4 in Nikolaev 2015: 30 displays the reconstructed system of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan phonemes and their reflexes in separate families (PW, PNi, PAlg), but lexical illustration of regular sound correspondences has been limited in that part, for volume reasons, to specific subsets of the "basic" and "cultural" lexicons. Conversely, the second part of the paper will be dedicated to presenting the bulk of the evidence in the form of a comprehensive Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan comparative vocabulary (§3).
2. Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan phonological inventory
The Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan phonological inventory is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Definite reconstructions that contain specific PAW phonemes and ambiguous reconstructions where one of 2 alternate protophonemes may have been present (optional variants are divided with the tilde sign) are listed after the Tables 1 & 2. Numbers refer to the Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan vocabulary (§3). Plain and glottalized sonorants m/m', n/n', r/r', etc. (that differ only in PW and perhaps in PChi) and short/long variants of vowels are given jointly.
Journal of Language Relationship • Вопросы языкового родства • 13/4 (2015) • Pp. 289—328 • © Nikolaev S. L., 2015
Table 1. Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan obstruents and sonorants.
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Lateral Velar Labio-velar Uvular Labio-uvular Laryn geal
P t c c A k kw q qw
b d 3 3 A g gw G Gw
P' t' c' c' A' k' k'w q' q'w ?
s s i x XW X XW h
r l Y YW K Kw
r' l'
m n n
m' n' n' g'
w y
w'
Table 2. Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan vowels.
Front Mid Back
i i: ü: i i: u u:
e e: a a: o o:
ä ä: a a:
*p 13, 16, 25, 31, 85, 145, 183, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 384, 417
*b 60, 62, 63, 64, 320
*b ~ *p 58, 68, 69, 70, 291, 294
*b ~ *p' 59, 61, 65, 65, 67, 71, 153, 154, 167, 242, 255, 394
*p' 97, 98, 111, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 307a
*t 38, 53, 99, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346
*t ~ *t' 142, 350, 353
*d 11, 35, 40, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 387
*d ~ *t' 61, 105, 106, 126, 167, 278, 282, 329, 360, 372
*t' 40, 86, 347, 348, 349, 351, 352, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 361
*c 73, 116, 228, 322, 403
*c ~ c 76
*c ~ *c' 74, 261, 376
*c ~ *s 75, 125, 327, 388, 401
*3 78, 136, 186, 197, 330, 378, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417
*3 ~ *5 27
*c' 77, 78, 81, 95, 297, 321, 323
*c' ~ *C' 79, 80
*s 4, 141, 187, 326, 382
*c 36, 36, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 158
*c ~ *C' 52, 83, 91
*c ~ *§ 85, 285
*S
*A *k
161, 364, 418, 419, 420 39, 84, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97 170, 235, 266, 281, 283, 385 48, 150, 204, 206 198, 199, 200, 201, 202 *A ~ *K' 203
207, 208, 209, 260
3, 31, 121, 148, 188, 209a, 210, 211, 212, 213, 217, 393 17, 42, 94, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 175, 181, 302, 324, 344, 374, 414, 415 *k ~ *k' 24, 46, 294 *k ~ *x 341
7, 30, 40, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123 *g ~ *k' 137, 169, 172, 174, 191, 206, 245, 264, 270, 395, 407
*k'
*x *kw
*g ~ *k 152
24, 40, 93, 110, 149, 162, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 398, 409 *k' ~ *q' 193, 355
81, 88, 149, 155, 162, 204, 195a, 286, 351, 388, 405 53, 62, 73, 84, 92, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179 *kw ~ *k'w 96, 298, 418 *kw ~ *qw 180
*gw 62, 108, 116, 117, 118, 200, 201, 209, 237, 251, 263, 284, 391, 397, 399, 402
*gw ~ *k'w 27, 358, 390, 410
*gw ~ *Gw 400
*k'w 19, 84, 144, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 209a, 286, 287, 300, 354, 416
*k'w ~ *q'w 45, 158, 285, 293 *xw 75, 75, 104, 172, 176, 212, 223, 260, 331, 359, 363, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 393a
*xw ~ *jw 312, 402
90, 137, 208, 304, 308, 310, 311, 312, 349 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 143, 311
V
V
*gw
*q'w
*xw *?
*h
Y
*g ~ *q' 133, 258, 296, 315
43, 52, 150, 208, 229, 299, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 385
11, 35, 102, 226, 339, 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 400a, 401a, 407a ~ *q' 203
110, 306, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 348, 353 qw ~ *q'w 12, 184, 334, 373
5, 101, 128, 129, 130, 337, 419 *q'w 103 *qw 325, 336
12, 38, 77, 78, 128, 131, 213, 273, 323, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 340, 348 196, 402, 403
1-36, 38-56, 73, 81, 88, 93, 94, 95, 100, 144, 146, 154, 171, 173, 178, 187, 188, 191, 196, 202, 204, 210, 213, 218, 221, 225, 226, 238, 240, 241, 246, 262, 290, 292, 308, 343, 339, 345, 349, 378, 384
49, 92, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 154a, 155, 156, 210, 234, 240, 259, 279, 389, 422, 423 41, 252, 292, 341, 347, 421
*y ~ *K 65
*g ~ *q 207
y* »К
»w, »w'
»y »y'
»r, »r'
»I, »I'
»I ~ »i
»m, »m'
»n, »n'
»n ~ »n » n ~ » r
»n, »n'
»r, »r'
»i
»i ~ »ä »i ~ »e
»i
»i ~ »o
» a ~ »э
ȟ:
87, 95, 99, 119, 120, 134, 411 126a, 127
80, 101, 127, 131, 132, 295
5, 11, 21, 26, 27, 43, 54, 74, 79, 165, 174, 192, 230, 236, 237, 245, 246, 256, 280, 291, 345, 362, 363, 364, 365, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 378, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 404, 406, 408
7, 25, 45, 97, 126a, 130, 182, 192, 211, 227, 262, 266, 274, 283, 333, 345, 361, 364, 380, 383, 392, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 407a, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412 2, 14, 41, 64, 128, 149, 158, 175, 208, 222, 227, 263, 288, 310, 313, 335, 337, 338, 357, 379, 391, 394, 395, 397, 400, 401, 422
11, 17, 20, 22, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 63, 86, 97, 112, 113, 114, 120, 130, 132, 140, 145, 160, 162, 165, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 195a, 196, 197, 216, 249, 266, 277, 287, 290, 293, 299, 300, 305, 307a, 308, 311, 317, 359, 362, 363, 390, 400a 124, 289, 325, 328
I, 15, 18, 34, 49, 50, 103, 122, 147, 152, 154a, 157, 169, 177, 179, 194, 207, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 272, 317, 319, 320, 342, 348, 352, 355, 361, 401, 423 105, 106, 150, 172, 180, 187, 193, 235, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249, 316, 318, 321, 322, 356, 374, 379
10, 127, 247, 248, 250 52, 54, 89
25, 30, 33, 194, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 330
16, 19, 94, 109, 143, 165, 174, 185, 195, 197, 200, 209a, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 299, 300, 332, 334, 380, 393a, 418
16, 23, 24, 46, 49, 64, 75, 79, 85, 86, 87, 100, 102, 117, 119, 123, 129, 131, 149, 161, 167, 173, 174, 225, 243, 248, 263, 286, 304, 317, 318, 332, 333, 336, 350, 351, 377, 378, 392, 393, 410, 416, 417
101, 112
22, 84, 148, 150, 172, 207, 210, 239, 247, 280, 284, 305, 341, 342, 375, 376
13, 14, 15, 62, 63, 122, 169, 177, 183, 184, 204, 219, 238, 252, 256, 311, 312, 326, 328,
340, 371, 372, 373, 384, 385, 397, 407a, 419
10, 11, 12, 61, 77, 110, 176, 209a, 218, 251, 261, 279, 316, 325, 370, 391, 402
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 50, 67, 94, 97, 103, 166, 186, 201, 208, 211, 226, 253, 264, 271, 272,
273, 306, 353, 354, 405, 417
17, 25, 26, 65, 66, 91, 99, 113, 185, 193, 206, 282, 287, 288, 352, 379, 404 104, 132
18, 19, 20, 21, 74, 78, 93, 97, 111, 144, 145, 146, 147, 171, 178, 221, 222, 223, 257, 262, 270, 283, 300, 349, 374, 409
348
II, 40, 58, 109, 116, 121, 136, 169, 175, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199, 200, 215, 233, 234, 241, 259, 260, 269, 308, 310, 315, 323, 337, 339, 365, 376, 383, 389, 390, 395
1, 2, 59, 133, 134, 135, 165, 214, 216, 217, 242, 275, 302, 347, 362, 364, 369, 394, 413, 414
128, 139, 338, 363
33, 76, 88, 105, 114, 130, 150, 152, 179, 180, 188, 202, 209, 227, 244, 245, 246, 249, 289, 290, 291, 319, 321, 329, 330, 331, 334, 335, 336, 398 69, 70, 115, 120, 124, 195, 197, 229, 296, 400, 401, 420
7, 38, 71, 80, 81, 90, 125, 126, 154a, 155, 203, 231, 267, 274, 295, 313, 358, 380, 399
4 ~ »э
»э ~ »e
»a ~ »ä
3. Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan lexicon
Phonetically, the Proto-Nivkh-Algic (PNA) reconstructions would not differ from the hypothetical Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan (PAW) forms that chronologically precede them; therefore, PNA forms in the list below are interspersed with PAW ones. PNA forms that have their Proto-Salishan counterparts may be considered as PAW forms that were lost in Proto-Wakashan.
The Chimakuan languages (Quileute and the scarcely documented Chemakum) belong to the same phylum as Wakashan. However, the Quileute material still requires further processing in its historical aspect; therefore, only the most important Quileute and Chemakum data are given in the present paper.
There are numerous lexical similarities between Proto-Salishan and PAW, including those within the "basic lexicon" (Nikolaev 2015, §4). However, data for establishing regular sound correspondences between PAW and PS remain scarce, and so the Salish-Algonquian-Wakashan relationship stays in the realm of speculation. In the list below I quote Salishan forms as external comparative data.
Whereas modern forms of the Wakashan and Nivkh languages differ insignificantly from the PW and PNi forms, sound changes in the Algic family have been so substantial that cognates are frequently unrecognizable to "the naked eye". For this reason the Proto-Algic and Proto-Algonquian reconstructions are provided below with examples of their reflexes in certain attested languages.
In protoforms the tilde symbol (~) denotes alternative variants of reconstruction, rather than actual variance in the proto-language. If reconstruction of two (rarely three) proto-phonemes in the same position is possible, the alternative variants are given in parentheses. For example, PAW *gilV (~ a, l') 'three': Quil. qwd:?l, PNi *ce-, PAlg *ni-khl- means that attested reflexes permit us to reconstruct either PAW *i or *a, either *l or *l'.
Reconstruction of PAW glottal features of stops/affricates (voiceless / voiced / glottalized) in roots containing two stops or affricates is somewhat difficult, due to assimilation/dissimilation of glottal features in the history of many of the concerned languages; therefore, several roots have optional protoforms. This also applies to labialization of velars and uvulars. In such cases alternate protoforms are divided with the tilde symbol. Thus, cf. PAW *k'i:wjV ~ *gi:wrjV 'to freeze, cold': here PW *k'in- 'to feel cold' reflects PAW *k'-, PNi *kij- 'to freeze, cool down' reflects PAW *g- and PA *ko:n- 'snow' may reflect either of the two proto-phonemes; or PAW *bu: ~ *pu: 'to go out, leave', where PW *bu:- 'to leave, flee, abandon' reflects PAW *b-, but PNi *phu- 'to go out/away' reflects PAW *p- and PA *papa:-m- 'to go about, pass by' [reduplication] may reflect PAW *p-, *b-, *p'-.
Potential metatheses are represented in the same way; thus, PAW *hoAVq'A ~ *hoq'VAA 'hole' > PWS *?aq'iK, *q'aq'iK 'cave' vs. PNi *holq-e- 'deepening, hole', PA *-a:iak- 'hole'.
Reflexes of the clusters "sonorant + obstruent" (*nC, *lC, *rC, etc.) are rather unstable, and sometimes I reconstruct them on the basis of their presence in just one of the families.
Within the reconstructed forms, capital letters should be decoded as follows: A = indefinite mid/back vowel, C = any sibilant (alveolar) or hushing (palato-alveolar) affricate, E = indefinite front vowel, K = any velar stop, L = any lateral, N = *n ~ *n ~ *j, O = *u ~ *o (~ *i), P = any labial stop, Q = any uvular stop, S = *s ~ *s, V = any vowel, X = any velar or uvular fricative. This notation is used when sound correspondences are generally regular, but available comparative material is insufficient to definitively choose one particular PAW phoneme over another. Example:
*n'OLK(w)V (~ n') 'hand, arm' • PW *-n'ukw (suff.) 'in hand' • PA *-neik- 'hand, arm'
Here either n' or n' can be reconstructed (since the Nivkh data are absent); the symbol O denotes a choice between *i and *u; the symbol *L denotes the possibility of reconstructing either % *A', A', or *l; the symbol *K(") denotes a choice between *k(m), *g("), and *k'(W).
Many PAW roots seem to have "inversed" allomorphs *CVCV and *?VCCV (rarely *hVCCV). The latter structures may represent "incorporated" root forms that were originally used as suffixal variants. Reflexes of the ?VCCV-type allomorphs prevail in PNA. The reconstructed allomorphs of both types are divided with the double tilde («): *c'AkwV ~ *?Ac'kwV 'earth, dirt', *c'dk'E « *?3c'k'E 'tail (of fish)', etc.
Another type of alternation, namely *CVCV- ~ *CCV-, is not infrequent in Nivkh (e. g., PNi *chorjq-r, *chqiq-r 'polecat, weasel' < PNA *co:nVKA; PNi *ciy-r, *cx3-r 'tree' < PAW *jik'wE, etc.); most probably, this is just an internal Nivkh phenomenon, not projectible onto deeper historical levels.
The voiced lateral stop is provisionally denoted here as A, as against Nikolaev 2015, where it was marked as l. This replacement has been made in order to avoid graphical confusion of l ("voiced lateral stop") and L ("any lateral").
Many of the items below are provided with short comments, although this does not extend to the examples that have already been commented upon in Nikolaev 2015. Some of the PAW and PNA protoforms have been improved upon during the preparation of this part of the article, and are slightly different from those quoted in Nikolaev 2015.
1. PNA *?aLVmV (~ a, m') 'dog' • PNi *ajm 'dog (taboo)' [instead of regular **(a)lam; irregularity of the PNi form may be explained by a "tabooistic" mutation of the original phonetics]; NiY *laam3- O 'dog' • PA *aiem-w-, -(a)?iem-w- 'dog' [Cree atim, Men. ane:m, Ab. alemos 'dog'; Cree wa:p-astim 'white dog', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
2. PAW *?arV (~ a) 'blood' • PWN *?dl-kw- 'blood'; *?dl-xw- 'to bleed' • Quil. H-c- 'blood', H:-'to bleed' • PNi *r-ar 'blood' 0 Cf. PSI *m-il'-k' 'blood', PS *m-il' 'to bleed' [see PNA *rV #268] II Nikolaev 2015: 36.
3. PAW *?AtV 'eye' • PW *c-at- 'eye' [with prefix of inalienable possession]; PWS (suff.) *-(k)s-ui, -(k)s-ii 'eye' • PAlg *-?ei in *cep-?ei-, *-cp-?ei- 'eyelash' 0 Cf. PS *-i in *cdp-i 'eyebrow, eyelash' II Nikolaev 2015: 38, 48.
4. PAW *?A:sV 'face' • PW *c-as- 'eye' [with prefix of inalienable possession]; *-as, *-?aw-as (suff.) 'cheek' • PAlg *-a:s-, *-e-ey-s- (suff.) 'head' [PA *-i:i-e?i- 'head hair', Wi. -as ~ -is ~ -us (suff.) 'head'] 0 Cf. PS *m-?us 'face', suff. *-us 'face, eye'.
5. PAW *?AwVNcwE 'duck' • PWN *?dnq- 'duck (generic)' • Quil. diq'diq' 'duck, mallard' • PNi *awrk (~ 3) 'duck sp.' 0 Cf. PSC *mu?qw 'duck (generic)' II Nikolaev 2015: 53.
7. PAW *?a:gV ~ *ya:gV (~ 3:) 'all' • PWN *?a:g- 'all, in full, every, any, each' • PA *wi:-yak-'some sort, all sorts' [Men. we:yak, Oj. wi:yak, etc.] 0 Cf. PIS *y3K'many, all'.
8. PNA *?a:ndVXKE (~ a:, t') 'raven, crow' • PNi *atk, *atk-ak 'raven, crow' • PA *a:nte:hkw-'crow' [Oj. a:nte:kkw, Shawnee a:te:kw-a, etc.].
9. PNA *?a:XpV (~ a:) 'mouth (of animal)' • PNi *av-r 'mouth (of animal), palate' • P *-a:hp-itk-an- 'jaw, chin' [Cree -a:p-isk-an, Men. -a:hp-ehk-an, Ab. od-5pp-ihk-dn, etc.].
10. PAW *?anV 'year, season' • PW *-?in-x (suff.) 'year, season'; PWN *hi:-?3n-x 'summer' • PNi *an 'year'; *h-on-f 'spring (season)' • PAlg *-en- 'season' in PA *ni:p-en- 'summer', Yu. kis-en- 'be summer; summer' [lit. 'warm season'] 0 Cf. PS *-an-axW (suff.) 'season, year' I Nikolaev 2015: 46, 54.
11. PAW *?a:lVw'adVxE 'cloud' • PWS *H:w'ax- 'get cloudy' • PNi *lax 'cloud' • PAlg *?a:lwadek-w-, *?a:lewdek-w- (~ kh) 'cloud' [PA *aletkw- and *watkw- 'cloud', Yu. lewkw-, rewkw- 'cloudy, misty'; Wi. ?aluk-s 'shadow'] II Nikolaev 2015: 37.
12. PAW *?a:q'wA 'to believe' • PW *?u:qw-, *?u:q'w- 'to believe' • PNi *ax(-t-) 'to believe, hope'.
13. PAW *?epV 'heart' • PWN -?p(-a:) (suff.) 'chest', PWS *t-'ap-at- 'to think' • PNi *j-if 'heart' II PW *t- is a prefix, cf. PWN *qal-x- 'egg' ~ *t-'dlq- 'roe, spawn' (#308).
14. PAW *?erV'to vomit' • PWS *?ai- 'to vomit' • PNi *er-u- 'to vomit'.
15. PNA *?e:mV (~ m') 'to flee' • PNi *ph-im- 'to flee' • PA *-a:m-o:- 'to flee, fly' [WOj. en-am-o 'the road goes thither', Fox ki:w-a:mo:-wa 'he flees hither and thither', etc.].
16. PNA *?Eji:pV (~ j') 'leaf, flower' • PNi *ejv- 'to flower', *ejv-k 'flower' • PA *ani:py- 'leaf' [WOj. eni:pi:-ss 'leaf', Ab. wanib-akw 'leaf of a tree', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
17. PAW *?alkE (~ i) 'to open' • PWN *?alk- 'to open clams' • PNi *aly- 'open' • PA *pe-a(:)ik-'to open' [Cree p-a:sk-in-am 'she opens it', WOj. p-a:kk-in-ank, Ab. b-oskw-en-a 'to open by hand', etc.]
18. PAW *?dmV 'mother, aunt' • PWS *?am(a)- 'mother' • PNi *im(i)-k 'mother; mother's sister; father's brother's wife and her sister; step-father's sister'; *mam 'old woman; wife' • PA *-i:m-at- 'mother' [*n-i:m-at-a 'my mother', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *t-um-a? 'mother, aunt'; PSI *m?am 'woman, wife'.
19. PAW *?3jV(-k'wE) 'fire' • PW *?an-, *?anakw- 'fire' • PNi *phl-ij-g 'ashes' • PAlg *p(el)-en-ekw- 'ashes, dust' II Nikolaev 2015: 39. PAW *?drV-k^E 'fire' and the compound*pVl-ajV-k'wE 'ashes' (#300) contain the same diminutive (?) suffix as *?a:wV-k'wE 'fish egg' #21, *idjV-k'(w)V 'woman' #209a.
20. PNA *?d:lV (~ l') 'to think' • PNi *al-m- (~ i) 'to think of', NiY *onma- 'mind, reason' • PAlg *-a:l-, *-e:l- 'to think, feel' [Wi. l-ai-bii 'she feels so', l-ai-a?w 'how she looks', PA *-e:l-em- 'to think, by mind' (cf. PAlg *-Vm- 'by feeling, thought')].
21. PNA *?a:wV (~ w') 'egg, brood', *?a:wV-k'wE 'fish egg' • PNi *j-av-i 'nest'; *j-aw-k 'fish egg' • PAlg *w-a:w- 'egg' [Wi. w-a-?l 'roe', Yu. w-o:-lew 'spawn', PA *w-a:w-i, Pl. w-a:w-al-i 'egg']; PA *w-a:hkw- 'roe, spawn, fish egg' [Cree w-a:hkw-a 'lump of roe', WOj. w-a:kk 'roe', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *?a-k'w, *?a-q'w 'fish roe' II Nikolaev 2015: 50.
22. PNA *?ilV (~ e) 'thus' • PNi *lil-j 'indeed that, just that' • PAlg *?el-, *?al-, dim. *?er-, *?ar-'thither, thus, that way, like that, that sort' [Wi. t-dla- 'there, then, thus', Yu. s-on 'to be like', PA *et- 'thus, thither', *t-at- 'there', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
23. PAW *?i:kV (~ k') 'hand' • PW *-i:k-s (suff.) 'in/by hand' • ? PAlg *-e(:)k- (~ kh) 'hand' in Yu. pan-ek 'hand measure', pan-ek'-dh 'hand length' 0 Cf. PS *-ak, *-ak-a?, *-ak-is(t) (suff.) 'hand, lower arm' I Nikolaev 2015: 39.
24. PAW *?i:k'V ~ *k'i:?V 'above' • PW *?i:k'- 'above' • PNi *khi- 'above'.
25. PNA *?ipwinyV (~ a) 'paddle' • PNi *iv(i)n 'paddle' • PA *apwiy- 'paddle' [Cree apw-iy, Men. p-i:h, etc.].
26. PNA *?iwV (~ a, w') 'to use' • PNi *iw-ri- 'to use' • PA *aw- 'to use' [*aw-e:w-a 'he uses him', *aw-ih-e:w-a 'he lends to him', etc.].
27. PAW *7iw3VgwE (~ k'«) 'beforehand' • PWN *-?^kw 'beforehand' • PNi *iw3ik (~ d) 'beforehand'.
28. PNA *?i:LV 'kidney' • PNi *j-al-r 'kidney'; NiY *at-aja- 'liver, kidney' • PA *-o:i- (~ l) 'kidney' [> Ab. -ol-lo, Mic. bug-dl-uon 'kidney'].
29. PAW *?i:LV 'mouth' • Quil. ?ol-it 'mouth' • PNi *al 'mouth' • PAlg *-o:i- 'mouth' [Wi. -al-ul, Yu. -el-ui 'mouth', mewol-ui-ek' 'I wipe my mouth'] I Nikolaev 2015: 41.
30. PNA *?i:ngE 'face' • PNi *j-ink 'face' • PAlg *-i:ngw-, *-engw- 'face' [Yu. -e?w-ey/ -o?w-ey 'face', PA *-i:nkw-e:, *-?kw-e: 'face, look'].
31. PNA*?i:piV 'lip, tip of tongue' • PNi *avl-(i)x 'lip' • PAlg *-i:pi- 'tongue' [Wi. -it, Yu. -ipi, PA *-i:i-an-] II Nikolaev 2015: 50.
33. PNA *?o:nk"E (~ q", X") 'star' • PNi *uny(i)-r 'star' • PA *ai-a:nkw- 'star' [Cree ata:hk, Men. ana:h, WOj. ena:nk, Ab. aldkw-s, etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 47, 50.
34. PAW *?OmV 'angry' • PWN *?3m-s- 'bad luck' • PNi *um- 'angry, be angry'.
35. PAW *?OxVdAg(")V (~ t', k') 'to know how' • PWS *huxtak"- 'to know how, learn, expert'
• PA *ketk- 'to know, recognize' [Cree kisk-e:y-im-e:w 'to know, find out', WOj. kekk-e:n-em-at 'to know, find out', Ab. o-gdhk-im-5 'he teaches him', etc.].
36. PNA *?O:ck'E 'head, face' • PNi *osk 'face' • PAlg *-o:ck-w-, *-eck-w-, *-etk-w- 'head' [PA *-etkw- 'head' (suff.), *-a:n-etkw- 'head hair', suff. -sk-y- 'hair; leaf, foliage'; Wi. m-dk"-uks 'brains'; Yu m-oi, m-oik"-oh 'head'], PA *-esk(y)-i:n-s-ekw- 'eye' [in this compound *-i:n-maybe corresponds to Wi. -3lid, Yu. -elin 'eye' < PAlg *-li:n-].
38. PAW *?u:tOq'"E 'man' • PW *-?i:t(a)x", *-?at(a)x" 'man of tribe or residing at; male inhabitant of; people of, where one lives' • PNi *utk- 'man, husband' II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
39. PNA *?Vc'kE (~ q, X) 'foot, leg' • PNi *r-3cx 'foot, leg' • PAlg *-Vck-, *-Vtk- 'foot, leg' [Wi. -3ck-ac, -itk-3d-, -3tk- 'leg', Yu. -eck-ah 'leg', m-eck-es 'track', -a:ik- 'by foot'; PA *-etk-a:t- 'leg', *-esk-, *-ehk- 'by foot'].
40. PAW *?Vda:k'A ~ *?Vt'a:gA 'belly, abdomen' • PW *da:k'- 'belly' [> PWN *tk'- (< *d3k'-), suff. *-(s-)da:k'j(-a:), PWS *tac' 'belly'] • PNi *taq-(a)l 'fish abdomen' • PAlg *?ata:y-w-, *?etay-w- 'belly, stomach' [Wi. tag-3d-a?l 'one's belly', Shawnee hope?kw-ata:w-ilok-e 'she has a stomach ache'] II Nikolaev 2015: 36.
41. PNA *?VyrV 'skin (of animals), scale' • PNi *r-ayr, *r-3yr 'skin (of animals)' • PAlg *-ayl-, *-ayr- 'skin, scale'. [PA *w-a?l-ak-ay- 'skin, scale', *w-a?s-ak-ay- 'skin', *-iam-es-k-ay- 'inner skin, membrane'; Wi. w-dt-k-ay 'skin'; Yu. sr-ahk"-oh 'loincloth', sl-ekw 'clothes (a single set)'] 0 PS *k'"3l' 'skin, feather, porcupine quill' II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
42. PAW *?VklV 'to name' • PW *-ki- (suff.) 'named' [PWN *-(x)A(-a:) 'named, called'; PWS *-qi(-a:) 'named, called; having as name'] , PWN *-kl(-a:) 'to refer to' • Quil. k"ol-a? 'name'
• PAlg *-ekl- (~ kh, g) > PA *-e?l- 'narrate (sacred story) [i. e. 'to refer to ancestors' names': *a:t-e?l-o:hk-aw-e:w-a 'he tells a sacred story', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
43. PAW *(?V:lV-)q'AwV (~ l') 'nose' • PWS *q'aw-a:n- 'fish nose, fish nose cartilage' [cf. the same suffix in PWS *q'im-a:n- 'navel'] • PA *-e:likw-em- 'nostrils' [Cheyenne -ats?tse?-e:m-, Cree -e:yig-um, etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
45. PNA *?Vlyak'"A (~ q'") 'squirrel' • PNi *laq-r 'squirrel', PNi *olv-ilak 'flying squirrel' • PAlg *?alyekw- (~ kh) 'squirrel' [Yu. hey-oyek" 'pine/flying squirrel', k"ec-oyek" 'ground squirrel', PA *anyikw-a 'squirrel'], PA *pel-e:nyikw- 'flying squirrel' [Men. pene:nik, Ab. planikw, etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 54.
46. PAW *?O:l'i:kE (~ k') 'wolf' • PWN *?u:l'i:k- > Kw. ?ul'ig-n 'wolf' • PNi *liy-r 'wolf' II Ni-kolaev 2015: 54.
48. PAW *?VAV:nQ"V 'k. of berries' • PWN *A3nq"- 'an unidentified plant with edible red berries' • PA *alo:ik-an- (~ tk) 'raspberry' [Cree ayo:sk-an, Men. ano:hk-an, etc.] II PA -ik- in spite of *-nk- due to assimilation with the preceding *-A-.
49. PAW *?Vmi:hV 'to pray' • PWN *?3mi:?-, *?3mi:- 'to pray, praise, honour, pay tribute' • PA *al-amih- [Cree ay-amih-a:w, Men. an-a:meh-a:w, Oj. an-ami?-a: 'he goes to church, prays', etc.]; *mamy-a:ntw- 'to pray' [reduplication: Fox mam-a:t-ome:wa 'he prays to him', Men. mami-aht-omew 'he prays to him, etc.].
50. PNA *?VmiyX"E (~ m', K") 'spoon' • PNi *mijx 'spoon (wooden)' • PA *e:mehkw-a:n-, *e:meskw-a:n- 'spoon' [Blackfoot hdmesk-o, Cree e:mihkw-a:n, Men. e:miskw-3n, etc.].
52. PAW *?E:q'VnVcV (~ r, c') 'k. of shellfish' • PWN *q'3nc-, *q'3ns- 'chitons (sea prunes, Chinese slippers)' • PAlg *?e:hnec- (~ ch) 'bivalve shell' [Yu. ?3nc-3h 'abalone shell', PA *e:hs-'clam, oyster', *e:ns- 'any bivalve mollusk, clam'].
53. PAW *?VtOkwA 'deer' • PWN *takw- 'deer' • PNi *thox 'elk'1 • PA *atehkw- 'caribou' [Cree atihk, Men. ate:h, etc.] 0 Cf. PS *tiqiw 'deer, elk'.
54. PAW *?VwO:nV (~ j) 'cloud, fog' • PWN *?an-u:- 'cloud', *?u:n-qw- 'fog' • NiY *niwa-'cloud' [metathesis either in "Northern Nivkh" or in Proto-Yukaghir] • PA *awa(:)n-w-'fog' [Cree awan, Men. awa:n, etc.], cf. Yu. -u?way 'cloud' II Nikolaev 2015: 37, 54.
58. PAW *ba ~ *pa 'to wither' • PWN *pa^- 'to wither (plant, etc.)' • PNi *pa- 'to wither'.
59. PNA *baTkE (~ p', a, q, X) 'partridge' • PNi *pam 'partridge' • PA *patk-iw-, *patpatk-iw-'partridge' [Cree paspask-iw, Fox pahk-i:wa, Ab. bakk-ess-o, Miami pahk-i-a, etc.].
60. PAW *bA:LQwy 'to sever' • PWN *ba:qw- 'to separate things that are joined together (e.g. a pen and its cap)' • PA *paik- 'to sever, break' [Fox pahk-wiwin-ew-a 'he is shedding his horn', WOj. pekk-on:t 'he skins him', Mic. pesk-wit 'to shed the feathers', etc.].
61. PNA *ba:dV (~ p', t') 'slow' • PNi *pat- 'quiet, slow' • PA*pe:t-, *pe:s- 'slowly' [WOj. pe:s-ikk-a: 'to move slowly', pe:c-i:w-i: 'he is walking slowly', etc.].
62. PAW *be:kwE ~ *pe:gwE 'person' • PW *bukw-, *buxw- 'human being' • Quil. po?o:qw, po:?oqw 'person, Indian' • PNi *ni-vy-j 'person; Nivkh' • PAlg *na(:)-pe:yw- (~ ph) 'man, male' [Yu. pey-dk 'man', pey-ii 'male', PA *na:-pe:w- 'male'] I Nikolaev 2015: 42.
63. PNA *be:lV 'to walk' • PNi *ple-w- 'to go for a walk' • PAlg *ba:l-, dimin. *ba:r- 'to walk, go' [Yu. ?or-oy- 'to walk', PA *-pal- 'to go, move'] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
64. PAW *bi:rV ~ *pi:rV 'to scatter' • PWN *bi:i- 'to pull apart (moss, etc.), to scatter'; *bal-x-scatter (feathers, moss, down), to spread (roots)' • PNi *pir- (~ a) 'scattered', *phir-i- (~ a) 'spread' 0 Cf. PS *pil, *pal 'scatter, smudge'.
65. PNA *biyE (~ p', a, k) 'k. of seal' • PNi *piyi (~ a) 'seal sp.' • PAlg *pay- (~ ph) > Yu. pay-a?m 'seal'.
66. PNA *biKE (~ p', a, Q, X) 'to throw' • PNi *pay-z- 'to throw' • PA *pak- 'to throw' [Men. pak-e:n-e:w 'she puts her down', Shawnee nooc-pak-il-a 'I throw her', etc.].
67. PNA *birKE (~ p', Q) 'to rot' • PNi *pirk- 'to rot' • PA *pek-eskai- 'putrid, rotten' [*-eskai 'rot'; Cree pik-iskat-at-iw 'he is putrid, rotten', Oj. pak-askan-an-i 'be rotten', etc.].
68. PAW *bO ~ *pO 'to bleed' • PWN *pa-x- 'to bleed sb.' • PNi *pu- 'to bleed'.
69. PAW *bu: ~ *pu: 'to go out, leave' • PW *bu:- 'to leave, flee, abandon' • PNi *phu- 'to go out/away' • PA *papa:-m- 'to go about, pass by' [reduplication; Cree papa:-m-isk-a:w 'he goes about', Men. papa:-m-esk-aw 'he goes about', etc.].
70. PAW *bu: ~ *pu: 'to blow (with mouth); swell' • PW *bu-xw- 'illegitimately pregnant'; *bu-s- 'to swell (esp. when pregnant)'; *bu-i-, *bu-A- 'to swell, swelling, to boil (tide), to bud or flower'; *pu:- 'to swell or blow up' • PNi *phu-v- 'to blow (with mouth)'; *pho-ja-, *phoj-phoja- 'to swell out' • PAlg *po:-, *pa- (~ ph) 'to blow with the mouth' [Yu. pa?-ah, PA *po:-taw-]; PA *pa:-kih[s]- 'to swell' [Cree pa:-kis-iw 'he is swelling', Oj. pa:-kiss-i 'be swollen', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *paw, *puh, *puxw, *paxw 'to blow, breathe, swell'.
71. PNA *bu:PTV (~ p') 'foam' • PNi *poft-r 'foam' • PAlg *pi:pt- (~ ph, b) > PA *pi:?t-e:w-'foam' [Cree pi:st-e:w, Ab. piht-a 'foam, froth', etc.].
72. PAW *bVN'V 'down' • PWN *ban'- 'down, under, below, lower' • PAlg *pen- (~ ph) 'down to the ground' [Yu. pen-, PA *pen-].
73. PAW *cA:?kwV « *?A:ckwV 'seal' • PWN *sa:?kw- 'seal, seal meat' • PAlg *?a:ckw-, *?e(:)ckw-(~ ch, kh) 'seal' [Yu. ?ec, ?eckw-oh 'sea-lion', PA *a:sk-ikw-a 'seal'] 0 Cf. PS *?asxw 'seal' II Nikolaev 2015: 53.
1 Borrowed into Proto-Manchu-Tungusic as *toKi 'elk'. According to Anna Dybo (p.c.), Proto-Mongolic *togij 'grown-up elk' is a Manchu-Tungusic borrowing.
74. PNA *c3:wV (~ c', w') 'to open' • PNi *chiw- 'to open' • PA *ta:w-aiw- 'to open one's mouth, gape' [with *-aiw- 'to turn, round'; Cree ta:w-at-iw 'he opens mouth, gapes', Men. ta:w-an-ew 'he holds his mouth open', etc.].
75. PAW *ci:x"E (~ s) 'rash' • PWS *sixw 'rash, sores' • PNi *chix 'rash'.
76. PAW *co:x"E ~ *co:x"E 'to leak, soak' • PW *ca:x"- 'to leak' • PNi *zoy-vor- 'to leak' ["incorporated" form of *chox-] • PA *so:k- 'to pour, soak' 0 Cf. PS *six" 'to pour, spill'.
77. PAW *c'a:q'"A,*c'V:cq'"A 'small bird' • PW *c'i:k"- 'bird (generic)'; PWN *c'3sq"-, *c3sq"-'any small songbird' • PNi *zaq 'chickadee' • PAlg *co:ck- 'small bird' [Wi. cuck-is, Yu. c'uc'-is '(small) bird'] 0 Cf. PS *c'yaq", *c'q"ay, *c'k'"3y 'small bird' II Nikolaev 2015: 36.
78. PNA *c'3q'"E ~ *33q'"E 'to fear' • PNi *zig-u- (~ 3) 'to frighten, punish' • PAlg *3e:k(w)-(~ kh) 'be afraid' [Yu. ?ek"-ei 'to be afraid', PA *se:k- 'fright'].
79. PAW *c'i:wV (~ c') 'new' • PW *c'u:-x- 'new' • Quil. c'a:-ta 'new' • PNi *chu-r-, *chi-r-'new', NiY *cirov- 'new' • PAlg *ci:-, *ci- (~ ch, c, ch) > Yu. ca-?an, ci-n- 'new' II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
80. PAW *c'u:k"A (~ c') 'to wash, clean' • PW *c'u:- 'wash' • PNi *cu- 'clean, wash', *chxo-j-'wash, launder' 0 Cf. PS *c'aK", *c'aw 'wash, clean'.
81. PAW *c'u:xA « *?u:c'xA 'sap, blood' • PWN *c'i:x- > Kw. c'ix-a 'boiled blood'; ? PWN *c'i:x-'lean (meat)' • PNi *chox 'pitch, sap; blood' • PAlg *-ck-o?w-, *-tk-o?w 'blood; red' [Wi. -3tk-3?w-ik, PA *m-esk-w-i 'blood', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *ciK" 'to bleed'; *ciq", *caq" 'to bleed; red' II Nikolaev 2015: 36.
82. PNA *Ci(:) (~ e[:]) 'to dry' • PNi *che- 'to dry' • PAlg *ce(:)- (~ ch, c, ch) > Yu. ce-?l- 'dry (adj.)' II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
83. PNA *cek'E (~ *c', g, q')2 'all' • PNi *sek 'all' ["incorporated" form of *chek] • PAlg *c-ey-ak-(~ ch,j, kh, g) > PA *ca:k- 'completely' [Fox cd:gi 'all', WOj. ca:ke- 'completely', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *cuk" 'to be all there, be complete' II Nikolaev 2015: 35.
84. PAW *cik'"E ~ *c'ik"E (~ e) 'big stone, rock' • PWN *c3k"-, *c3x"- 'rock fence, fish trap made of stones' • PNi *cey-ra- 'rock, cliff' • PAlg *cekw-, *c-ey-ekw- (~ ch, kh) 'big stone, rock' [PA *si:kw-an- 'cliff, grindstone'; Yu. cek'"-ei 'prayer stone "seat" (semicircular wall of mortared stones)'] II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
85. PNA *ci:pV ~ *pi:cV (~ s) 'to stretch' • PNi *phez- 'to stretch oneself' • PA *si:p- (pref.) 'to stretch' [Fox si:p- 'to stretch', Men. se:p-e:w 'he acts long', etc.].
86. PAW *ci:t'V(-lV) 'foot, leg' • PWS (suff.) *-cit'-a 'leg, thigh', *-c'i:-i 'foot' • PNi *r3-z{i)-l 'foot, sole' • PAlg *-cit-i- 'foot' [PA *-sit- and secondary *-AiA- in Wi. -elii 'foot'] I Nikolaev 2015: 39.
87. PAW *ci:y"V 'adze' • PWN *cu:x"- 'to chip out with an adze'; *c3x"- 'to adze off fine chips'; • PNi *chiw-r (~ -s) 'adze' 0 Cf. PS *c3k 'to adze, whittle, carve'.
88. PAW *co:?xE 'to slip' • PWN *ca:?x- 'to slip, slippery' • PNi *chuy- 'slip out'.
89. PNA *co:nVKA (~ c', s, r) 'weasel, mink' • PNi *chorq-r, *chqir-r 'polecat, weasel' • PA *sa:nkw-e:hs- 'mink'; *senkw-e:hs- 'weasel' [Cree sa:hkw-e:s-iw 'mink' and sihk-os 'weasel', WOj. sa:nkw-e:ss-i 'mink', senkw-ass 'weasel', etc.].
90. PAW *cu:qA 'to melt' • PWN *ci:q-, *ci:x- 'to melt (tallow), to fry' • PNi *choK- 'to melt, thaw'.
91. PNA *cVX3pV (~ c', i) 'eyebrow, eyelash' • PNi *chyiv-r 'eyebrow' • PAlg *cep-?ei-, *-cp-?ei-(~ ph) 'eyelash' [Wi. capi, Yu. -eip'ei] 0 Cf. PS *c3p-i 'eyebrow, eyelash' I In PAlg (and PS) compounds with PAW *?AiV 'eye' #3.
2 Pace Nikolaev 2015: 31, reflexes of PAW hushing sounds in Proto-Wakashan should be amended to the following: *c > c; *3 > 3-, *; *c' > c'-, c; *s > s.
92. PAW *c'AkwV « *hAc'kwV 'earth, dirt' • PW *c'akw- 'dirt' • Quil. c'iq'-d:ti 'ground, land, earth, world, territory' • PAlg *hack-y-, *heck-y- (~ ch, kh) 'earth, land' [Yu. heik- 'on land', PA *atky-i 'land', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *c'iq' 'mud' II Nikolaev 2015: 38, 54.
93. PAW *c'ak'E « *?ac'k'E 'tail (of fish)' • PW *c'ax- 'tail of a fish' • PNi *ja-sk 'tail fin (of a seal)' • PAlg *-cek-w-an-, *-c-ey-ek-an- 'tail (of fish, bird), rump' [PA *-sekw-an- 'tail of fish' ; *-syi:k-an- 'rump'; Wi. we-tutk 'ventral fin'; Yu. cakw 'bird's tail'; cecekw 'fin of fish'] II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
94. PAW *c'i:j'k'E « *?i:j'c'k'E 'head' • Quil. dokw£'-it 'head (usually fish or animals)' • PNi *cojy-r 'head' [the Sakh. variant cojqr has -q-, probably under the influence of PNi *-qar 'neck'] • PAlg *-a:ck-w-, *-eck-, *-etk- (~ ch, kh) 'head' [PA *-etkw-, -esky- (suff.) 'head', Yu. m-oikw- 'head'] II Nikolaev 2015: 39, 50.
95. PAW *c'OywV « *?OywjV (~ K") 'to give' • PW *c'u:- 'to give' • PA *?ah3-, *?ahd-, *?eh3- 'to give' [Wi. ?ac-ab- 'give food to', Yu. ?o? 'give', PA *ahs-am- 'to give food' (*-am- 'by mouth, to eat')] II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
96. PAW *c'VkwV (~ k'w) 'short' • PWN *c'akw- 'short' • PAlg *tetkw-, *tatkw-, *tackw- (~ th, ch, kh) 'be short' [Yu. tkw- 'short, low', PA *tatkw-, *tahkw- 'short] 0 Cf. PSI *xwic 'short' II Nikolaev 2015: 45.
97. PAW *c'VlVyip'V, *c'VlVyip'a:tKE 'root' • PW *K'u:p'ak 'root' • Quil. c'd:boqw-i 'root' • PNi *vizlix (~ -rl-) 'root'; NiY *wa8iulu: 'root' [with metathesis] • PAlg *(w?e-)dlayep-, *(w?e-)dlayepi:t(a)k- (~ th, kh) 'root' [PA *we-tye:pitki, *we-tye:piski,*we-tye:piski, suff. *-tye:petk- 'root'; Wi. ?u-wa-lapitk-a?l, ?u-lapitk-a?l 'roots'; Yu. ?wa-? 'root(s)', ?wo-?ip-'e?y 'angelica root', ?wa-?ip-itak 'root, willow root', also ?wo-hp-ey 'spruce root']. 0 Cf. PS *c'apa?x 'cedar root' II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
98. PAW *dA:p'V 'dark (as the night)' • PWN *da:p- 'dark (as the night)', ? PW *p'ad- 'dark' [methatesis ?] • PA *tep-etk- 'night' [lit. 'dark night': Cree tip-isk 'night', Men. tep-e:h 'last night', Ab. deb-okw 'night', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *t'ap 'dark'.
99. PNA *daywV (~ i) 'opening, door' • PNi *thi 'door; ice-hole' • PAlg *thayw-, *theyw-'through an opening, passage, space, or door; out' [Wi. thig- 'out', Yur. tew-o?n 'it breaks (of rope or string)', PA *taw- (pref.) 'to open', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *tax 'open up, branch out' II Nikolaev 2015: 55. PNi *th- < *t(V)X-.
100. PNA *di « *?idV 'to say, tell' • PNi *it- 'to say, tell' • PAlg *the-l-, *tha-l- 'to talk' [Wi. tha-l- 'to talk', Yu. t-ey-er-ew 'to talk', t-ay-aw 'to speak', PA *ta-i- 'to tell'] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
101. PAW *di:RwV ~ *di:cwV (~ a:) 'meat, flesh' • PWN *di:qw- 'meat, flesh' in Oo. diq'wmy'a 'cheek meat of fish', Ha. diqwa 'diseased fish with white spots in flesh' • PNi *tju-r 'meat' [Am. cur, Sakh. tur]; NiY *cu:l 'meat' • PAlg *thew- (~ t) > Yu. tew-on, -tew 'flesh' II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
102. PAW *di:xV 'to defecate, urinate' • PWN *di:x- 'to defecate (said of an animal)' • PAlg *dik-, (dim.)*$ik- 'to urinate, defecate' [Wi. tik-al- 'to urinate', Yu. ?ahk-ek' 'I urinate, I piss (of men)', PA *sek- 'to defecate, urinate'] 0 Cf. PSI *tk-ay' 'urine'.
103. PAW *di:mcwE (~ q'") 'arm' • PW *du:mqw- > PWN *du:qw-, *damqw- 'armpit' • PNi *tamk 'hand, arm', NiY *$irqa- 'hand, finger, paw, sole' II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
104. PAW *dixwA (~ o) 'to jump' • PW *duxw- 'to jump' • PNi *txa-rm- 'to run, gallop'.
105. PNA *do:nKA (~ t') 'to touch' • PNi *toK- 'to touch' • PA *ta:nk- 'to touch' [Fox ta:g-e$k-dmw-a. 'he touches it with the foot', Oj. ta:nk-in-ik-e: 'he touches, catches', Mic. tok-am-as-i 'to strike', etc.] .
106. PNA *dO:nXE (~ t', K) 'strong' • PNi *tonx- 'strong' • PA *so:nk- 'strong' [Cree so:hk-is-iw 'he is strong, resolute', WOj. so:nk-a:kk-u?an-k 'he makes it fast', etc.].
107. PAW *dV 'demonstrative stem' • PW *da 'this, that' • PNi *tu- 'this', *to-n- 'this (visible)' • PAlg *ta, *ti 'the one (known but not previously mentioned)' [Wi. ta 'the, some', ci 'that's where, what, why', Yu. tu? 'and then', Cree -te: '(t)hither', -ta '(t)here)', Ab. io-dd 'this one (inanimate)', etc.] Nikolaev 2015: 43.
108. PAW *gV ~ *g"V 'demonstrative stem' • PW *ga: 'this; here' • PNi *ku- 'that (invisible)' • PAlg *kw-Vl- 'he, she, it' [Wi. k"-il-g?l, Yu. k"-el-as, etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
109. PNA *ga:rV 'salmon, trout' • PNi *qar 'trout' • PA *ki:ko:n- 'fish (generic)' [WOj. kiko:n, etc.] 0 Cf. PS *kan-ax" 'salmon (generic term)' II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
110. PAW *galq"E ~ *k'alq"E 'to urinate' • PW *k'alq"- 'to urinate (man)' • PNi *kiy- 'to urinate'.
111. PNA *g3:p'V 'to stand' • PNi *k3p-r- 'to stand, stand up' • PAlg *ga:p- (~ ph) 'to stand' [Yu. -o?op, PA *-ka:p-, *kap-] 0 Cf. PSI *yap 'to stand upright' II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
112. PAW *gilV (~ a, l') 'three' • Quil. q"d:?l 'three' • PNi *ce- 'three' [< *kje- < *kle-] • PAlg *ni-khl-, *ni-khr- 'three' [Wi. dik, dikh-, Yu. nahks-, PA *ne?i-w-] 0 Cf. PS *ka?i-as 'three' II Ni-kolaev 2015: 57.
113. PAW *gilV (~ 3) 'long' • PWN *g3l- 'long, tall' • PNi *kil- 'long' • ? PAlg *ken-ew- 'long' [Yu. kn-ew-, PA *ken-w-], where -n- may go back to *-l-n- II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
114. PAW *go:l'V 'to suspect' • PWN *ga:l'- 'to suspect sb.' • PNi *qol-o-, *qol-rnlv- 'to suspect'; NiY *qolluj- (~ o) 'to envy'.
115. PAW *guLA 'to open' • PWS *kuK- 'to open' • PNi *kul-u-, *kul-kul- 'to open eyes, stare'.
116. PAW *gA:cV ~ *g"A:cV 'to rub' • PWN *g"3s- 'to rub, scrub, wring out (washing)' • PA *ka:s-, *kes- 'to rub, wipe, wash' [Cree ka:s-i:h-am 'to wipe, wash', Men. kes-i:hkw-an 'towel', WOj. kis-i:nkw-e: 'he washes his face', etc.].
117. PAW *g"i:gWV 'leg, foot' • PW *g"i:gWi: 'leg, foot, flipper' • PAlg *-ki:k- (~ kh) > Yu. -ekik 'hip(s)' II Nikolaev 2015: 48.
118. PAW *g"V 'interrogative stem' • PW *?an-ga, *?an-g"a 'who' • PNi *an-q 'who' • PA *ke:-kw- 'something; which?' [Men. ke:k-o:h 'something', WOj. ke:k-o: 'something', etc.]; PAlg *we:-kw- 'what' [Wi. k"-diw-a 'what?', PA *we:-kw- 'what is it?'] 0 PS *ka(n) 'interrogative stem (do what? do something); (be) where, how?)' II Nikolaev 2015: 45.
119. PAW *y"i:KV 'to dwell' • PWN *g"u±w- 'to live in a place, reside, dwell, settle', *g"u:x"- 'to dwell' • PA *wi:k- 'dwell' [Cree wi:k-iw 'to dwell', WOj. wi:k-uw-a:m 'house', etc.].
120. PAW *ywulV 'to crawl, go on all fours' • PW *gul- 'to crawl, go on all fours' • PNi *ful- 'to crawl, go on all fours'.
121. PAW *ca:iV 'to speak' • PWN *ca:i- 'to call sb. names' • PNi *qla-j- 'speak' • PAlg *ga:l-, *ga:i- 'to speak' [Yu. ?ol-oy-e?w 'it calls (e.g. of a bird)', ?ol-oy-ok-e?l 'larynx, vocal chords, throat', PA *kai-aw-, *kei-aw- 'to speak'] 0 Cf. PS *qwal 'to speak, think'.
122. PAW *cemV 'head' • PW *-cam(-i), *-s-Gam 'round thing; mask' [originally perhaps 'head']'; PWN *cwu:-cwm-i: 'face' ["head-face", compound consisting of PW *G*u:- 'face' and *cam- 'head'] • PNi *hem-i 'temple' 0 Cf. PS *q'wum 'head, skull, hair on head' II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
123. PAW *ci:gE 'tooth' • PW *gi:g- 'tooth' • PNi *khik 'fang' II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
124. PAW *cu:lV (~ i) 'k. of fish' • PWN *cwu:i- 'trout' • PNi *qhol 'common rud' 0 Cf. PS *qal 'salmon (generic)' I Nikolaev 2015: 53.
125. PAW *cu:cV (~ s) 'to shake' • PW *gi:s- 'to shake head' • PNi *qhoz-, *qhos-qhoz- 'to shake, shake head'.
126. PAW *cu:dV(~ t') 'body' • PW *-gi:t (suff.) 'on body' • PNi *hut 'body, carcass'.
126a. PAW *KAyV 'far' • PWS *xay-a:- (~ s-) 'far' • PA *ay-a:-k(a)w- 'far off' [Men. aya:ki:htaw 'far back in ancestry', Natick aongkoue 'utmost, farthest off', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 45.
127. PAW *KVnV ~ *K-wVnV (~ n) 'to carry' • PWN *can- 'to carry in the arms' • PA *wen-ik- 'to carry on shoulders' [Cree on-ik-a:t-e:w, Men. an-e:k-an-e:w 'he carries him on his shoulder', WOj. on-ik-e: 'he carries sth. over a portage', etc.].
128. PAW *Gwa:(r)q'wV (~ a:) 'raven' • PW *Gwa:xw- 'raven' • PAlg *ka:(h)k-, *kwa:(h)kw- (~ kh) 'raven' [Yu. kw-ey-okw, PA *ka:hka:k-iw-a, *ka:ka:k- 'raven'].
129. PAW *Gwi: 'whale' • PWN ^i:- 'whale' • PNi *qe-j 'whale' 0 Cf. PS *qwa-nis 'whale' II Ni-kolaev 2015: 53.
130. PAW *GwolyV 'seagull' • PWS *qwal-i:, *qwalala-i 'seagull' • PNi *qojla 'seagull'.
131. PAW *K-wi:Xq'wV (~ rq'w) 'to pull' • PWN *G(w)u:qw-, *q'wu:qw- 'to pull, tug, hoist sth. up' • PA *wi:hkw- 'to pull' [WOj. wi:kk-up-in-a:t 'he pulls him in', Ab. o-wihkw-en-em-en 'to pull in', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *xwuk'w, *xwukw 'pull (out)'.
132. PAW Vo-.lV (~ i:) 'fat (n.)' • PWN ^wi- 'animal fat, tallow, marrow' • PAlg *wel-, *w-ey-el- 'fat (n.)' [Wi. -wil-dkhw-i?l-iw ' (animal's) fat', Yu. wel 'fat', PA *wi:l-enw-i 'fat'] II Ni-kolaev 2015: 38, 53.
133. PNA *haGA (~ a, q') 'headdress, cap' • PNi *haq 'headdress, cap' • PAlg *?ek- 'hat' [Wi. k-ihy 'basketry cap', Yu. ?ek-ah, ?ek-ahp- 'hat, cap'].
134. PAW *haywV (~ a) 'to yawn, open the mouth wide' • PW *hax- 'to yawn, open the mouth wide, open sth. jawlike' • PNi *hava- 'to open the mouth wide' 0 Cf. PS *haw 'to yawn'.
135. PNA *hapV (~ a) 'lungs' • PNi *hav-[h]af 'lungs' • PA -hp-an- 'lung(s)' [Cree -hp-an, Men. -hp-a:n, Ab. o-hp-dn 'lung', etc.].
136. PAW *ha3V 'to sneeze' • PWN *has-, *?as- 'to sneeze' [also PW *ha?ic(x)] • PNi *hac-hac- 'to sneeze' • PAlg *?a:c- (~ o, c, ch, ch) > Yu. ?oc- 'to sneeze'.
137. PAW *hAqAgV (~ k') 'k. of berries' • PWN *qak- 'bunchberries (Cornus canadensis)' • PNi *haqaq 'red bilberry' II Nikolaev 2015: 51.
139. PAW *ha: (~ a:) 'to go' • PWN *ha:- 'to go, move' • PAlg *ha:- 'to go' [Wi. kitka wi-l-d-th-um 'I'm going with her', l-a-g(i) 'to go'; Yu ho: 'to go, travel', PA *-a:- 'to go', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 44.
140. PAW *hA:loV 'crotch, armpit' • PWN *-ha:q-(i:), -ha:G-i: (suff.) 'crotch' • PAlg *-irk-a:w-(~ kh) > Yu. -ark-ow 'armpit' 0 Cf. PS *-aq, *-aq' (suff.) 'crotch, sexual organs'.
141. PAW *hA:sV 'to breathe' • PW *ha:s- 'to breathe' • PAlg *has-, *hes- (~ ?-) 'to breathe' [PA *-ai-amw- 'breath' , Yu. s-ew 'to breathe, sigh'].
142. PAW *hA:tV (~ t') 'ear' • PWN *-ha:t-u: (suff.) 'ear' • PAlg *-ht-?l-, *-hc-?r- 'ear; to listen' [PA *-ht-aw-ak- 'ear', suff. *-ht-, *-hs- 'ear; to listen'; Wi. -atb-al-uk 'ear', sap-ar-uk- 'to listen'; Yu. cp-ey-a?r 'ear', cp-e?r-oy- 'to listen', r-e?r-oy- 'to hear sth. as news', cp-ey-u?r 'to tell a story'] II Nikolaev 2015: 38.
143. PAW *heGEjV ~ *hejEGV 'goose' • PW *hanG-a:q 'goose' • PNi *iyj-a 'merganser' I Nikolaev 2015: 53.
144. PAW *hak'wE ~ *k™ahE « *?ahk'wE 'to drink; water' • PW *k'a-, *?ak[']w- > PWS *c'a- 'to drink'; PWS *c'a-?akw 'water' [this PWS compound seems to have meant 'drinking water'] • PChi *k'wa:y-, *k'a:w- > Quil k'wd:ya, Chem. c'o:wa, -c'o: 'water' • PNi *ay- 'give to drink, irrigate, pour on', *iy-r 'creek' • PAlg *-a:hkw-, -ehkw- (~ kh) 'to drink' [PA *men-ehkw-, Yu r-ekw-ohp- 'to drink']; *-a:k-awy-, *-ek-awy- 'to flow'; PA *akw- (adverbial stem) 'out of/in the water'; *-a:k-amy-, *-e:k-amy- (suff.) 'natural body of water', *kwa:-p- 'out of the water' 0 Cf. PS *?uqw 'to drink; water'; *qwu?, *qu-l, *qa-l 'water; to drink'; suff. *-qwa, *-kwa 'water' II Ni-kolaev 2015: 44, 51.
145. PAW *hapV(lV) 'hair (body, facial)' • PW *hap- 'hair (body, facial)' • PNi *af 'moustache, beard, tentacles'; *j-av-r-k-i 'body hair' • PAlg *-ep-l, *-ep-r (facial, head) [Wi. -ap-i- 'hair-
like object', Yu. ?lep 'hair', PA *-i:i-e?-i- 'head hair' ("head+hair")] 0 Cf. PSI *w3p 'hair, fur, cover of grass, weed' I Nikolaev 2015: 39.
146. PAW *h3:?V ~ *?3:hV 'yes' • PW *ha:(?a) 'yes' • PNi *hi (~ 3) 'yes' • PA *e:he 'yes', Yu. ?ey, ?e:, ?e:y; ?i:; ?i:y 'yes'.
147. PAW *h3:ym'V 'old' • PWN *-ha:m'-a: (suff.) 'old, worn-out, useless' • PNi *h3jm-r- 'old'.
148. PAW *hi:iV (~ e:) 'tongue; to lick' • Quil. iiii:-t-ot 'tongue' • PNi *hil-k, *hil-x 'tongue', *hel-[h]el- 'lick' • PA *-e:i-any- 'tongue' [Cree -e:y-an-iy, WOj. -e:n-en-iw, etc.] 0 Cf. PSI *t-ai-a? 'tongue' II Nikolaev 2015: 44, 48.
149. PAW *hi:rxk'E 'louse (head)' • PW *c-i:xk- 'louse' [with prefix of inalienable possession] • Quil. wi:k'-is 'louse' • PNi *hirk-r 'nit, body louse' • PAlg *hihk-w- 'louse' [Wi. ikw 'louse', Yu. m-ohk-oh 'head louse', PA *ehkw- 'louse'] 0 Cf. PS *m-3xk-n ~ *m-3xk'-n 'head louse' II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
150. PAW *hinV (~ e) 'to carry' • PWN *h3n-q-, *h3n-kw- 'to carry in one's apron or blanket' • PNi *hin- 'to carry on back'.
151. PAW *hoAVq'A ~ *hoq'VAA 'hole' • PWS *?aq'iK (also *q'aq'iK 'cave' with reduplication] • PNi *holq-e- 'deepening, hole' • PA *-a:iak- (suff.) 'hole' [Fox mak-a:nak-et-on-wa, Oj. mank-a:nak-it-on 'he has a large mouth', etc.].
152. PAW *homV 'to carry on back' • PW *ham-, *?am- 'carry on one's back, shoulders' • PAlg *-o:m- 'carry on one's back' [Yu. n-a:m-ew 'grab in one's mouth', n-o:?m 'carry (a load)', PA *-o:m- 'carry on back', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 55.
153. PAW *hObV (~ p') 'to dip' • PWN *h3p- 'to dip, immerse, dye' • PNi *hup-u- 'to dip'.
154. PNA *hO:bV « *?O:hbV (~ p') 'to tie' • PNi *hup- 'to tie tightly' • PAlg *?aph-, *?eph- 'to tie' [Wi ?3ph- 'to tie', Yu. -(i)p-et- 'bundle; to tie', PA *-ahp-ii, -it 'to be tied', etc.], PA *a:p- 'cord' [Cree ahc-a:p-iy 'bow', Men. kenu-ap-i:k-at 'it's a long string', Mic. ab-i 'cord', etc.].
154a. PNA *hu:mV (~ m') 'to hurry' • PNi *mom-jo- 'to hurry' [reduplication] • PAlg *him- 'hurriedly' [Wi. im-3r3tw- 'hurriedly'; Yu. him-ec-ok' 'I hurry', him-en 'quickly', etc.].
155. PAW *hu:xE 'head, nape' • PWN *hi:x- 'head' • PNi *oy-r-i 'nape (of the neck)' II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
156. PAW *hV 'demonstrative stem' • PW *hi:- 'that ("empty root")' • PNi *hu-r- 'this ("a little farther")'; *ho- 'this (remote)' II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
157. PAW *kA:mV 'chief' • PWS *ca:m-at'a 'chief' [*c- < PW *k-] • PA *-kem-a:- 'chief' [Cree u-kim-a:w 'chief', Fox $a:-kim-a:hkw-e:w-a 'chieftain-woman', WOj. sa:-kim-a: 'an Indian not belonging to the Grand Medicine, yet knowing medicine well', etc.].
158. PNA *kerck'wA (~ q'w) 'to fish with line and hook' • PNi *kherqo- 'to fish with line and hook' • PAlg *kackw-, *keckw-, *ketkw- (~ kh, th, ch) 'to fish with hook' [Yu. k3t 'trout fishing pole', k3tk-ek' 'I go trout fishing', PA *kwetkw- 'to fish with a hook', *me-kesk-an- 'fish hook', etc.].
159. PAW *kE(~ g) 'along with' • PW *ki (~ g) > PWS *-ci (suff.) 'along with' • PA *kek- 'along, with' [Cree, WOj. kik-i 'having such and such a thing', Fox kek-ap-iw-a 'he sits having sth.', etc.].
160. PAW *kElV 'to fear' • PWN *kai- 'to be amazed, afraid' • PNi *khl-u- 'to fear' • PA *kwa:l-, *kakwa:l- 'frightful' [Men. kakuan-e?nak-e:n-eht-am, WOj. kakwa:n-issak-e:n-tam 'he thinks it terrible', Ab. gwahl-ial-ew-a 'he startles someone', etc.].
161. PNA *kirjV (~ q, X) 'sun, moon' • PNi *kher- 'sun', NiY *kin(i)j3- 'moon, month' • PAlg *k-ey-ech- 'sun, moon', *kech- 'sunshine, daylight' [Wi. k3ch-a?y 'day', Yu. kec-i? 'it is daylight', PA *ki:s-e?iwa 'sun/ moon/ month', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *kwus3n 'star' II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
162. PAW *kOlxV ~ *k'Olk'V ~ *k'wi:lk'V 'round' • PWN *k3lx- 'round, round thing, to turn (wheel), to make sth. round' • PNi *kulku-r 'wheel' • PA *kwe:ik- 'to turn, return' [Cree
kwe:sk-in-am 'he turns it about', Men. ko:hk-aw-ew 'to tip over, upset', Penobscot kosk-ow-e 'to tip over, upset' etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
164. PAW *kV 'you (sg.), thou' • PChi *ki- > Quil. ci, Chem. ce:ya 'thou' • PNi *chi 'thou' • PAlg *ke?- (prefix) 'thou, thee, thy', *ke?ila 'thou' 0 Cf. PS *n-kwa, *n-ywa 'thou (independent pronoun)', *?an[yw]- '2nd singular possessive prefix' *-axw '2nd singular transitive subject suffix', *-k-axw '2nd singular intransitive subject affix', etc II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
165. PNA *kVlajVwV ~ *kVjalVwV (~ a) 'bird of prey' • PNi *cham-j 'eagle' [< *khjam- < *khlajw-], NiY *coma- (~ o) 'raven' • PAlg *ken-ey-lew- (~ kh) 'a sp. of brownish hawk' [Yu. knu:-u 'hawk', PA *kenliw-a 'eagle'] II Nikolaev 2015: 54.
166. PNA *KicV(-KE) (~ Q, X) 'wild cat' • PNi *khis-k 'cat' • PAlg *ka:c-, *ket- (~ kh, th, ch) 'wild cat' [Yu. k-ey-et 'puma', PA *kas-ak-e:ns- 'cat'].
167. PNA *KVdibV (~ t', p') 'thick (cloth), tight (fabric)' • PNi *tip-i (~ *c-) 'tight (fabric)' • PA *ketp-, *kecp- 'thick (e.g., cloth)' [Yu. keip-e?n 'it is thick (cloth, etc.)', PA *ketp- 'thick'].
168. PAW *k'a: 'negative stem' • PWN *k'i:-, *k'a- 'negative stem', PWN *-k(a:) (suff.) 'un-' • PNi *qha-u- 'no, there isn't' • PAlg *ka- 'negative stem' [Wi. ka- (pref.) 'negative', Yu. k-en-im-i 'emphatic negative'; k-im-i 'negative with reference to time'; PA *ka- 'negative stem'] II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
169. PAW *k'e:ma:k'wA ~ *ge:ma:k'(w)A 'ring' • PWS *k'a:ma±w 'ring' • PNi *kemqa 'iron ring on the rim of shaman's tambourine'.
170. PAW *k'E:sV 'loose' • PWN *k'as- 'loose, to loosen' • PA *ke:hs-aw- 'loose' [Men. ke:hs-aw-e:hn-en, WOj. ke:ss-aw-iss-in 'to be loose on the handle', etc.].
171. PAW *k'a: ~ *?a:k'E 'to reach' • PWN *-ka: (suff.) 'to reach, manage to do, get to or exceed limit' • PNi *ak- 'to reach'.
172. PAW *k'inxwV ~ *ginxwV (~ e) 'curly' • PWN *k'anxw- 'to be curly (hair), to be curled up (in chair)' • PNi *kev-kev- 'curly'.
173. PAW *k'i: « *?i:k'V • PW *?i:k'- 'above' • PNi *khi- 'above'.
174. PAW *k'i:wjV ~ *gi:wjV 'to freeze; cold' • PW *k'in- 'to feel cold' • PNi *kij- 'to freeze, cool down' • PA *ko:n- 'snow' [Cree ko:n-a, Men. ko:n, etc.] 0 Cf. PS *k'im 'cold, to freeze' I Nikolaev 2015: 37, 54.
175. PAW *kwa:rkA 'dry' • PW *kwa:k- (~ g°) > PWS (suff.) -kwa:k-t, -kwa:s-t 'dried' • Quil. q'i:x-'dry' • PNi *qharxa-harm- 'hard, dry' • PA *ka:hk- 'dry' [Cree ka:hk-e:w-ak 'dried meat', Men. ka:hk-ek-es-ow 'to dry', WOj. ka:sk-iw-ak 'dried meat', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 37, 50 (compared with PWN *q'ak- 'to dry and pound salmon eggs').
176. PAW *kwa:xwV 'warm, hot' • PWN *kwu:xw- 'warm' • PNi *qhav- 'hot' II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
177. PAW *kwe:mV 'to know, understand' • PW Vam- (~ g°) > PWS *kam-ai 'known' • PNi *him-, *khim- 'to know, understand, realize' • PAlg. *k(w)a:m- (~ kh, o:) > Yu. kom- 'to understand, feel' I Nikolaev 2015: 40 (PW *xam- > PWS *xam- 'to know, know how, recognize' and Quil. xab- 'to know how' are compared instead of PWS *kam-ai 'known').
178. PAW *kwa?V « *?akwV 'to jump' • PWS *ka?-axkat- 'jump'; PWN *?ak- 'to jump on the surface of the water (said of whales, dolphins, fish)' • PNi *khi- (~ a) 'to jump, jump on the surface of the water' • PA *kwa:s-kwa:s- 'to jump' [Cree kwa:s-kwa:s-kwanip-i:hk-e:w 'the big vein from the heart, "jumper"', Oj. kwa:k-kwa:s-konip-i:kk-a:n? 'kangaroo, grasshopper', etc.].
179. PAW *kwomV 'to stoop' • PWN *kwam- 'to stoop, to bend the body down' • PNi *khun-tku-'round-shouldered'.
180. PNA *k.wonV (~ qw, n') 'light; day' • PNi *khun-u 'dawn'; *khun-u- 'light, transparent' • PA *-wi-kwen- 'day' [*nei-wi-kwen-ak-es-iw-a 'he is three days old'; *nye:w-wi-kwen-i 'four days'; *meta:hi-wi-kwen-i 'ten days', *-tahi-wi-kwen-ak-atw-i 'it is so many days old', etc.].
181. PAW *k'(w)EkA 'to squeak, creak' • PWN *k'ak-, *k'wak- 'to squeak, creak' • PNi *kev- 'to squeal'.
182. PNA *k'WEyV (~ q'w, gw) 'owl' • PNi *kiku 'owl' • PAlg *kway- (~ kh) > Yu. kw^gy-ac 'screech owl'.
183. PAW *k'we:pV 'to separate' • PWN *n:p- 'to separate, split up, divorce' • PNi *vev- 'particular', *vev-u- 'to separate'.
184. PAW *k'we:Tqwv (~ q'w) 'lichen' • PWN *k'wa:?qw- 'lichen' • PAlg *ki:kw-t- (~ kh) > Yu. kikwf-en- 'moss; rotten wood' I Nikolaev 2015: 47, 55.
185. PAW *k'wilVrjV (~ a) 'worm' • PWN *k'wdl-p- > Ha. k'wjbm 'worm' • PNi *kilarj-a 'snake' and *chr/-a 'viper'; NiY *kölni-ja- 'worm, caterpillar' • PAlg *?(e)ye(:)-kwi- (~ kh) > Yu. ?ye-kwi 'maggot, worm' 0 Cf. PS *q'yaA'an 'snail, slug' II Nikolaev 2015: 46.
186. PAW *k'wi:3V 'to bend, fold' • PW *k'wu:s- 'fold, bend' • PNi *khic- (~ t) 'bend, bow' 0 Cf. PS *k'w?c' 'to bend, twist'.
187. PAW *k'wonsV « *?onsk'wA 'neck' • PWN *k'w3ns- (~ c) 'gill(s)' • Quil. -q'wos 'neck' • PNi *qhos-r 'neck, Adam's apple' • PAlg *-sk-w- 'neck' [PA *-ikw-e:-k-an-, suff. *-Vikw-/*-Vkw-'neck'; Wi. -asw- 'neck' in hi-tdkw-asw-al-ii 'she fell and broke her neck', (hu)w-6sw-itk-ad-a?l 'her neck'] 0 Cf. PS *k'as-pan 'neck' II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
188. PAW *k'woiV ~ *?oik'wA 'to sleep' • PW *k'ai- 'to sleep, to dream' • PNi *qho- 'to sleep' • PAlg *-i:ikw-, *-eikw- (~ kh) 'to sleep, dream' [Yu. ka:m-iikw-ok' 'I dream a bad dream about sth.', etc., PA *-enkw 'sleep' < *-en-eikw-] I Nikolaev 2015: 43.
189. PAW *k'wOcV (~ s, s) 'wolf, wolverine' • PWN *k™as- 'wolf' • PNi *khuz-r 'wolverine', NiY *khöre(y)el 'wolf'.
190. PAW *la 'to be in a position, be such as' • PW *la- 'to be in a position' • PNi *-la (suff.) 'to be such as'.
191. PNA *la:gA « *?a:lgA (~ l', k', g, q') 'snowshoe, ski' • PNi *laq 'ski' • PA *a:k-em- 'snowshoe' [Cree -a:k-im, Men. a:k-em, WOj. a:k-im, etc.]
192. PAW *la:yVwV 'wind; to blow (wind)' • PW *yu:- 'wind; to blow (wind)' [< *l(V)yew-] • PNi *la 'wind'; NiY *ilija- 'wind' • PAlg *lo:yew- 'wind, to blow' [Yu. ro:-k"s 'wind', PA *lo:w- < *lo:yew- 'wind, to blow'] 0 Cf. PS *-al-aq (suff.) 'wind, weather' I Nikolaev 2015: 45, 54.
193. PNA *link'E (~ l', a, q') 'to shake' • PNi *lik-lik- (~ a) 'to shake, tremble' • PA *nenenk- 'to shake' [Fox nenenk-esk-a:w-i 'it moves up and down', Oj. ninink-ac-i 'shiver, tremble with cold', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *la%w, Val 'to shake, hurry'.
194. PNA *lünmV (~ l', n', m') 'salmon, trout' • PNi *lojm(-r) 'trout' • PA *nam-e:- 'trout, sturgeon; fish' [Cree nam-e:-w 'sturgeon', Fox nam-e:S-a 'fish', WOj. nem-e: 'sturgeon', Ab. nam-a-(o)kw 'trout', etc.].
195. PAW *lu:, *lu:-r- 'to sing' • PWN *nu:-, *nai-, *nal- 'to sing' • PNi *lu 'song', *lur-ju- 'sing'; NiY *lor-da-, *loju-da- 'to dance'0 Cf. PS *lul 'to sing'.
195a. PAW *lVxE 'to slip, slide' • PWN *Aax- 'to slip, slide' [probably from PW *t-lVx-] • PNi *ley-, *th-ley- 'to slide' 0 Cf. PS *lix 'slime, slimy' I Nikolaev 2015: 47.
196. PAW TExwA « *?Exwl'A 'to cough' • PWN Ta^- 'to cough' • PNi *qhj-ev- 'to cough' 0 Cf. PS *?axwu? 'to cough'.
197. PAW *l'u:r'3V 'moon' • PWN *n'u:?s-i: 'moon, month' • PNi *lor- 'moon', NiY *jä-lon:3a 'sun' I Nikolaev 2015: 41.
198. PAW *Aa 'near' • PW *Aa- 'near' • PNi *la-K- 'near', -le- (postpos.) 'near' I Nikolaev 2015: 45.
199. PAW *Aa: 'to stand' • PW *Aa:- 'to stand' • PNi *la-r- 'to get up on the back paws' • PA *ia-m-at- 'to stand up, erase' [*we-iam-ac-i- 'he stands erect', *ne-iam-at-en-e:n-i 'I erect it, erase it', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 43.
200. PAW *Aa:rjgwV 'to borrow' • PWN * *Aa±w- (/ Ai±w-) 'to borrow' • PNi *larj-r- 'to borrow'.
201. PAW *Ai:gwE 'spiritual power' • PW *Au:gw- 'supernatural power' • PNi *liy-i- 'omnipotent (shaman)'.
202. PAW *Ao?V 'together' • PW *Aa?u(:) '(with) another' • PNi *rolo 'mutually, together' [reduplication ?].
203. PAW *Au:xV ~ *A'u:xV (~ q') 'skin, fur' • PWS *A'ix-aq 'skin, fur' • PAlg *Ao:k- (~ kh) 'skin, feather' [Yu. r-ey-o? 'feather', PA *-io:k- 'hide, skin'] II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
204. PAW *Ae:xE « *?e:AxE 'to look for, watch' • PWN *Aa:x- 'to look for lice' • PNi *khi- 'to wait' • PAlg *?eki-, *?eik- 'to watch' [Wi. ki- 'to watch', Yu. ik-y- 'to look at, watch', PA *aik- 'to wait, lie in ambush'] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
206. PAW *Aik'E (~ a, g) 'to notch' • PWN *Aak- 'to notch' • PNi *tak- 'to notch' [cf. borrowed PIt *lok'-al 'notch, mark'].
207. PAW *A'imqA (~ e, g) 'to hop on one foot' • PWN *A'amq- 'to hop on one foot' • PNi *teK-(~ c) 'hop on one foot'.
208. PAW *A'i:rqE 'cold, to freeze' • PWN *A'u:xw- 'ice; to ice up, to freeze, to congeal' • PNi *lakri- 'to chill'; NiY *ierka- (~ j-) 'to shiver with cold' • PA *tahk- 'cool, cold' [Cree tahk-a:k 'when it is cool', Fox tahky-a:w-i 'cold', Men. tahk-i:k 'when it is cool', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *A'axw 'cold (object)' II Nikolaev 2015: 37.
209. PAW *A'ogwE 'to kneel' • PW *A'akw- 'to kneel, to lean in the elbow, to push with the knee or elbow' • PNi *luk- 'to kneel, bow'.
209a. PAW *iarV-k'(w)V « *?airV-k'(w)V 'woman' • PW *iuk- 'woman' • PNi *rharq 'woman' ["incorporated" form of *tharq] • PAlg *?aikw-, *?eikw- (~ kh) 'woman, female' [Yu. ?aik-ah 'bitch', PA *eikw-e:w- 'woman'] 0 Cf. PS *ian-ay' 'woman' II Nikolaev 2015: 45. PAW *iarV-k'(w)V contains the same diminutive (?) suffix as ##19, 21, 19, 300.
210. PAW *ii:hV ~ *?i:hiV (~ e:) 'to lie' • PWN *ii:- 'to lie (said of many people)' • PAlg *-Vhi 'to lie, fall' [Wi. -i-, PA *-hi- 'to fall, lie'] II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
211. PAW *ii:yV 'thunder' • PWS *iu:-t- 'thunder' • PNi *lij 'thunder'.
212. PAW *iOxwV 'almost, all the time' • PWN *iu:xw- 'almost (happening)' • PA *iaxk-, *iehk-'all the time, long time' [Cree tahk-i 'all the time', Fox nehk-i 'so long a time as', etc.].
213. PAW *iVq'(w)E « *?Viq'{w)E 'bone' • PWN *iaqw-, *A'aqw- 'pit (in fruit); inside of sea eggs (urchins); brain' • PNi *r-ak 'gristle' • PAlg *-Vik- 'bone' [Wi. w-atk-ad-dt, Yu. ?w-aik-a?, PA *w-eik-an-, *-k-an-] II Nikolaev 2015: 36, 48.
214. PNA *margA (~ m', a, k', q') 'big, main' • PNi *marG- 'strong, main' • PA *mank- 'big' [Cree mama:hk- 'big', WOj. menkw-akk-em-ik-ess-in 'it has mounds', mema:nk-e- 'big', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 47.
215. PAW *ma: 'near' • PWN *ma:-k- 'near, next to, close' • PNi *ma- 'near, close'; NiY *mi(a)-ka 'near' • PA *ma:-i- 'side by side, in a row' I Nikolaev 2015: 45.
216. PNA *ma:lV (~ m', a:) 'many' • PNi *mal-K-, *mel-K- 'numerous' • PA *ma:l- 'many, much' [Fox ma:n-ew-a 'many', WOj. men-ikk 'many, much', Ab. mel-ohs-es 'very old man', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 47.
217. PAW *ma:lV (~ a:) 'berry, fruit' • PWN *ma:i- 'fruit', *mal-k- 'berry' • PAlg *mal-o:-, *mel-o:-'k. of berry; wild rice (Zizania sp.)' [Yu. men-o-men 'Juneberry', Fox man-o:-min-i 'rice', Men. man-o:-men-an 'wild rice; oats', Ab. mal-o-mon 'wheat', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 51.
218. PAW *ma:?V « *?a:?mV 'to smell' • PW *mi:-s- 'to smell' • PAlg *-a:?m- (~ o:) 'to smell, by smell' > Yu. -o?m- 'to smell'; PAlg *mey-a- > PA *mya:- 'to smell' [Men. wi:ki-mya:kwat 'it smells good'; Cree wi:hki-ma:me:w 'he likes the smell of him', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *hum' 'to smell, sniff'.
219. PAW *me: 'two' • PW *ma:?ia 'two', PWN *ma-t- 'twins' • PNi *mi-, *me- 'two'-, NiY *ma:l-'two' II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
220. PAW *mE: 'to flame, fire' • PWN *mi:- 'to flame' • PAlg *me-hs- 'fire' [with diminutive suffix: Wi. b3-s, Yu. me-c, PA *me-hi-] II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
221. PAW *m3?V « *?3m?V 'to hear', *?3mE-lV 'ear' • PWS *-?amii (suff.) 'ear' • PNi *m-la 'ear', *mi- 'hear, listen' • PAlg *-V?m- 'by hearing (also 'by thought') in Yu. k-o(?)m- 'hear' (also 'understand, feel'), Wi. k-3n-i?m-ii 'hear', PA *pe:m-t-, *no:m-t- 'hear' (< *pe-em-, *no(:)-Vm-) II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
222. PAW *m3:rV 'to swim' • PWN *ma:i- 'to swim' • PNi *mr3- 'to swim (human, animal), bathe'; NiY *mor(i)- 'to swim' • PAlg *-o:l- 'to swim' [Wi. -ul-, Yu. -ur-] II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
223. PAW *m3:xwE 'sea lion' • PWN *ma:xw- 'sea lion' • PNi *miy-r-3 (~ 3) 'sea lion' II Nikolaev 2015: 53.
224. PAW *mi: (~ a:, u:) 'leaf, berry' • PWN mi:- 'leaf' • PAlg *me-n-, *m-ey-en- 'berry, berries' [Yu. men-o-men 'Juneberry', PA *mi:n-, -min- 'berry'].
225. PNA *mi: ~ *?i:mV (~ m') 'to give' • PNi *kh-im-, *im- 'to give, hand over' • PAlg *mi:-l- 'to give' [Wi. bi-l- 'to divide and distribute', PA *mi:-l- 'to give to sb.'] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
226. PAW *mixE ~ *?imxE 'hair, feather' • PWN *m3X- 'long feather of eagle' • PNi *rj-3mx 'head hair; animal hair' • PAlg *mekw-, *m-ey-ekw- (~ kh, g) > PA *mi:k-w-an-, *-[m]ik-w-an-'feather' [WOj. mi:(n)kw-an, Ab. migw-en, etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
227. PNA *mo:ryV (~ m') 'to die' • PNi *mu-, *muj-v- 'to die' • PAlg *ma:hy- 'to die', *meh[y]-t-'to kill' [Yu. moy-k-ek' 'I die', PA *me?-t-ekw-a:py- 'bow, bowstring', *mi:-ikw-ahw-e:w-a 'he hits him with missile', Fox meh-t-ahw-ew-a 'to shoot', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
228. PNA *mOmcKA (~ m', Q, X) 'shoe' • PNi *momsq (~ rq) 'women's footwear' • PA *matk-es-en- 'shoe' [Cree mask-is-in, WOj. mekk-is-in, Arapaho wo?-oh 'moccasin, shoe', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 55.
229. PAW *mulq'(w)E 'bear' • PWS *mucmux-aq 'bear' [reduplication] • PNi *molk 'Asian black bear'3 • PA *maik-w- 'bear' [Cree maskwa, Fox mdhkwa, Mic. -skw, etc.) 0 Cf. PS *mixai 'black bear'.
230. PAW *mu:wV (~ o:) 'deer, elk' • PWS *muw-ac 'deer' [-c < PW *-k] • PAlg *mo:w-, *mew-'elk' [PA *mo:-sw- 'elk, moos', Yu mew-ii 'elk'].
231. PAW *mu: 'dirt(y)' • PWN *mi:-qw- 'dirty, muddy (said of water)' • PA *my-e:y-i 'piece of dung, dropping'; PA *mo:w- 'dirt, dung' [Fox mo:w-a:w-i 'soiled', WOj. -mo:w-an 'droppings', Shawnee mo:w-i 'manure', etc.].
232. PNA *mVNVCV (~ m', N') 'spiritual power' • NiY *monc3 'spiritual power' • PA *maneto:-'spirit' [Cree manito:w, WOj. menito: 'manitou', Fox mmeto:w-i- 'sacred', etc.] 0 PS *na?m 'shaman (power)'.
233. PAW *m'a 'to touch with the hands' • PW *m'a- 'to touch with the hands' • PNi *ma, *ma-n- 'big span (distance between toe and little finger)'.
234. PAW *m'a:hV « *ham'V 'to eat' • PW *ham'- 'to eat', *m'a:- 'to bite, hold in teeth', PWS *m'a:- 'to bite'; *ma:-c-,*ma(:)-s- 'to eat as side dish' • PNi *am- '(fish)bait'; *3m-x, *3m-k 'mouth' • PAlg *?am-w- 'to eat', *-Vm- (suff.) 'by mouth, eating, biting'; PA *mo:[h]w-, *mi:t- 'to eat' 0 Cf. PS *?um-, *?am-, *m- 'to feed, food'; *ma-l '(fish)bait'; PSC *ma-kw 'to eat, put into mouth, chew' I Nikolaev 2015: 38.
235. PAW *(?V)m'A:nsV 'flower, berry' • PW *ma:s- > PWN *ma:s- 'blossom, flowers'; Noo. m'as-, m'a:yi 'young green shoots of salmonberry bush' • PA *eminsy- 'fruit, berry, or nut-bearing tree' [Fox -emis-i, -(e)misy-, Men. -emeh, -emehsy-, etc.].
3 Cf. such Manchu-Tungusic forms as Evenki modika, Manchu mojixan, Negidal, Ulchi monoko(n) 'Asian black bear', which have no Altaic etymologies.
236. PAW *m'A:w'V 'to load' • PW *m'aw'-u 'to load, transport, deliver' • PAlg *-[m]i:w-er, *-[m]i:w-ar (suff.) 'load, burden' [Wi. -ul-aw-, Yu. -u:l-, PA *-i:w-ai-, *i:wei-].
237. PAW *m'awgwE 'blue' • PWS *m'ukw- 'blue' • PNi *mawka- 'dark blue'.
238. PAW *m'e: ~ *?e:m'V 'earth, land' • PWS *nis-m'a-k 'land, country', PWN *-G-m'a:- 'tribe' • PNi *mi-f 'land, place'; *mami 'clay', *or-mi 'clay' • PA *-a:m-ehkw- 'earth, soil' [Fox -a:m-ehk(w)-, Shawnee -a:m-e?k, etc.] 0 Cf. PS *-mi-xw 'earth, land, ground' II Nikolaev 2015: 38.
239. PAW *m'i (~ e) 'we' • Quil. lo-bd:?a, Chem. md:?a-i 'we' • PNi *me- 'we' 0 Cf. PS *n-?im- 'we' II Nikolaev 2015: 45.
240. PAW *m'O:?V « *hO:?m'V 'below' • PWN *-(a:)m'u: 'underlying or implicated in' • PAlg *hi?m-eli 'below' [Wi. i?m-al-, Yu. him-ar].
241. PAW *na ~ *?anV 'interrogative stem' • PW *?a-gwa-, *?an-gwa- 'who?' • Quil ta-qa: 'who' • PNi *an-q 'who', *an- 'who; where', *na-r 'who' 0 Cf. PS *?in-wa-t, *?in-wa-n- 'to say what? (interrogative verb)'.
242. PNA *nabV (~ n', a, p') 'early' • PNi *nap- 'early' • PAlg *neP-t- > PA *ne?-t-am- 'earliest, first in time' [Cree nis-t-am, WOj. net-t-am 'first', etc.].
243. PAW *ni:KwV 'k. of fur game' • PWN *nu±w- 'fur seal' • PAlg *ni:kw- (~ kh) > Yu. nikw-ec 'grizzly bear'
244. PAW *no: 'to hear' • PW *na:- 'to hear' > PWN *na:- in Kw. nanaGiga 'to obey'; PWS *na?a:-'to hear; sense'; *nayi- 'echo' • Quil. ?o:-ld:-x-at, suff. -la-x 'ear' • PNi *no-s 'ear' • PAlg *no(:)-Vm-t- > PA *no:-nt- 'to hear' [Men. n-o:ht-am, WOj. n-o:nt-am, etc.] 0 Cf. PS *t-?an-i?, *t-?an-a? 'ear', suff. *-an-i?, *-an-a? 'ear(side)'; ? *q(-)an 'to hear'.
245. PAW *nowgE (~ k') 'to wait' • PW *nawk- 'to be anxiously expecting sb. who is late, to be worried when sb. is late' • PNi *nuk-nuk- 'wait for'.
246. PAW *nowV ~ *?onwV 'to suck; breast' • PWS *?anma 'breast; to suckle' • PNi *mo-mo- 'to suck' [reduplication]; *mo-c- 'to suck, kiss', *mo-c 'breast (female)' • PAlg *new- 'to suck' [Wi. du-n-ac- 'to suckle', Yu. new 'breast milk', PA *no:-n- 'to suck, suckle'] I Nikolaev 2015: 47. PNi *mo- < **nwo-.
247. PAW *n'i: (~ n', e:) 'down' • PW *-n'i-(?)i:s, *-ni-c-'i(:)s (suff.) 'down to beach' [cf. PW *-hi:s 'on beach'] • PA *ni:-hi- 'down' [Cree ni:-ht-in-am 'to lower', WOj. ni:-ss-ey-a?-i: 'below the place', Ab. le-ss-in 'he lies down', etc.].
248. PAW *n'i:n'V (~ n') 'k. of bird' • PWS *n'i:n'-i(:)c-, *n'ayn'-ays- 'small bird' • Quil. di:d-o?os 'bird (generic)' • PA *nen-emeXk- 'small bird' [Fox nen-emehk-i:w-a 'thunderbird', WOj. ne:n-o:kk-a:ss-i 'hummingbird', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *nina? 'great horned owl' I Nikolaev 2015: 36.
249. PAW *n'o:lV 'to fly' • PWN *n'al- 'to fly' > Kw. n'l-x?id, nl-x?id 'to fly' • PNi *nul-jo- 'to hurry' • PAlg -[n]a:l-, *[n]el- 'to fly' [Wi. -al-, Yu. -ol-, -el-; PA *-i?-l 'to fly' with incorporated PAlg *-ip- 'speed'] II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
250. PAW *n'OLK(w)V (~ n') 'hand, arm' • PW *-n'ukw (suff.) 'in hand' • PA *-neik- 'hand, arm' [Cree kihci-nisk 'right arm', Fox -nehk-i, WOj. nik 'arm, hand', Mic. -(i)nsk-a- 'arm', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 39.
251. PAW *na:gwE ~ *na:gwTV 'night' • PWN *ni±w-, *nakw- 'night, at night' • PNi *nak-r (~ a) 'night' • PAlg *neyt-, *neyc- 'last night' [Wi. dac-aw- 'night', Yu. nahsc- 'night, evening'] 0 Cf. PS *nat 'night; 24 hour period' II Nikolaev 2015: 41, 48.
252. PNA *neyV (~ n') 'to carry' • PNi *ne- 'to put on head or shoulders' • PAlg *nay-, *ney- 'to carry' [*nay-o:m- > Yu. na:-m- 'to carry'; nonow- 'to fetch, invite'; PA *nay-'to carry', *na:-t-, *nena:-t- 'to fetch', etc.].
253. PNA *ni: (~ n') 'to eat' • PNi *ni- 'to eat' • PAlg *no:-n- > Yu. nu-n- 'to feed, food' II Ni-kolaev 2015: 47.
254. PAW *nV 'I' • PW *nu:- 'I; we' • Quil. ld:-b, Chem. ld:-?ai • PNi *ni 'I'; *ni-r 'we (excl.)' • PAlg *ne?- (pref.) 'I, me, my', *ne?-il-a 'I (independent pronoun)' 0 Cf. PS *n-c3, *c3-n3? [with deictic particle *c3] 'I (independent pronoun)'. I Nikolaev 2015: 40.
255. PAW *n'AbV (~ p') 'to die' • PWS *n'ap-xt-a:- 'to die instantly from blow' • PNi *pnu- 'to die (about twins)' [metathesis of *np-u-] • PA *nep- 'to die' [Cree nipiw, Men. nepuah, WOj. nempo, etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 37.
256. PAW *n'e:(wV) 'to see, look' • PW *n'a:- in *n'a:-k- 'to look', PWS suff. *-in'aw-x 'seeking', PWN *n'u:- 'to aim' ■ Quil. da-q'wo: 'eye' • PNi *nu- 'to look, watch', *n-ri- 'to see; find', *na-x 'eye', *ni-sax 'tears', *n-xir 'eyelashes', *ni-t- 'to aim'; NiY *nu(y)3- 'to see, find', *nojdi- 'watch, guard' • PAlg *ne:-w-, *na-w- 'to see' [Yu. new, PA *ne:w-, *naw]; *nen?- 'to look for' [Yu. ni:?n]; *na-, *ne- 'by sight' [PA *-n- 'by sight', *na-t(a)w- 'seek, hunt'], etc. II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
257. PAW *n'3 'one' • PW *n'a-m 'one' • PNi *ni-, *n3-n 'one'; *nuyi 'first, fore' • PAlg *ne-kweht- ~ *ne-kwehc- 'one' [compound "one+half"], PA *ne-hs-ihk-e:w- 'alone', *na-y- 'only; all in one place', *na-w-at- 'first' 0 Cf. PS *na-k', *n-k'u 'one, another', *na-qas 'one' II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
258. PAW *rAcA (~ q') 'snow' • Quil. laq- 'to snow' • PNi *raq-r 'snow'.
259. PAW *ra:hV 'beast of prey' • PW *na:n(a) 'grizzly bear' • PNi *ra 'animal, beast' • PA *mah- 'wolf' [Cree mah-i:hk-an, Men. mah-w-e:w, etc.] 0 Cf. PS *my-aw 'large feline or canine (fox, coyote, lynx, cougar)' I Nikolaev 2015: 53.
260. PAW *ra:%'xwA 'vulva' • PWN *na:?xw- 'vulva' • PNi *malx 'female privy parts'; *mulk 'privy parts of a girl' [PNi *m- instead of *r- perhaps due to "tabooistic" mutation of the original phonetics].
261. PNA *ra:cV (~ c') 'track, trail' • PNi *raz-i-f (~ 3) 'track' • PA *ma:t- 'track, trail' [Cree ma:c-i:w 'he hunts', WOj. ma:t-e?-att-o:t 'he starts to follow its trail', etc.].
262. PAW *r3:?yV 'valley, shoal' • PWN *na:?-x- 'swampy, soggy underfoot, quicksand' • PNi *rij 'valley; shoal, sandbank'.
263. PAW *ri:rgwV 'k. of berries' • PWN *n3kw- 'salal berry' • PAlg *mihkhw- 'salal berry' [Wi. bikh.w-3l, Yu. mahkew 'salal', mahk-ui 'salal berry'].
264. PAW *rigE (~ k') 'rock, clod' • PW *nuk- 'mountain' • PNi *rik-r (~ 3) 'clod' II Nikolaev 2015: 43, 54.
265. PNA *rOkwA (~ r', qw, X) 'fat, grease' • PNi Vx 'fat (n.)', *riy-l- 'fat (adj.)' • PA *makw-'grease' in *makw-ehs-e:w-en-i 'feast, banquet' II Nikolaev 2015: 38.
266. PNA *rOlyV (~ r') 'path, road' • PNi *rol 'path' • PAlg *mey-e:- > PA *mye:- 'road, trail' [Cree me:-sk-an-a:w 'trail, road', WOj. mi:-kk-an 'road', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
267. PAW *ru:sV 'full' • PWS *nis- 'be full, satiated' • PA *mo:s-k- 'full, to fill' [Cree mo:s-k-i-, Fox mo:(h)s-k-i-, WOj. mo:s-k-i- 'to fill', mo:s-k-e?-an 'it is flooded', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
268. PNA *rV- (~ r') 'prefix: inalienable possession' • PNi *r(a)-/r(3)- prefixal morph in many body part terms4 • PAlg *m(V)- 'indefinite possessor of inalienable nouns (body parts, tree, close relatives, louse and dog)' [Wi. b-, Yu. m-, PA *m-] 0 Cf. PS *m(3)- 'prefixal morph in many body part terms and "inalienable" nouns' (*m3-qsn 'nose', *m-3xk'n 'louse', etc.).
4 PNi *r/3cx 'foot, leg', *r/af 'side, rib, hip', *r/ayn 'cheek', *r/ayr, *r/3yr 'skin (animal)', *r/aKri, *r/ayri 'shoulder; rib', *y3ys, *ydyzar (~ -r) 'tooth', *r3]zf 'skin (of paw)', *yalyar 'palate', *ydlf 'kidney', *yaltir 'side, rib', *^amaj 'skin (of seal)', *ydmx 'hair', *rj3ny(a)f 'bone', *yar 'blood', *yary3r 'breast; wing', *yarm 'side, rib', *yarqi 'milt', *yask 'tail (of seal)', *rdski 'back, backbone', *r3vfki 'hair (body), fur', *raw 'intestines', *rawk 'spawn', *rawr(-k) 'brain',
*raz(a)l 'foot, sole', *razf 'gut (of animal)', *raz-r, *raz-aq 'blood vessel', * rax 'milt', *rdjvr 'back side of hand', * yak 'gristle', *ram 'belly', *r3nk 'face', *raziy 'hind paws (of seal)', *rf 'heart', etc.
269. PAW *r'a: 'to go with, go and do' • PW *n'a:- 'go (with)' • PNi *ra- 'go (for some purpose)' • PAlg *ma, *me 'to go and do' [Wi. b- 'to go to do', Yu. me- 'went and did', PA *ma-w- 'to go and do sth.'].
270. PAW *r'a:gE (~ k') 'tail' • PW *na:k- (~ n') 'tail of fish or bird' • Quil. -doqw 'fishtail' • PNi *raki 'tail'; NiY *iaqi-l, *l- 'tail of animals' 0 Cf. PS *-anak (suff.) 'tail, anus, buttocks' II Ni-kolaev 2015: 43.
271. PAW *r'i: 'k. of fur game' • PWN *n'a:-A'- 'wolverine' • PNi *ri-r 'otter' II Nikolaev 2015: 54.
272. PAW *r'i:m'V ~ *m'i:r'V 'all' • PWS *n'u:m'(a)- 'all' • PNi *mir- (~ a) 'wholly' II Nikolaev 2015: 35, 50.
273. PAW *r'i:q'wV 'to swallow' • PW *n'uqw- 'to swallow' (cf. *n'a:q- 'drink') • PAlg *mi:k(w)-(~ kh) > Yu. mik-'olum- 'to swallow' 0 Cf. PS *maq', *maq'w 'to swallow, eat one's fill'.
274. PAW *r'u:yV (~ *?Vr'u:yV) 'egg' • PW *n'i: [PWN *Gi:-n'i: 'salmon roe'; PWS *n'ix 'salmon roe, kidneys'] • PNi *roj-eq 'egg', *roj 'penis', *roj-chox 'sperm' • PA *a:-mi:w- 'to spawn' [Cree a:-mi:w 'she spawns', Oj. a:-mi: '(fish) is spawning', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 38.
275. PNA *pa (~ a) 'to miss' • PNi *pha-r-u- 'to miss' • PA *pa-t-, *pa-i- 'to miss, pass by' [Fox pa-n-a- 'to miss, to fail to', Ab. o-ba-lh-dm 'he errs', etc.].
277. PAW *pAl'V 'thin and flat' • PW *pai- 'flat'; PWN *pal'-, *pal- 'thin and flat (as a layer or sheet of sth.)'; *pal-q- 'to flatten with a hammer, to be somewhere (said of a flat obj.)' • PAlg *pel- 'flat (and wide)' [Wi. pal- 'flat', par- 'little and flat', Yu. pl- 'wide and flat'] 0 Cf. PS *pal 'flat, thin', *p'il, *p'al 'flat'.
278. PNA *pedV (~ t') 'to cover' • PNi *phit-i- (~ c) 'to be covered with sth.' • PA *pet- 'to cover' (Haas 1958: 244).
279. PNA *pehV 'to run' • PNi *phe-y-o- 'to hurry', *ve- 'to run (animal)' • PAlg *pah-, *poh-(~ ph) 'to run' [Yu. pah-c- 'to move one's body', PA *-pah-, *pah-t- 'to run'].
280. PAW *pewV (~ i) 'deep' • PW *pu- 'deep' • PNi *vev- 'deep' ["incorporated" form of *phew-].
281. PAW *pE:sV ~ *?E:psV 'one' • PWN *?aps- 'one (side), the other, the opposite' • PA *pe:s-ekw- 'one' [WOj. pe:s-ik, Ab. baz-ekw, etc.].
282. PAW *padV (~ i, t') 'to split' • PWN *pat- 'to split dry oolachens in two' • PNi *phit- 'to split'.
283. PAW *paysV 'to peel' • PW *pays- 'to peel off inner bark' • PA *pe:hs- 'to peel, husk' [Fox pi:s-a:g-an-i 'to skin, peel', WOj. pess-ak-en-ak-e:kkw-e: 'he peels bark', Ab. ps-i-al-d 'he is skinning', etc.].
284. PNA *pingwE (~ e) 'fly, gnat' • PNi *pherg-r 'fly (n.)'; NiY *pugucee 'midge' • PA *penkw-'gnat' [Cree pihk-os 'gnat', Oj. pink-oss 'sandfly', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 54.
285. PNA *pisk'wE (~ £, q'*) 'k. of bird' • PNi *phisk 'kite' • PA *p-ey-eskw-, *peskw- 'nighthawk' [Cree pi:skw-a 'nighthawk', Men. pe:sk-i? 'mosquito hawk', Shawnee peskw-a 'nighthawk', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *p'dsk'a 'hummingbird'.
286. PAW *pi:xk'wE 'tree, willow' • PW *pu:xkw- > Kw. puxw-as 'willow tree' • PNi *phx-i 'mixed wood (taiga)' • PAlg *pihkw- (~ ph, kh) > Yu pahkw-o? 'willow, red willow'.
287. PNA *piLVlVk'(w)E (~ a) 'stone suitable for making tools' • PNi *valk-i 'chain' ["incorporated" form of *phalk-] • PAlg *peleik- 'stone suitable for making tools' [PA *-a:-peikw-, *-peikw-'stone/metal'; Yu peik- 'gravel, pebbles'; Wi. pidtk 'rock, stone'] I Nikolaev 2015: 55.
288. PAW *pirV (~ a) 'to spread' • PWN *pal-k- 'to be somewhere (said of flat obj.), to spread out' • PNi *phiri- (~ a) 'to spread'.
289. PAW *po:lV (~ i) 'to flood' • PWN *pa:i- 'to rise, flood, overflow (river)' • PNi *phol-x 'whirlpool, deep place'; NiY *palaya- (~ ->) 'to flood' 0 Cf. PS *p'il 'overflow'.
290. PAW *po:lV « *?o:lpV 'large bird' • PWN *pa:i- (also *ma:i-) 'swallow (bird)' • PNi *olvilak 'flying squirrel' • PAlg *pel(-e:yw)- (~ ph) 'large bird' [Yu. pl-i?w-or-es 'k. of owl', pr-ey-on-is, pr-ey-o:s 'condor', pl-ey-e?l 'k. of owl', PA *pel-e:hs- 'bird', *pel-e:w- 'partridge', *-?l-e:w-'bird' (-?l- < *-pl-); *pel-e:nyikw- 'flying squirrel'] 0 Cf. PSC *pa?l 'large bird' II Nikolaev 2015: 36.
291. PAW *po:wV (~ b) 'to dream' • PWS *pu(:)w-'is- 'dreaming' • PA *pa:w-, *a:h-paw- 'to dream' [Cree pa:w-a:m-iw 'to dream', EOj. pa:w-e: 'he gains insight through vision or dream', Fox a:h-paw-e:w-a 'he dreams', WOj. puw-a:n-a:t 'he dreams of him', etc.].
292. PAW *pOy(w)V « *?Opy(*)V 'to heat, burn' • PWN *p3x- 'to heat, hot (like metal)' • PNi *phu-, *phuj- 'to set fire; shine (sun)' • PAlg *po:w-, *pew-, *pu- 'to heat, put on the fire' [Wi. pu 'to cook', hi-piy-dg3d-3t-il 'I scorched my face'; Yu. pew 'to cook', PA *po:n- 'to put on the fire']; PA *apw- 'to heat, roast, bake' [Cree apw-a:n, Men. apu-an 'a roast', Ab. ab-on-ak 'cake', etc.] 0 Cf. PSI *p'3K 'to burn (esp. of forest fire)' II Nikolaev 2015: 37.
293. PNA *pOlk'wA (~ q'°) 'to pierce' • PNi *pholq-o- 'to pierce' • PAlg *pekw-, *pakw- (~ ph, kh) 'to pierce through an obstacle' [Yu. pkw- 'out of a hole'; to bring/come out, PA *pakw-, *pekw- 'to pierce; hole'] 0 Cf. PS *pal'k.w, *p3tkw 'to pierce', *pdlxw 'to pierce, pop out'.
294. PAW *pO:kV (~ b, k') 'thin (flexible obj.)' • PWS *pu:k- 'thin (flexible obj.)' • PA *pepak-'thin, lean' [reduplication: Fox papdg-eh-enw-i, WOj. pepak-a:, etc.] 0 Cf. PSI *p'ax 'thin (layer)' II Nikolaev 2015: 45.
295. PNA *pu:RwV 'k. of seal' • PNi *pho, *phov-k 'seal (small species)' • PAlg *pe(:)yw- (~ ph) > Yu. pe?w-is 'lake porpoise'.
296. PAW *puq'A (~ g) 'fish bladder' • PWS *q™uqw-ac 'bladder' • PNi *phoqi 'fish bladder' II PWS *q'w- instead of *p'- due to assimilation.
297. PAW *pVc'V 'to be hot, to warm' • PWN *p3c'- 'to warm oneself by the fire' • PA *pas-et- 'be hot' [Cree pas-it-e:w 'it is on fire', Fox pas-et-e:w-i 'it is hot, burnt', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
298. PAW *pVkwV (~ k'w) 'edible root' • PWN *p3kw- 'cedar roots (edible)' • PAlg *pekw-an-e (~ ph, kh) 'Indian rhubarb (a plant with edible roots)' [Yu. p3kw-3n-3? 'Indian rhubarb', PA *pekw-an- 'wild rhubarb, burdock', etc.].
299. PAW *pVlarq'A 'leaf, flower' • PWN *p3lq- (~ x) > Ha. plxa 'flower, blossom' • PNi *phlarq 'leaf, branch of broad-leaved tree' • PAlg *p(el)ak-w- (~ ph, b, kh, g) > PA *-pak-w- 'leaf' [Fox ta:htu-p3g-o:n-i 'leaves', Men. ka:keke-pak 'evergreen', EOj. -b3g 'leaf, flower', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *packl [< *palk-c] 'leaf' II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
300. PNA *pVl-3rV-k'wE 'ashes' • PNi *phl-irg 'ashes' • PAlg *p(el)-enekw- (~ ph, kh) 'ashes, dust' [Yu. penkw 'acorn flour', PA *penkw- 'ashes, powder'] II Nikolaev 2015: 36, 48. A compound: *pVlV 'dust' + *?3rV(-k'wE) fire'.
301. PAW *pVW 'to split' • PWN *p3x- 'to split' • PAlg *pey- (~ ph) 'to split' > Yu. pey- 'to split'.
302. PAW *p'akV (~ a) 'red; blood' • Quil. p'ic'- 'red' [c' < PChi *k'] • PNi *paK- 'red, red-haired' • PAlg *pek-, *pak- (~ ph, kh) 'red; blood' [Yur. pek-, p3k- 'red', PA *pek-, *ni:-/*ne-pek- 'blood; red'] II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
303. PAW *p'E 'along' • PW *-p'i- 'along with' • PA *pe-m- 'along (in space or time)' [Cree pi-m-ih-a:w 'to fly along', WOj. pe-m-i- 'movement on, along, past', etc.].
304. PAW *p'iqE 'knee' • PWS *-p'iq-a (suff.) 'knee' • PNi *pix, *pix-t- 'knee', NiY *poyoSi- (~ o) 'knee' II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
305. PNA *p'i:lV (~ e:) 'big' • PNi *pil- 'big' • PAlg *pe:l-, *pel- (~ ph) > Yu. pel-, pl- 'big' II Ni-kolaev 2015: 47.
306. PAW *p'i:TqwE 'to break' • PWN *p'u:qw- 'to break off with the hands (dried fish, leaves, etc.)' • PNi *pdy- 'to break' • PA *po:tkw- 'to break' [Cree po:skw-a:w 'he breaks it by tool',
Men. pu:hkw-ah-am 'to break', Ab. boskw-en-d 'to break', etc.] 0 Cf. PSI *p'ac'q'w, *pac'q'w 'break/tear off'.
307. PAW *p'OLV 'to blink, close eyes' • PW *p'ai- 'to blink, close eyes' • PNi *pol-m- 'blind'; NiY *pilom- 'foolish'.
307a. PAW *p'OlV « *?Op'lV 'moss' • PW *p'ul- 'moss' • PAlg *?api- (~ b, ph) > PA *a?i-a:xk-am-ik- '(ground) moss' [Men. a?n-a:hk-am-ek, WOj. ass-akk-am-ik, etc.].
308. PAW *qalV ~ *?aqlV 'egg' • PWN *qal-x- 'egg; to lay eggs (said of a bird); to have children'; PWN *t-'alq- 'roe, spawn in fish' • PNi *t-qhla- 'to spawn' II Nikolaev 2015: 38.
309. PAW *qaxlA (~ a) 'spear' • PWN *qalx- 'to spear salmon' • PNi *qhax 'spear, to spear' II Nikolaev 2015: 55.
310. PAW *qa:rV'to walk' • PW *qai- 'to walk, to leave (walking)' • PNi *khri- 'to follow'.
311. PNA *qe:GlA ~ *Ge:qlA 'seagull' • PNi *kex 'seagull' • PAlg *k-ey-a:rga (~ kh-) 'seagull' [Yu. k-ey-o?s-ney 'seagull', PA *k-ey-a:skw-, *k-ay-a:skw-, *k-ay-a:hkw- 'gull'].
312. PAW *qe:xwA (~ x°) 'to hear' • PWN *qa:xw- (~ -x®-) 'to hear, listen' • Quil. qwoqw-al- 'to hear' • PNi *hex- 'to hear about, feel' II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
313. PNA *qu:rV (~ x, x) 'throat' • PNi *qhor-qr 'throat' • PAlg *ke:l- (~ kh) > Yu. keloke?l 'throat'.
314. PAW *q'amV ~ * GamV (~ a, o) 'to sing' • PW *q'am-at- 'to sing (for dancers)' • PAlg *ne-gam-, *na-gam- 'to sing' [Yu. na:m-ay 'to sing songs', PA *ne-kam- 'to sing'].
315. PAW *q'anjV ~ *GanjV (~ c, s) 'to eat, bite' • PW *q'Vns- > PWN *q'ans- 'to eat meat'; *q'as-'to eat meat or fat'; *-q'as (suff.) 'eat, put in mouth'; PWS -'i:-ks 'to eat, consume' • PNi *haz- 'to bite' II Nikolaev 2015: 38.
316. PAW *q'anV 'dog' • PWS *q'in-iA- 'dog' • PNi *qan-rj 'dog' 0 Cf. PSC *qwm-ay 'dog' II Ni-kolaev 2015: 37.
317. PAW *q'ilmV ~ *qilmV (~ g) 'navel' • PWS *q'im-a:n(a) 'navel' [the same derivation as in *q'aw-a:n- 'nose'] • PNi *khilm-r 'navel' II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
318. PAW *q'i:(nV) « *(n'i:)q'V 'to sew' • PW *q'i:-n-, *n-'i:q- 'to sew' • PNi *kne- 'to sew (dress, footgear)' • PAlg *ka-, *ki- (~ kh) 'to sew' [Yu. ka-hc-, PA *ka-sk-; *k-w-a:-, etc.].
319. PAW *q'omV (~ q'w) 'green' • PW *q'am- (~ q'«) 'green, unripe' • PNi *qor-G-r 'green', NiY *qomo- 'green' II Nikolaev 2015: 39.
320. PAW *q'OmbV 'sand' • PWN *q'ap- 'sand' • PNi *qom-r (~ -r) 'sand' 0 Cf. PSI *q'ap-a? 'sand' II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
321. PNA *q'o:nc'V 'to push' • PNi *qoc- 'to push' • PA *ka:nt- 'to push' [Fox ka:c-i$-ah-e:w-a 'he gives him a push', Men. ka:hc-w-e:p-ah-am 'to push, shove by instrument', WOj. ka:nt-uw-a:t 'he pushes him', etc.].
322. PAW *q'V:ncV 'to fold' • PWN *q'ans- 'to fold, to wrap up' • PA *ke:s-ip- 'to fold' [Men. ke:s-ep-£n-e:w 'he folds him up uselessly', WOj. ke:s-ep-i:k-en-ank 'to make, fold up', etc.].
323. PAW *qwaKc'V 'half, one of a pair' • PW*qakc'a 'other, following' > PWS *qakc'a 'three' ("another number [after two]") • PNi *-vasq 'half, one of a pair'5 • PAlg *ne-kwehc-, *ne-kweht- 'one' [Wi. kuc- 'one', Yu. kaht-, *kahc- 'one', PA *ne-kwet- 'one'] I Nikolaev 2015: 47, 57.
324. PAW *qwATkA 'hard, tough' • PW *qutk- 'to be hard or tough' • PNi *qhaK- 'hard, tough'.
325. PAW *qwa:lV ~ *Gwa:lV (~ i) 'blue, green' • PWN *qwi:i- 'blue, turquoise' • PNi *qal-a-'green, unripe', NiY *qola- (~ k) 'green, yellow' 0 Cf. PS *kwgl 'green, yellow' and *qway 'blue, green; bruise' I Nikolaev 2015: 39.
5 The isolated foms pasq, pazK-r with irregular *p- have been derived (with hypercorrection) from the incorporated forms *-vasq, *-fasq after numerals: n-vasq, me-vasq, c-fasq, etc.
326. PAW *qwesV « *heqwsV 'mouth, nose, throat' • PW *-(h)aqs- (suff.) 'mouth' • PNi *hes 'larynx', *hes-qr 'throat, gullet' • PA -t-kwei-, *-kwei- 'nose' [Cree timi-kut-e:w 'he has a short nose', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
327. PAW *qWE:cV (~ s) 'to worry' • PWN *qWu:s- 'to worry' • PNi *qhez-, *qhoz- 'to worry, suffer'.
328. PAW *qWe:lV (~ i) 'to burn to cinders' • PWN qWa:i- 'to burn to cinders' • PNi *hil-m-, *helm-[h]elm- 'to blaze', *hi[l]m-r 'cinders' 0 Cf. PS *q^al, *q^ay 'to scorch, (burn to) ashes, black; roast, ripe(n)'. PWN *q'Wa:i- perhaps borrowed from Salish II Nikolaev 2015: 37.
329. PAW *qWodV (~ t') 'to cut in two; middle, other' • PW *qa:t- 'to cut in two' • PNi *hut-i 'middle', NiY *ködi-(Sa-) 'inner, amidst' • PA *kwet-ak- 'other' [Cree kot-ak, Fox küt-dg-ä 'other, another', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 50.
330. PAW *qWonjV 'to sink' • PWN *q'alc- 'to sink a weighted object; heavy', *q'als- 'to drop anchor' • PNi *qhonj- 'to sink' • PA *kwes- 'to sink' [Cree kos-a:p-e:w 'it sinks', Oj. kos-a:p-i: 'to sink', etc.].
331. PAW *qWo:xWA 'to freeze' • PWS *qu:%W- 'to freeze' • PNi *hoK-a- 'to freeze'.
332. PAW *q™iqV 'snake, snail' • PW *q'Win- 'snail, slug' • PNi *verj- in Sakh. veq-umlaq 'rats-nake (?)' • PA *kenw-e:p-ikw- 'snake', *keny-e?p-ikw- [Cree kin-e:p-ik, Men. ken-u:p-ik] — PA *kenw- instead of **kwen- under the influence of *kenw- 'long'; PA *keny-e?p-ikw- 'spider' [Shawnee kiny-e?p-ikw-a, Ab. mams-elab-ihk-a] 0 Cf. PS *k'ink'Wu 'snake' II Nikolaev 2015: 45.
333. PAW *q'Wi.yV 'neck' • PWN *q'Wu:- 'neck' • PA *-kwe:y-aw-, *-kway-aw- 'neck' [Cree kino-kway-aw-e:w 'he has a long neck', Oj. kino-kway-aw-e: 'to have a long neck', Men. pi:me-kiy-aw-en-e:w 'she wrings her neck', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
334. PAW *q'WorwV~ *qWorwV 'liver, bowels' • PWN *q^am- 'liver' • PNi *khur-r 'bowels'.
335. PAW *q'WorV 'to boil' • PWN *q^3i- 'to boil' • PNi *qor-qor- 'to boil' 0 Cf. PS *qWgl' 'boil (food), cook'.
336. PAW *q'Wo.q'WE (~ -GW-) 'dark' • PWN *q'Wa:qW- 'to darken (by smoke, heat)' • PNi *vuk-vuk-'dark' 0 Cf. PS *q'Wix 'dark color'.
337. PAW *r'a:GWE 'time' • PWN *-la:qw 'time' • PNi *rhak 'time'.
338. PAW *r'a:q'WA « *?a:r'q'WA (~ a:) 'liver' • PW *l'a:q- 'liver' • PNi *r-arq-aj (~ a) 'milt' • PAlg *-Vikw- 'liver' [Wi. w-atw-ad, Yu. ?w-aik-un, PA *w-eikw-a/en-, -ikw-an-] 0 Cf. PS *iiqW 'flesh, meat' II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
339. PAW *taxA « *?atxA 'night' • PWS *?atx-iy(i) 'night' • PNi *thax 'afterglow' • PA *-etk-'night' [in *tep-etk- '(dark) night'; *l-etk-an- 'it is evening; by night'] II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
340. PAW *te:Xq'WE 'to hold' • PW *ta:qW- 'hold or squeeze' • PNi *thik- 'to carry in armful' • PAlg *tahkw-, *tehkw- (~ th, kh) 'to hold, grasp' [Yu. tek-on-ek' 'I wear (clothes)', PA *tahkw-'to hold'] 0 Cf. PSI *t'uq'W (~ k'W) 'hold/carry in the arms, hug, get an armful of'.
341. PAW *tiyV (~ e) 'liver, gall' • PWN *tax- (~ k) 'bile, gall' • PNi *thiu-r 'liver, kidney' II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
342. PAW *timQV (~ e) 'to kick' • PW *timq- (~ qW) 'to wade or kick in water' • PA *tank- 'to kick' [Cree tahk-isk-am, Men. tahk-e:sk-am, Ab. o-dak-sk-am-en 'to stamp, kick', etc.].
343. PNA *tO ~ *?OtV 'to carry' • PNi *tho- 'to carry' • PA *-at- 'to carry' [Cree aw-at-a:w 'he carries it off', Men. aw-a:t-a:w 'he takes it away with him', Oj. aw-at-o:n 'to carry', etc.].
344. PAW *tOkA 'to press' • PWN *tak- 'to press; tight (shoe, etc.)' • PNi *thoK- 'to press' • ? PA *tamakw- 'to press, squeeze'.
345. PNA *tOyV?wV 'to burn (trans.)' • PNi *thuv- 'to burn' • PAlg *teye?w- 'to burn' [Wi. tuw-an-i?l 'it is burned out', Yu. tye?w-ol-ok' 'I burn (trans.)'] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
346. PNA *tV 'interrogative stem' • PNi *thju- > Am. si-, Sakh. rhu- 'what?' ["incorporated" al-lomorphs of Am. *chi, Sakh. *thu], *tha- 'who?' • PA *tV- 'interrogative stem' [Blackfoot t-,
Cree t-a:n-, Miami t-an-, etc.] 0 Cf. PS *ta-m? 'what?' (and perhaps *wa-t 'who?') II Nikolaev 2015: 45.
347. PNA *t'ayV (~ a) 'spotted' • PNi *taj- 'spotted' • PAlg *tey-, *tay- (~ th) > Yu tey-ek-en-i 'spotted', taya?yk'a?a?y 'it is spotted'.
348. PAW *t'amqwE (~ e) 'dance' • PWN *t'anqw- > Kw t^a 'a dance of some kind' • PNi *tiy-'female dance, to dance'.
349. PAW *t'a:qE ~ *?a:t'qV 'chest, breast' • PWN *t'aq- 'chest, breast' • PNi *r-aryi-r 'breast; wing' • PAlg *te(:)k-w-l-, dimin. *ce:k-w-r- 'heart' [Wi. -atw-, Yu. cekw-s 'heart', tekw 'chest', dim. tekw-s-a?r 'heart of salmon, uvula'; PA -te:h- 'heart'] II Nikolaev 2015: 37.
350. PAW *t'i:q'wV ~ *ti:q'wV 'to sit' • PWS *t'i:qw- 'to sit, to lie back' • PNi *thiv- 'to sit, sit down (tr.)', NiY *$ava- (~ 3, y) 'to sit' II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
351. PAW *t'i:xE 'to carry' • PWN *t'i:x- 'to carry a bulky thing on the shoulder' • PNi *thik-'to carry in armful'.
352. PAW *t'imV (~ a) 'k. of berries' • PWN *t'am-s- 'bunchberry (Unifolium dilatum)' • PNi *tam 'cranberry' 0 Cf. PS *t'am-xw 'gooseberry' I Nikolaev 2015: 51.
353. PAW *t'iqwE ~ *tiqwE 'head' • PW *t'uqw- 'head' • Quil. -t'i-, Chem. -t'e:q-l 'head' • PNi *thax 'forehead' • PAlg *tekw-, -c-tekw-, -T-tekw- (~ th, kh) 'head' [Yu. ta:k-un 'fish head', PA *-?-tekw-a:n-, *-s-tekw-a:n- 'head'] I Nikolaev 2015: 39.
354. PAW *t'i:k'wE ~ *kn"i:t'V 'nail, claw; peg' • PWN *k'wu:t- 'to nail' • PNi *takn 'claw, fingernail', NiY *tuk-na- 'nail (peg)' • PAlg *-tk-an-,*-ck-an-, *-ck-en- 'claw, hoof, finger-, toenail' [PA *we-sk-a(n)-s-y-, *we-tk-a(n)-s-y- 'fingernail, claw, hoof'; Wi. -tk-an(-ay) 'finger-, toenail'; Yu. ?we-ik-e-tey 'fingernail, toenail, claw'] I Nikolaev 2015: 37.
355. PNA *t'Omk'A (~ q') 'elbow' • PNi *tomq 'elbow' • PAlg -cekw- 'elbow' [Wi. cacukad-, watuk, PA. *-skw-an-].
356. PAW *t'OnCV (~ S) 'cold' • PWN *t'ans- 'cold' • PNi *tuz- 'cool' II Nikolaev 2015: 37.
357. PAW *t'OrV 'to jump' • PWN *t'ai- 'to jump (said of fish)' • PNi *thur-i- 'jump over'.
358. PAW *t'u:gwE (~ k'°) 'to dig' • PWS *t'i±w- 'dig with digging stick' • PNi *tok-l- 'dig up'.
359. PAW *t'VlxwV 'to pound' • PW *t'ulxw- 'shred cedar bark by pounding' • PAlg *tekw-, *takw- 'to break, pound' [Wi. takw- 'to break', Yu. tekw- 'to chop, break', PA *takw- 'to pound fine'].
360. PNA *t'VPOt'V (~ d) 'arm' • PNi *tot 'forearm, arm' • PA *-tpetw- 'arm' [Cree -spit-un, Ab. -hped-in, etc.].
361. PAW *t'VyOmV 'raft' • PWN *t'am- ,*t'am-s- 'old, worn-out canoe' • PNi *com 'raft'; *combi-zombi- 'to paddle in turns'6; NiY *cam-ja 'paddle' • PAlg *teyim- (~ th, d) > PA *ci:m-'to paddle' [Cree ci:m-a:n 'canoe; to paddle, swim', Men. ise:-cim-ew 'he paddles thither', etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 55.
362. PNA *wa:lwV (~ w', a:) 'back, behind' • PNi *al(-K)-, -al 'behind' • PA *wa:lw- 'back, around' [Cree. way-o:n-i- 'back', Oj. wa:n-in- 'around, circle', etc.].
363. PAW *walxwE (~ a) 'to find out' • PWN *walxW- 'to do sth. at short notice' • PNi *aly- 'find out, learn' I Nikolaev 2015: 50.
364. PNA *walyVjV (~ w', a) 'to cheat' • PNi *valc- 'to cheat'; NiY *ju(u)lija- O 'sly' • PA *waye:s- 'to deceive' [Cree waye:s-im-e:w 'he deceives him with talk', Oj. waye:s-im 'to cheat so.', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *mac' 'cheat, trick, lie'.
365. PNA *waNXKA (~ w') 'box' • PNi *vaq-aj 'box' • PA *mahk-ahkw- 'box, barrel, tub' [Cree mahk-ahk 'box, barrel, tub', Fox mdhk-ahkw-i 'box', Men. mahk-a:h 'box, chest, trunk', WOj. mekk-akk 'box', etc.].
6 Admittedly from *t(V)jom-, cf. PChK loan *ti]mi- 'to paddle'.
366. PNA *waTVrk'anV (~ w') 'fork' • PNi *marqan 'fork' • PAlg *watehkan-, *wacehkan- (~ th, kh) [PA *watehkwan- 'fork (of tree)'; Yu cki:ka? 'fork, table fork'; ckaka:? 'to pierce, spear, pitcfork, fork (utensil)'].
367. PAW *wa:kV (~ a:, k') 'to bend' • PWN *wa:k- 'to bend sth., to be bent, to be ring-shaped, to be around sth.' • PA *wa:k- 'to bend, crook' [Blackfoot e-vohk-o 'it's bent', Cree wa:g-a:w, Miami wak- 'to bend', etc.].
368. PNA *wa:ncVKA (~ w', n', Q, X) 'heron, crane' • PNi *vaz(a)x 'heron, crane' • PAlg *mo:ck-, *mack- 'heron, crane' (~ ch, kh) [PA *mo:sk-aho:siw- 'bittern, heron'; Yu. mak 'crane, heron'].
369. PNA *wa:XKwV (~ w', a:, Q°) 'moss, lichen' • PNi *va^[r] 'moss' • PA *wa:hkw-en-ak- 'lichen' [Cree asini:-wa:hk-on-ak 'lichen', Men. wa:hk-on-ak 'tree lichen', etc.].
370. PAW *wa: 'river, flowing water' • PWN *wa:- 'river, stream, flowing water' • PNi *i 'river'.
371. PAW *we: ~ *?e:wV 'voice; to call' • PW *?a:-da:- 'call, ask for' • PNi *aw 'voice' • PAlg (suff.) *-a:we(ye) 'sound', PA *-we:, *-we:w- 'to speak; voice' [Yu. r-o:-ye-c' 'there is an echo', tolow-o:-c-ek' 'I speak Tolowa', Cree it-we:-w 'he speaks so', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *?aKw, *?aw 'to call, howl'.
372. PNA *we:dV (~ w', t') 'to dress' • PNi *veta- 'to dress' • PA *wawe:s- 'to dress up, ornament' [Cree wawe:s-i:h-e:w 'he dresses him up', Oj. uwe:s-e?-a:t 'he dresses him up', etc.].
373. PAW *we:qwE (~ q'°) 'nose, cape' • PWN *wa:qw- 'cape' • PNi *vix 'nose' II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
374. PAW *wa:nkE 'to bark (dog)' • PWN *wa:k- 'to bark (dog), to woof' • PNi *ay- 'to bark (dog)' • PAlg *ma:k-, *mek- (~ kh) 'to bark' [Yu. mokw-, PA *mek-].
375. PAW *wi (~ e) 'to walk, go' • PWN *wa-n- 'to go, go ahead' • PNi *vi- 'to walk, go' • PAlg *we-hi- 'to walk' [Wi. samit-o-r-it yo 'did you come on foot?', Yu. n-o-?r- 'to run', ?o:-?r 'run behind or in front of someone else', PA *we-hi- 'to walk'] I Nikolaev 2015: 44.
376. PNA *wiXca:rV (~ w', e, q', c') 'to slip' • PNi *ezmr- 'to slip' • PA *wekca:?r- 'slippery' in PA *we?sa:?s-ikwepy- 'slippery elm bark' [Men. osa:?s-ekop 'slippery elm bark' , Oj. ussa:ss-ekop 'slippery elm', etc.].
377. PAW *wi:LV 'horn' • PWN *waA- 'horn, antler' • PA *-wi:i-, *-wiwi:i- 'horn' [Cheyenne vevesce, -evese-, Arapaho hini:n-is, Delaware wi:l-a:w-an, Kickapoo -wi:n-, Miami wi:wi:l-a 'horn', Fox pahk-wiwin-ew-a 'he is shedding his horn', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *wiA' ~ *wil' 'horn': Bella Coola wiA'-ax, Shuswap wl-aps 'horn' II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
378. PAW *wi:3V « *?i:wjV 'body, belly' • PWN *-?i:s (suff.) 'body, belly' • PNi *vic 'body (of human)' ; NiY *wi^ie body' • PA *wi:s- 'belly fat' [Cree wi:s-ih 'belly fat', EOj. wi:nz-i 'fat', Mic. us-ak 'fat on the kidneys', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *-iws (suff.) 'body' II Nikolaev 2015: 36.
379. PNA *wirKE ~ *winKE (~ w', a) 'scab' • PNi *vary-i, *varx 'scab' • PA *mek-y- 'scab' [Men. o-me:k-e:w 'he has a scab/ scar', Oj. o-mik-i: 'have scabs; have leprosy', etc.].
380. PNA *wu:rVyV (~ w',r', y') 'musk gland; musk deer' • PNi *vori 'musk-deer'; NiY *oraj 'wild reindeer' • PA *wi:niy- 'musk-gland' [Cree, Men. wi:n-iy, etc.].
381. PAW *wV (~ w') 'interrogative stem' • PW *way(a) (~ w') 'interrogative stem' • PA *we:-kw- 'what', *a-we:-na 'who' 0 Cf. PS *wa-t 'who?' II Nikolaev 2015: 45.
382. PAW *w'APsV (~ Ks) 'to cough' • PWS *w'as-aq- 'to cough' • PAlg *wepi- (~ ki) > PA *we?i-'to cough' [Cree ost-ost-ot-am 'he coughs', WOj. uss-ass-et-am 'to cough', etc.].
383. PAW *w'a:yV 'to bark (dog)' • PWN *w'a:- 'to bark'; *w'a:(-s)- 'hunt with dogs', *w'a:-s-'dog' • PNi *vaj- 'to bark (dog)' • PAlg *way-e(h)c- 'dog' [Wi. way-ic 'dog', Yu. way-c-'ak 'puppy'] 0 Cf. PS *wuh, *wah 'to bark (at)' II Nikolaev 2015: 37.
384. PAW *w'e:pV ~ *pe:w'V 'water, liquid' • PWN *w'a:p- 'water' • PNi *fi 'dew' ["incorporated" allomorph of *phi] • PAlg *-[w]a:p- (~ ph) 'liquid' [Yu. -op- 'water, liquid'; PA *-a:p-'liquid, water']; PAlg *pi-?ihk- > Yu. pa-?ah 'water, juice; be/get wet' II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
385. PAW *w'e:sq'V 'to produce or use smoke' • PWN *w'a:x- 'to produce or use smoke' • PNi *th-usk- 'to smoke fish' [compound with *thu- 'smoke'] • PA *wi:skw- 'to smoke (leather or meat)' [Cree wi:skw-as-am 'he smokes it (leather)', Men. wi:skw-a?t-ew 'it gets smocked', Oj. wi:sk-oss-a:n 'to smoke (meat)'] II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
386. PAW *w'V 'demonstrative stem' • PWN *w'3- 'this ("empty root")' • PNi *iv-r 'he', *3v-r 'he (honor.)' • PAlg *we?- '3rd person'; *we 'this (nonpersonal, extended)'; *wa 'this (personal, extended)' II Nikolaev 2015: 43.
387. PAW *w'VdV 'cold' • PWN *w'3d- 'cold, to be cold' • PA *-at- 'cold' [Fox kep-at-enw-i, Men. kep-a:t-en, WOj. kep-at-in 'to freeze', etc.].
388. PAW *xEcV « *?ExcV (~ s) 'tooth' • PWN *-xs-i:(?a:) (suff.) 'tooth' • PNi *rj3-ys, *rj3-yz-ir (~ -r) 'tooth' II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
389. PNA *xwa « *haxwV 'name' • PNi *qha 'name' • PAlg *w(-ey)-en- 'name; to mention by name' [Wi. w3n- 'to mention by name', Yu. w-ey-en- 'to name', PA *wi:n- 'name']; *he(:)w- > Yu. hew 'name' 0 Cf. PS *kwa- ~ *kwi- 'name, to name' II Nikolaev 2015: 41.
390. PAW *xwa:lgwV (~ -k'w-) 'boat' • PWN *xwa±w- 'canoe' • PNi *halk 'boat, barge'.
391. PAW *xwa:rgwA ~ *gw'a:rgwA 'k. of edible root' • PWN Vukw- 'Indian rice, rice root (Fritillaria, chocolate lily)' • PNi *qarq 'wild lily with blue flowers'.
392. PAW *xwi:yV 'to whistle' • PW *kwi:-, *xwi:- 'to whistle' • PNi *phev- 'to whistle' • PAlg *kwey-, *kwa:hk-, *kwa:y- (~ kh) 'to whistle' [Yu. kweykweyur-'to whistle', kw3hkw3yrcek', kw3y3wek' 'I whistle', PA *kwi:skwih$- 'to whistle'] 0 Cf. PS *xwiw 'whistle'.
393. PAW *xwi:iV 'to turn' • PWN *xwi:i- 'to turn back' • PNi *khel-yel- 'to turn round' • PA *kwe:i- 'to turn, return' [in *kwe:i-k-, *kwe:i-ap- 'over, round', cf. also PAlg *kel-om- 'turn'] 0 Cf. PS *xwul 'to turn, spin, drill, wrap around; round' and*xw3l3q'w 'round, to roll'.
393a. PAW *xwO:rV ~ ^Ox^ 'bee' • PWN ^3m- 'bee' • PNi *vur 'bee' • PA *a:-mo:w-, *a:-maw- 'bee' [Cree a:mo:w, Oj. a:mo:, Miami amaw-ia, etc.] II PA -m- is an irregular medial reflex of *r (PA *-n- is expected). Perhaps PA a:- is a secondary prefix, cf. PA *a:-mi:w- 'to spawn' from PAW *r'u:yV 'egg' (#274).
394. PAW *xarbV (~ a, p') 'to scratch, scrape' • PWN *x3lp- 'to rake, scrape with the fingers, shovel, scrape' • PNi *qharp- 'to scratch, scrape'.
395. PAW *xa:rgA (~ k') 'backbone' • PWN *xa:k- 'backbone of fish' • PNi *harq, *har(K)r (~ -r) 'dried fish backbone' • PA *-tapta-ka:k-w- 'backbone' [Fox -tahta-ka:kw-an-, Oj. -tatt3-ka:w3k-an, WOj. tatta-ka:k, etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 47.
397. PAW *xe:rgwA ~ «ge^A 'bark (of tree)' • PWN *xa±w-, *xa:xw- 'bark; scab' • PNi *kerm-f 'birch bark (with fine scales), "black birch"' I Nikolaev 2015: 36.
398. PAW *xo:ck'E (~ c, s, s) 'bone' • PW *xa:x- 'bone' • Quil. qa:x 'bone' • PNi *xuski 'fish bones' II Nikolaev 2015: 37, 48.
399. PAW *xu:gwE ~ *gwu:xE 'to scratch, scrape' • PW *ki:xw- to 'scratch, rip' • PNi *huk-u- 'to brush off, peel' 0 Cf. PS *xikw 'to scratch, crunch'.
400. PAW *xurGwE ~ *xurgwE 'hollow' • PW *xulqw- 'hollow inverted object', PWN *x3lk- 'hollow-shaped surface, warped, concave; ridgepole, central point of the sides of a vault or of one's ribs' • PNi *hurk-i- 'hollow'.
400a. PAW *xVlV « *?VlxV • PWN *?3lx- 'to kill, murder, beat up' • PNi *kh-u- 'to kill' [also passive *kh-u- 'to perish (in the battle)'] 0 Cf. PS *xway 'to perish (pl.), disappear' I Nikolaev 2015: 40.
401. PAW *xVru:mcV (~ s) 'to rot' • PWN *xu:ms- 'rotten' • PNi *krurz- 'rot'.
401a. PAW *xVtV • PWN *-xt-a:m'u: 'knee' [with the specificatory suffix *-(a:)m'u: 'underlying or implicated in'] • PAlg *ket- (~ kh, th) 'knee' [PA *ket-ekw-, Yu. ?3:-k3i, (suff.) -ekei- 'knee'] II Nikolaev 2015: 40.
402. PNA *xw'a:gwA (~ xB-) 'fox' • PNi *kheq 'fox' • PAlg *wa:kw-, *way(w)- 'fox' [Yu. way-as, PA *wa:kw-] 0 Cf. PSI ^wa^ 'fox'.
403. PAW *xwa:yVcV (~ a:, o:) 'ready' • PWN *xwa:s- 'to get ready, to prepare (for anything)' • PA *kwayat-, *kwayai-k- 'ready/good, fixedly' [Cree kwayask 'properly, good straight', Fox kwaya:s-i 'good, definitely, fixedly', Men. kwaya:k 'properly, good straight; in the right place', etc.] 0 Cf. PS *xac 'ready, completed'.
404. PNA *yiwV (~ y', a, w') 'body, intestines' • PNi *rj-aw 'intestines' • PA *-i:-yaw- 'body; flesh, meat' [Cree -i:ya:w 'body', wi:ya:-s 'meat, flesh', etc.]7.
405. PAW *yixA 'quick, fast' • PW *yux 'fast' • PNi *ev- 'quick, hurry'.
406. PAW *yOLwV 'to roll, wrap' • PWN *yaA- 'to wrap or tie around (rope, bandage, strap), to bandage' • PA *ai-w- 'round' [cf. Yu. ho:l- 'around'] 0 Cf. PS *ydl, *yul, *hayl 'to roll, turn over; round'.
407. PAW *yOgE (~ k') 'to limp, lame' • PWN *yak- 'to limp' • PNi *hok-l- 'lame, to limp'.
407a. PAW *y'e:xE ~ *?e:y'xE 'to suffer' • PWS *-y'i:x-a (suff.) 'to suffer from excess or die
from' • PNi *ijy- 'to suffer, grieve'.
408. PAW *y'E:wV '?' in *n'i-y'E:wV, *mV-y'e:wV 'four' • PW *mu: 'four' • Quil. bd?yas 'four', Chem. ma:?is, mi?i:s (< PChi *ma-?y-as) 'four' • PNi *ni-, *nu- 'four' • PAlg *ni-ye:?w- 'four' [Wi. di-ya?w-, PA *n-ye:w-] 0 Cf. PS mu-s 'four' (from Wakashan?) II Nikolaev 2015: 57.
409. PAW *y'a:k'E ~ *k'a:y'E 'bad' • PW *y'ak- 'bad, spoiled, evil, vicious, sick, not as it should be'; *yaxw- 'bad' • PNi *ik-i- 'bad' • PAlg *ki:- (~ kh) 'bad' [Yu. ka:-m-, PA *ki:-] 0 Cf. PS *k'i-s 'bad'.
410. PAW *y'ilgwE (~ k'w) 'to carry' • PWN *y'alkw- 'to carry a long, stiff object on the shoulder' • PNi *ilk- 'carry behind the belt' 0 Cf. PSI *?ukw 'carry, haul, take/bring somewhere'.
411. PAW *y'O:ywE 'rain' • PWN *y'u:gw- 'to rain'; *y'u:gw-a 'rain' • PNi *ju 'dew' II Nikolaev 2015: 42.
412. PAW *y'V 'demonstrative stem' • PW *y'i(:)- 'that yonder'; *y'a: 'that'; *y'u(:)- 'that (near you)' • PNi *a- 'that, there' [*a- 'there, downriver', *a-yi- 'there (distant)', *a-, *a-hu- 'that (visible distant)'] • PAlg *ya 'that (personal, extended); then'; *yo 'that (restricted)' [Wi yo 'then', Yu. yo? 'he, she, it'; yu? 'there', etc.] II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
413. PNA *jaKE (~ a, X) 'to stick in' • PNi *cay-a- 'to stick in' • PA *sa:k- 'to protrude, emerge' [Men. sa:k-a:p-et-ew 'to teethe', WOj. sa:k-ekk-i 'it grows forth', etc.].
414. PNA *3aXkA (~ a) 'cradleboard' • PNi *caq 'cradleboard' • PA *tehk- 'to tie on the cradle-board', *tehk-in-a:-kan- 'cradle board' [Cree tihk-in-a:-kan, WOj. tekk-in-a:-kan 'cradle', Men. tehk-e:w 'he is tied to the cradleboard', etc.].
415. PAW *jA:kE 'bear' • PWN *sa:k- 'grizzly bear' • PNi *cxi-f 'brown bear'.
416. PAW *jik'wE 'tree' • PW *suk'- 'tree' • PNi *ciy-r, *cxa-r 'tree' 0 Cf. PSI *caq 'tree' II Nikolaev 2015: 44.
417. PAW *ji:pV ~ *ji:pV 'k. of bird' • PWN *su:p-, *cu:p- 'robin (Turdus migratorius)' • PNi *cev-r-q 'bird (singing, generic)' • PAlg *c-ey-ep- (~ ch, ph) > PA *si:p-e:hs- 'bird (generic)' [Ab. sib-es, etc.] I Nikolaev 2015: 36.
418. PAW *3A:rkwV (~ k'w) 'straight, extended' • PWN *3a±w- 'to straighten out, extend (leg, knife), to spread apart with the hands' • PA *senk- 'straight, extended (lying)' [Cree sihk-is-em-e:w 'to lay down', Fox se:k-is-ik-a 'one who lies down', WOj. senk-iss-in 'to lay down', etc.].
7 P. Proulx (1994, #370) traces PA *-i:yaw- 'flesh; body' and Yu. tew-on, -tew 'flesh' to PAlg *we-Tewi, *w-ey-eTawi '(her) flesh, body'. Here, however, sound correspondences are "reverse", because PAlg *T = *d regularly changes to 2/0 in Yurok and Wiyot and not in Proto-Algonquian.
419. PAW *3[e:]GwA 'spear, point, knife' • PWN *3i:qw- 'spear, point, prong' • PNi *caq-o 'knife'.
420. PAW *ju: 'fish, salmon' • PW *3u:-xw- 'cohoe salmon' • PNi *cho 'fish' 0 Cf. PS *caw'i-n 'cohoe salmon' I Nikolaev 2015: 39.
421. PAW *-Vy- 'infix: plural' • PWS *-ay'- or *-ay- 'plural infix' • PAlg *-ey- 'plural infix'.
422. PNA *-VhrV 'diminutive suffix' • PNi morphs *-r and *-r in animal names : *qhot-r 'bear', *laq-r 'squirrel', *luvn-r 'sable', *tot-r 'marten', *khuz-r 'wolverine', etc.; chorq-r 'polecat, weasel', *liy-r 'wolf', etc. • PA *-e:hs- 'diminutive suffix, esp. in animal and bird names': *wa:kw-e:hs-a 'fox', *penkw-e:hs-a 'gnat', *sa:nkw-e:hsa 'mink', *ko:hko:-hs-a 'pig', also *makw-ehs-e:w-en-i 'feast, banquet' (from *makw- 'grease').
423. PAW *-VhmV 'diminutive suffix' • PWN *-hm 'diminutive suffix' • PAlg *-Vm-c- (suff.) 'diminutive suffix' [Wi. -ac-, -ic-, Yu. -os-, -es-, PA *-ens-].
4. Index of lexical meanings
abdomen - PAW *?Vda:k'A ~ *?Vt'a:gA 'belly, abdomen' 40 above - PAW *?i:k'V ~ *k'i:?V 24 • PAW *k'i:« *?i:k'V 173 adze - PAW *ci:ywV 87
all - PAW *?a:gV~ *ya:gV (~ 3:) 7 • PNA *cek'E (~ *c', g, q') 83 • PAW *r'i:m'V~ *m'i:r'V272
all THE TIME , almost — PAW *iOxwV 'almost, all the time' 212
ALONG - PAW *p'E 303
ALONG WITH - PAW *kE (~ g) 159
ANGRY - PAW *?OmV 34
arm - PAW *di:mGwE (~ q'°) 103 • PAW *n'OLK(w)V (~ n') 'hand, arm' 250 • PNA *t'VPOt'V
(~ d) 360 ASHES - PNA *pVl-3rV-k'wE 300 AUNT - PAW *?3mV 'mother, aunt' 18 BACK (adv.) - PNA *wa:lwV (~ w', a:) 'back, behind' 362 BACKBONE - PAW *xa:rgA (~ k') 395 bad - PAW *y'3:k'E ~ *k'3:y'E 409 BARK (DOG) - PAW *w3:nkE 374 • PAW *w'a:yV 383 BARK (TREE) - PAW *xe:rgwA ~ *ge:rxwA 397
be in A position, be such as - PAW *la 'to be in a position, be such as' 190
BEAR (N.) - PAW *mulq'(w)E 229 • PAW *3A:kE 415
beast of prey - PAW *ra:hV 259
bee - PAW *xwO:rV ~ *rO:xwy 393a
BEFOREHAND - PAW *?iw3VgwE (~ j, k'w) 27
BEHIND - PNA *wa:lwV (~ w', a:) 'back, behind' 362
believe - PAW *?a:q'wA 12
belly - PAW *?Vda:k'A ~ *?Vt'a:gA 'belly, abdomen' 40 • PAW *wi:3V ~ *?i:w3V 'body, belly' 378
below - PAW *m'O:?V« *hO:?m'V240 bend - PAW *k'wi:3V 'to bend, fold' 186
BERRIES (KIND of) - PAW *?VKV:nQwV 48 • PAW *hAqAgV (~ k') 137 • PAW V^V 263 • PAW *t'imV (~ 3) 352
BERRY - PAW *ma:lV (~ a:) 'berry, fruit' 217 • PAW *mi: (~ a:, u:) 'leaf, berry' 224 • PAW
*(?V)m'A:nsV 'flower, berry' 235 • big - PNA *margA (~ m', a, k', q') 'big, main' 214 • PNA *p'i:lV (~ e:) 305
BIRD (KIND of) - PAW *n'i:n'V (~ n') 248 • PNA *pisk'wE (~ c, q'w) 285 BIRD (LARGE) - PAW *po:lV « *?o:lpV 290
bird (small) - PAW *c'a:q'wA,*c'V:cq'wA 77 • PAW *ji:pV ~ *3i:pV417
BIRD of PREY - PNA *kVlarVwV ~ *kVralVwV (~ a)165
bite - PAW *q'anjV ~ *canjV (~ c, s) 'to eat, bite' 315
BLADDER (FISH) - PAW *puq'A (~ g) 'fish bladder' 296
BLEED - PAW *bO ~ *pO 68
BLINK - PAW *p'OLV 'to blink, close eyes' 307
blood - PAW *?arV (~ a) 2 • PAW *c'u:xA « *?u:c'xA 'sap, blood' 81 • PAW *p'akV (~ a) 'red; blood' 302
blow (wind) - PAW *la:yVwV 'wind; to blow (wind)' 192 blow (with mouth) - PAW *bu: ~ *pu: 'to blow (with mouth); swell' 70 blue - PAW *m'awgwE 237 • PAW *qwa:lV ~ ^wW (~ i) 'blue, green' 325 boat - PAW *xwa:lgwV (~ -k""-) 390
body - PAW *Gu:dV (~ t') 126 • PAW *wi:jV ~ *?i:wjV 'body, belly' 378 • PNA *yiwV (~ y', a,
w') 'body, intestines' 404 BOIL (VB.) - PAW *q'worV 335
BONE - PAW *iVq'(w)E « *?Viq'(w)E 213 • PAW *xo:ck'E (~ c, s, s) 398 BORROW - PAW *Aa:rgwV 200
bowels - PAW *q'worwV ~ *qworwV 'liver, bowels' 334
box - PNA *waNXKA (~ w') 365
BREAK - PAW *p'i:TqwE 306
BREAST - PAW *t'a:qE ~ *?a:t'qV 'chest, breast' 349
breast (female) - PAW *nowV ~ *?onwV 'to suck; breast' 246
BREATHE - PAW *hA:sV 141
brood - PNA *?a:wV (~ w') 'egg, brood' 21
BURN (TRANS.) - PAW *pOyOV « *?Opy(w)V 'to heat, burn' 292 • PNA *tOyV?wV 345
BURN to CINDERS - PAW *qwe:lV (~ i) 328
CALL - PAW *we: ~ *?e:wV 371
CAP - PNA *haGA (~ a, q') 'cap, headdress' 133
CAPE - PAW *we:qwE (~ q'w) 'nose, cape' 373
carry - PAW WnV ~ WnV (~ n) 127 • PAW *hinV (~ e) 150 • PNA *neyV (~ n') 252 • PNA
*tO « *?OtV 343 • PAW *t'i:xE 351 • PAW *y'ilgwE (~ k'°) 410 carry on one's back - PAW *homV 152 CAT (WILD) - PNA *KicV(-KE) (~ Q, X) 166 CHEAT - PNA *walyVjV (~ w', a) 364 CHEST - PAW *t'a:qE ~ *?a:t'qV 'chest, breast' 349 CHIEF - PAW *kA:mV 157
CLAW - PAW *t'i:k'wE ~ *k""i:t'V 'nail, claw; peg' 354
clean (VB.) - PAW Vu:rwa (~ c') 'to wash, clean' 80
clod - PAW *rigE (~ k') 'rock, clod' 264
CLOSE EYES - PAW *p'OLV 'to blink, close eyes' 307
CLOUD - PAW *?a:lVw'adVxE 11 • PAW *?VwO:nV (~ r) 'cloud, fog' 54
COLD - PAW *k'i:wrV ~ *gi:wrV 'to freeze; cold' 174 • PAW *A'i:rqE 208 • PAW *t'OnCV 356 •
PAW *w'VdV 387 cough - PAW *l'ExwA « *?Exwl'A 196 • PAW *w'APsV (~ Ks) 382 cover (vb.) - PNA *pedV (~ t') 278 cradleboard - PNA *jaXkA (~ a) 414
CRANE - PNA *wa:ncVKA (~ w', n', Q, X) 'heron, crane' 368 CRAWL - PAW *ywulV 'to crawl, go on all fours' 120 CREAK - PAW *k'(w)EkA 'to squeak, creak' 181 CROW - PNA *?a:ndVXKE (~ a:, t') 'raven, crow' 8 CURLY - PAW *k'inxwV ~ *ginxwV (~ e) 172
CUT IN two - PAW *qwodV (~ t') 'to cut in two; middle, other' 329
dance - PAW *t'3mqwE (~ e) 348
DARK - PAW *q'wo:q'wE (~ -GW-) 336
dark (as the night) - PAW *dA:p'V 98
day - PNA *kwonV (~ qw, n') 'light; day' 180
DEEP - PAW *pewV (~ i) 280
DEER - PAW *?VtOkwA 53 • PAW *mu:wV (~ o:) 'deer, elk' 230 DEFECATE - PAW *di:xV 'to defecate, urinate' 102
DEMONSTRATIVE stem - PAW *dV 107 • PAW *gV ~ *gwV 108 • PAW *hV 156 • PAW *w'V 386
• PAW *y'V 412 die - PAW *n'AbV (~ p') 255 • PNA *mo:ryV (~ m') 227 dig - PAW *t'u:gwE (~ k'w) 358
DIMINUTIVE SUFFIX - PAW *-VhmV 423 • PNA *-VhrV 422
dip - PAW *hObV (~ p') 153
dirt - PAW *c'AkwV « *hAc'kwV 92
dirt(y) - PAW *mu: 231
DOG - PAW *q'anV316 • PNA *?aLVmV (~ a, m') 1 DOOR - PNA *d3ywV (~ i) 'opening, door' 99 DOWN - PAW *bVN'V 72 • PAW *n'i: (~ n', e:) 247 DREAM (vb.) - PAW *po:wV (~ b) 291 DRESS (vb.) - PNA *we:dV (~ w', t') 372
DRINK - PAW *h3k'wE ~ *k'w3hE « *?3hk™E 'to drink; water' 144
DRY (ADJ.) - PAW *kwa:rkA 'dry' 175
dry (VB.) - PNA *Ci(:) (~ e[:]) 'to dry' 82
duck - PAW *?AwVNgwe 'duck' 5
DWELL - PAW *ywi:KV 119
ear - PAW *hA:tV (~ t') 142 • PAW *?3mE-lV 221
EARLY - PNA *nabV (~ n', a, p') 'early' 242
EARTH - PAW *c'AkwV « *hAc'kwV 92 • PAW *m'e: « *?e:m'V 'earth, land' 238 eat - PAW *m'a:hV « *ham'V 234 • PNA *ni: (~ n') 253 • PAW *q'an3V ~ *Gan3V (~ c, s) 'to eat, bite' 315
EGG - PNA *?3:wV-k'wE 'fish egg' 21 • PAW *r'u:yV 274 • PAW *qalV « *?aqlV 'egg, fish egg
308 • PNA *?3:wV (~ w') 'egg, brood' 21 ELBOW - PNA *t'Omk'A (~ q') 355 ELK - PAW *mu:wV (~ o:) 'deer, elk' 230 EXTENDED - PAW ^A^V (~ k'w) 'straight, extended' 418 eye - PAW *?AiV 3
eyebrow, eyelash - PNA *cVX3pV (~ c', i) 'eyebrow, eyelash' 91 FACE - PAW *?A:sV 4 • PNA *?i:ngE 30 • PNA *?O:ck'E 'head, face' 36 far - PAW *KAyV 126a fast - PAW *yixA 'quick, fast' 405
fat (N.) - PAW *Kwo:lV (~ i:) 132 • PNA *rOkwA (~ r', qw, X) 'fat, grease' 265 FEAR - PAW *kElV 160 • PNA *c'3q™E ~ *33q'wE 78
FEATHER - PAW *mixE ~ *?imxE 'hair, feather' 226 find out - PAW *walxwE (~ a) 363
FIRE - PAW *?arV(-k'wE) 19 • PAW *mE: 'to flame, fire' 220
fish - PAW *3u: 'fish, salmon' 420
FISH (KIND of) - PAW *gu:IV (~ i) 124
fish with line and hook - PNA *kerck'wA (~ q'w) 158
flame (VB.) - PAW *mE: 'to flame, fire' 220
flat - PAW *pAl'V 'thin and flat' 277
flee - PNA *?e:mV (~ m') 15
FLESH - PAW *di:RwV ~ *di:GwV (~ a:) 'meat, flesh' 101 flood (vb.) - PAW *po:lV (~ i) 289
FLOWER - PNA *?Eri:pV (~ r') 'leaf, flower' 16 • PAW *(?V)m'A:nsV 'flower, berry' 235 • PAW
*pVlarq'A 'leaf, flower' 299 fly (N.) - PNA *pingwE (~ e) 'fly, gnat' 284 fly (VB.) - PAW *n'o:lV 249 foam - PNA *bu:PTV (~ p') 71 FOG - PAW *?VwO:nV (~ r) 'cloud, fog' 54 fold (vb.) - PAW *k'wi:3V 'to bend, fold' 186 • PAW *q'V:ncV 322
foot - PNA *?Vc'kE (~ q, X) 'foot, leg' 39 • PAW *ci:t'V(-lV) 'foot, leg' 86 • PAW *gwi:gwV 117 FORK - PNA *waTVrk'anV (~ w') 366 FOUR - PAW *n'i-y'E:wV, *mV-y'e:wV408 fox - PNA *xwa:gwA (~ xB-) 402
freeze - PAW *k'i:wrV ~ *gi:wrV 'to freeze; cold' 174 • PAW *qwo:xwA 331 • PAW *A'i:rqE 208
fruit - PAW *ma:lV (~ a:) 'berry, fruit' 217 full - PAW *ru:sV 267
FUR GAME (KIND of) - PAW *ni:KwV 243 • PAW *r'i: 271 FUR - PAW *Au:xV ~ *A'u:xV (~ q') 'skin, fur' 203 GALL - PAW *tiyV (~ e) 'liver, gall' 341
GIVE - PAW *c'OywV « *?OywjV (~ K-w) 95 • PNA *mi: « *?i:mV (~ m') 225
GNAT - PNA *pingwE (~ e) 'fly, gnat' 284
GO - PAW *ha: (~ a:) 139 • PAW *wi (~ e) 'to walk, go' 375
GO AND DO - PAW *r'a: 'to go with, go and do' 269
GO ON all fours - PAW *ywulV 'to crawl, go on all fours' 120
GO out - PAW *bu: ~ *pu: 'to go out, leave' 69
GO with - PAW *r'a: 'to go with, go and do' 269
GOOSE - PAW *heGErV ~ *herEGV 'goose, merganser'143
GREASE - PNA *rOkwA (~ r', qw, X) 'fat, grease' 265
GREEN - PAW *q'omV (~ q'*) 319 • PAW *qW(i:lV ~ *gw&:IV (~ i) 'blue, green' 325
hair - PAW *hapV(lV) 'hair (body, facial)' 145 • PAW *mixE ~ *?imxE 'hair, feather' 226
half - PAW *qwaKc'V 'half, one of a pair' 323
hand - PAW *?i:kV (~ k') 23 • PAW *n'OLK(w)V (~ n') 'hand, arm' 250 hard - PAW *qwATkA 'hard, tough' 324
head - PNA *?O:ck'E 'head, face' 36 • PAW *c'i:r'k'E « *?i:r'c'k'E 94 • PAW *GemV 122 •
PAW *hu:xE 'head, nape' 155 • PAW *t'iqwE ~ *tiqwE 353 HEADDRESS - PNA *haGA (~ a, q') 'cap, headdress' 133 HEAR - PAW *ma?V « *?am?V 221 • PAW *no: 244 • PAW *qe:xwA (~ x°) 312 heart - PAW *?epV 13
HEAT - PAW *pOy(w)V « *?Opy(w)V 'to heat, burn' 292
HERON - PNA *wa:ncVKA (~ w', n', Q, X) 'heron, crane' 368
hold - PAW *te:Xq'wE 340
HOLE - PAW *hoKVq'A ~ *hoq'VKA 151
hollow - PAW *xurGwE ~ *xurgwE 400
hop ON one foot - PAW *A'imqA (~ e, g) 207
HORN - PAW *wi:LV 377
hot - PAW *kwa:xwV 'warm, hot' 176
hurry - PNA *hu:mV (~ m') 154a
I - PAW *nV 254
INALIENABLE POSSESSION (PREFIX) - PNA *rV- (~ r') 268
INTERROGATIVE stem - PAW *gwV 118 • PAW *na « *?anV 241 • PNA *tV 346 • PAW *wV (~ w') 381 •
intestines - PNA *yiwV (~ y', 3, w') 'body, intestines' 404
jump - PAW *dixwA (~ o) 104 • PAW *kw3?V « *?3kwV 178 • PAW *t'OrV 357
kick - PAW *timQV (~ e) 342
KIDNEY - PNA *?i:LV 28
kill - PAW *xVlV « *?VlxV 400a
knee - PAW *p'iqE 304 • PAW *xVtV 401a
KNEEL - PAW *K'ogwE 209
KNIFE - PAW *j[e:]GwA 'spear, point, knife' 419
know - PAW *?OxVdAg(w)V (~ t', k') 'to know how' 35 • PAW *kwe:mV 'to know, understand' 177
LAME - PAW *yOgE (~ k') 'to limp, lame' 407 land - PAW *m'e: ~ *?e:m'V 'earth, land' 238
leaf - PNA *?Eri:pV (~ r') 'leaf, flower' 16 • PAW *mi: (~ a:, u:) 'leaf, berry' 224 • PAW
*pVlarq'A 'leaf, flower' 299 LEAK - PAW *co:xwE ~ *co:xwE 'to leak, soak' 76 leave - PAW *bu: ~ *pu: 'to go out, leave' 69
leg - PNA *?Vc'kE (~ q, X) 'foot, leg' 39 • PAW *ci:t'V(-lV) 'foot, leg' 86 • PAW *gwi:gwV 117
lichen - PAW *k'we:TqwV (~ q'°) 184 • PNA *wa:XKwV (~ w', a:, Qw) 'moss, lichen' 369
lick - PAW *hi:iV (~ e:) 'tongue; to lick' 148
lie (down) - PAW *ii:hV ~ *?i:hiV (~ e:) 210
light - PNA *kwonV (~ qw, n') 'light; day' 180
limp - PAW *yOgE (~ k') 'to limp, lame' 407
lip - PNA *?i:piV 'lip, tip of tongue' 31
liquid - PAW *w'e:pV ~ *pe:w'V 'water, liquid' 384
LIVER - PAW *q'worwV ~ *qworwV 'liver, bowels' 334 • PAW *r'a:q'wA « *?a:r'q'wA (~ 3:) 338 •
PAW *tiyV 'liver, gall' 341 load (vb.) - PAW *m'A:w'V 236 long - PAW *gilV (~ 3) 113 look - PAW *n'e:(wV) 'to see, look' 256 LOOK FOR - PAW *Ae:xE ~ *?e:AxE 'to look for, watch' 204 loose - PAW *k'E:sV 170 louse - PAW *hi:rxk'E 149 lungs - PNA *hapV (~ a) 133 main - PNA *margA (~ m', a, k', q') 'big, main' 214 man - PAW *?u:tOq'wE 38
many - PNA *ma:lV (~ m', a:) 216
MEAT - PAW *di:K-wV ~ *di:GwV (~ a:) 'meat, flesh' 101
melt - PAW *cu:qA 90
MIDDLE - PAW *qwodV (~ t') 'to cut in two; middle, other' 329 mink - PNA *co:nVKA (~ c', s, r) 'weasel, mink' 89 miss (vb.) - PNA *pa (~ a) 275
MOON - PAW *l'u:r'3V 197 • PNA *kirW (~ q, X) 'sun, moon' 161
MOSS - PAW *?Vp'OlV 307a • PNA *wa:XKwV (~ w', a:, Qw) 'moss, lichen' 369
MOTHER - PAW *?3mV 'mother, aunt' 18
mouth - PNA *?a:XpV (~ a:) 'mouth (of animal)' 9 • PAW *?i:LV 29 • PAW *qwesV « *heqwsV
'mouth, nose, throat' 326 MUSK DEER, MUSK gland - PNA *wu:rVyV (~ w',r', y') 'musk gland; musk deer' 380 NAIL - PAW *t'i:k'wE ~ *k'wi:t'V 'nail, claw; peg' 354 NAME (N.) - PNA *xwa « *haxwV 389 NAME (vb.) - PAW *?VklV 42 NAPE - PAW *hu:xE 'head, nape'155 navel - PAW *q'ilmV ~ *qilmV (~ g) 317 NEAR - PAW *Aa 198 • PAW *ma: 215 NECK - PAW *k'wonsV « *?onsk'wA 187 • PAW *q'wi:yV 333 negative stem - PAW *k'a: 168 NEW - PAW *c'i:wV (~ c') 79
NIGHT - PAW *na:gwE ~ *na:gwTV 251 • PAW *taxA « *?atxA 339
NOSE - PAW *(?V:lV-)q'AwV (~ l') 43 • PAW *qwesV « *heqwsV 'mouth, nose, throat' 326 • PAW
*we:qwE (~ q'°) 'nose, cape' 373 NOT - see NEGATIVE STEM NOTCH (vb.) - PAW *Aik'E (~ 3, g) 206 OLD - PAW *h3:ym'V 147
ONE - PAW *n'3 257 • PAW *pE:sV « *?E:psV281
ONE OF A PAIR - PAW *qwaKc'V 'half, one of a pair' 323
open (vb.) - PAW *?3lkE (~ i) 17 • PNA *c3:wV (~ c', w') 74 • PAW *guLA 115
open the mouth wide - PAW *haywV (~ a) 134
OPENING - PNA *d3ywV (~ i) 'opening, door' 99
OTHER - PAW *qwodV (~ t') 'to cut in two; middle, other' 329
OWL - PNA *k'wEyV (~ q'w, gw) 182
PADDLE - PNA *?ipwinyV (~ 3) 25
partridge - PNA *baTkE (~ p', a, q, X) 59
PATH - PNA *rOlyV (~ r') path, road' 266
PEEL (vb.) - PAW *p3ysV 283
peg - PAW *t'i:k'wE ~ *k'wi:t'V 'nail, claw; peg' 354
person - PAW *be:kwE ~ *pe:gwE 62
PIERCE - PNA *pOlk'wA (~ q'w) 293
PLURAL INFIX - PAW *-Vy- 421
POINT - PAW *3[e:]GwA 'spear, point, knife' 419
POUND (vb.) - PAW *t'VlxwV 359
PRAY - PAW *?Vmi:hV 49
press - PAW *tOkA 344
PULL - PAW Vi-.Xq'wV (~ rq'«) 131
PUSH - PNA *q'o:nc'V 321
quick - PAW *yixA 'quick, fast' 405 RAFT - PAW *t'VyOmV 361 RAIN - PAW *y'O:ywE 411 rash - PAW *ci:xwE (~ s) 75
RAVEN - PNA *?a:ndVXKE (~ a:, t') 'raven, crow' 8 • PAW *Gwa:(r)q'wV (~ a:) 128
reach - PAW *k'a: « *?a:k'E 171
READY - PAW *xwa:yVcV (~ a:, o:) 403
red - PAW *p'akV (~ a) 'red; blood' 302
ring - PAW *k'e:ma:k'wA ~ *ge:ma:k'(w)A 169
river - PAW *wa: 'river, flowing water' 370
ROAD - PNA *rOlyV (~ r') 'path, road' 266
rock - PAW *cik'wE ~ *c'ikwE (~ e) 'big stone, rock' 84 • PAW *rigE (~ k') 'rock, clod' 264 ROLL - PAW *yOLwV 'to roll, wrap' 406 ROOT - PAW *c'VlVyip'V, *c'VlVyip'a:tKE 97
ROOT (EDIBLE) - PAW *pVkwV (~ k'w) 298 • PAW *xwa:rgwA ~ *gw'a:rgwA 391
rot - PNA *birKE (~ p', Q) 67 • PAW *xVru:mcV (~ s) 401
round - PAW *kOlxV ~ *k'Olk'V ~ *k'wi:lk'V 162
RUB - PAW *gA:cV ~ *gwA:cV 116
run - PNA *pehV 279
SALMON - PNA *ga:rV 'salmon, trout' 109 • PNA *lOnmV (~ l', n', m') 'salmon, trout' 194 •
PAW *ju: 'fish, salmon' 420 SAND - PAW *q'OmbV 320 sap - PAW *c'u:xA « *?u:c'xA 'sap, blood' 81 say - PNA *di« *?idV 100 scab - PNA *wirKE ~ *winKE (~ w', a) 379 SCALE - PNA *?VyrV 'skin (of animals), scale' 41 scatter - PAW *bi:rV ~ *pi:rV 64
SCRAPE, SCRATCH - PAW *xarbV (~ a, p') 394 • PAW *xu:gwE ~ *gwu:xE 399 SEA LION - PAW *ma:xwE 223
SEAGULL - PAW *GwolyV 130 • PNA *qe:GlA ~ *Ge:qlA 311 seal - PAW *cA:?kwV « *?A:ckwV 73
SEAL (KIND of) - PNA *biyE (~ p', a, k) 65 • PNA *pu:KwV 295
SEASON - PAW *?anV 'year, season' 10
see - PAW *n'e:(wV) 'to see, look' 256
SEPARATE (vb.) - PAW *k'we:pV 183
SEVER - PAW *bA:LQwV 60
SEW - PAW *q'i:(nV) « *(n'i:)q'V318
shake - PAW *gu:cV (~ s) 125 • PNA *link'E (~ l', a, q')193
SHELLFISH - PAW *?E:q'VnVcV (~ r, c') 'k. of shellfish' 52
shoal - PAW *ra:?yV 'valley, shoal' 262
shoe - PNA *mOmcKA (~ m', Q, X) 228
short - PAW *c'VkwV (~ k'w) 96
SING - PAW *lu:, *lu:-r- 195 • PAW *q'amV ~ * GamV (~ a, o) 314
SINK - PAW *qwonjV 330
SIT - PAW *t'i:q'wV ~ *ti:q'wV 350
SKI - PNA *la:gA « *?a:lgA (~ l', k', g, q') 'snowshoe, ski' 191
SKIN - PNA *?VyrV 'skin (of animal), scale' 41 • PAW *Au:xV~ *A'u:xV (~ q') 'skin, fur' 203 SLEEP (vb.) - PAW *k'woiV ~ *?oik'wA 188
SLIDE (vb.) - PAW *lVxE 'to slip, slide' 195a
SLIP - PAW *co:?xE 88 • PAW *lVxE 'to slip, slide' 195a • PNA *wiXca:rV (~ w', e, q', c') 376
slow - PNA *ba:dV (~ p', t') 61
smell (vb.) - PAW *ma:?V « *?a:?mV 218
smoke (produce or use) - PAW *w'e:sq'V 'to produce or use smoke' 385 SNAIL - PAW *q'wirV 'snake, snail' 332 SNAKE - PAW *q'wirV 'snake, snail' 332 SNOW - PAW *rAGA (~ q') 258
SNOWSHOE - PNA *la:gA ~ *?a:lgA (~ l', k', g, q') 'snowshoe, ski' 191 soak - PAW *co:xwE ~ *co:xwE 'to leak, soak' 76 speak - PAW *Ga:iV 121
spear - PAW *qaxlA (~ a) 309 • PAW ^[e^A 'spear, point, knife' 419
SPIRITUAL POWER - PAW *M:gwE 201 • PNA *mVNVCV (~ m', N') 232
split - PAW *p3dV (~ i, t') 282 • PAW *pVKV 301
spoon - PNA *?VmiyXwE (~ m', Kw) 50
spotted - PNA *t'ayV (~ a) 347
SPREAD - PAW *pirV (~ 3) 288
SQUEAK - PAW *k'(w)EkA 'to squeak, creak' 181
SQUIRREL - PNA *?Vlyak'wA (~ q'°) 45
STAND - PAW *Aa: 199 • PNA *g3:p'V 111
STAR - PNA *?o:nkwE (~ qw, Xw) 33
stick in - PNA *3aKE (~ a, X) 413
STONE - PAW *cik'wE ~ *c'ikwE (~ e) 'big stone, rock' 84
STONE SUITABLE FOR MAKING TOOLS - PNA *piLV-lVk'(w)E (~ 3) 287
STOOP - PAW *kwomV 179
STRAIGHT - PAW *3A:rkwV (~ k'°) 'straight, extended' 418
stretch - PNA *ci:pV ~ *pi:cV (~ s) 85
STRONG - PNA *dO:nXE (~ t', K) 106
suck - PAW *nowV ~ *?onwV 'to suck; breast' 246
SUFFER - PAW *y'e:xE ~ *?e:y'xE 407a
SUN - PNA *kirW (~ q, X) 'sun, moon' 161
suspect - PAW *go:l'V 114
SWALLOW (vb.) - PAW *r'i:q'wV 273
swell - PAW *bu: ~ *pu: 'to blow (with mouth); swell' 70
SWIM - PAW *m3:rV 222
tail - PAW *r'3:gE (~ k') 270
TAIL (of FISH) - PAW *c'3k'E « *?3c'k'E 93
TELL - PNA *di« *?idV 100
that - see demonstrative stem
thick (CLOTH) - PNA *KVdibV (~ t', p') 167
THIN (FLEXIBLE obj.) - PAW *pO:kV (~ b, k') 294
this - see demonstrative stem
think - PNA *?3:lV (~ l') 20
thou - PAW *kV 'you (sg.), thou' 164
three - PAW *gilV (~ a, l') 112
throat - PNA *qu:rV (~ x, x) 313 • PAW *qwesV ~ *heqwsV 'mouth, nose, throat' 326 throw - PNA *biKE (~ p', 3, Q, X) 66 THUNDER - PAW *U:yV 211
THUS - PNA *?ilV (~ e) 22
tie - PNA *hO:bV « *?O:hbV (~ p') 154
tight (fabric) - PNA *KVdibV (~ t', p') 167
time - PAW *r'a:GwE 337
TOGETHER - PAW *Ao?V 202
TONGUE - PAW *hi:iV (~ e:) 'tongue; to lick' 148 • PNA *?i:piV 'lip, tip of tongue' 31
tooth - PAW *Gi:gE 123 • PAW *xEcV « *?ExcV (~ s) 388
touch - PNA *do:nKA (~ t') 105
touch with the hands - PAW *m'a 233
TOUGH - PAW *qwATkA 'hard, tough' 324
TRACK, TRAIL - PNA *ra:cV (~ c') 'track, trail' 261
TREE - PAW *pi:xk'wE 'tree, willow' 286 • PAW *jik'wE 416
trout - PNA *ga:rV 'salmon, trout' 109 • PNA *lOnmV (~ l', n', m') 'salmon, trout' 194 turn - PAW *xwi:iV 393 two - PAW *me: 219
UNDERSTAND - PAW *kwe:mV 'to know, understand' 177
URINATE - PAW *di:xV 'to defecate, urinate' 102 • PAW *galqwE ~ *k'alqwE 110
use - PNA *?iwV (~ a, w') 26
valley - PAW *ra:?yV 'valley, shoal' 262
VOICE - PAW *we: ~ *?e:wV 371
vomit - PAW *?erV 14
vulva - PAW *ra:A'xwA 260
wait - PAW *nowgE (~ k') 245
WALK - PNA *be:lV 63 • PAW *qa:rV 310 • PAW *wi (~ e) 'to walk, go' 375 warm - PAW *kw'a:xwV 'warm, hot' 176 wash - PAW *c'u:kwa (~ c') 'to wash, clean' 80 watch - PAW *Ae:xE ~ *?e:AxE 'to look for, watch' 204
water - PAW *hak'wE ~ *k'wahE « *?ahk'wE 'to drink; water' 144 • PAW *wa: 'river, flowing water' 370 • PAW *w'e:pV ~ *pe:w'V 'water, liquid' 384 we - PAW *m'i (~ e) 239
WEASEL - PNA *co:nVKA (~ c', s, r) 'weasel, mink' 89
WHALE - PAW *Gwi: 129
what - see interrogative stem
whistle (vb.) - PAW *xwi:yV 392
who - see interrogative stem
WILLOW- PAW *pi:xk'wE 'tree, willow' 286
wind - PAW *la:yVwV 'wind; to blow (wind)' 192
wither - PAW *ba ~ *pa 58
WOLF - PAW *?O:l'i:kE (~ k') 46 • PAW *k'wOcV (~ s, s) 'wolf, wolverine' 189
WOLVERINE - PAW *k'wOcV (~ s, s) 'wolf, wolverine' 189
WOMAN - PAW *iarV-k'(w)V « *?airV-k'(w)V 209a
worm - PAW *k'wilVrV (~ a) 185
WORRY - PAW *qwE:cV (~ s) 327
WRAP - PAW *yOLwV 'to roll, wrap' 406
yawn - PAW *haywV (~ a) 134
YEAR - PAW *?anV 'year, season' 10
yes - PAW *ha:?V ~ *?a:hV 146
you (SG.) - PAW *kV 'you (sg.), thou' 164
Language abbreviations and sources
Ab. — Abenaki, acc. to O. Mudrak's comparative Proto-Algonquian database.
Am. — Amur Nivkh.
Arapaho — acc. to Salzmann 1983.
Blackfoot — acc. to Proulx 1989 and Hewson 1993.
Chem. — Chemakum, acc. to Powell 1993 and Boas 1892.
Cheyenne — acc. to Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanches 2004 and Hewson 1993.
Cree — acc. to Hewson 1993.
Delaware — acc. to O'Meara 1996.
EOj. — Eastern Ojibwa, acc. to O. Mudrak's comparative Proto-Algonquian database.
Fox — acc. to Hewson 1993 and O. Mudrak's comparative Proto-Algonquian database.
Ha. — Haisla, acc. to Linkoln, Rath 1980.
He. — Heiltsuk, acc. to Linkoln, Rath 1980.
Kickapoo — acc. to Voorhis, 1988.
Kw. — Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl), acc. to Linkoln, Rath 1980.
Men. — Menominee, acc. to Hewson 1993 and O. Mud-rak's comparative Proto-Algonquian database.
Miami — acc. to Baldwin, Costa 2005.
Mic. — Micmac (Mi'kmaq), acc. to O. Mudrak's comparative Proto-Algonquian database.
Natick — acc. to Aubin 1975.
NiY — "Nivkh of Yukaghir borrowings", the hypothetical Northern Sakhalin language. Forms are given acc. to O. Mudrak's comparative Yukaghir database jukaet.dbf.
Oj. — Ojibwa, acc. to Hewson 1993.
Oo. — Oowekyala, acc. to Linkoln, Rath 1980.
PA — Proto-Algonquian, acc. to Aubin 1975; God-dard 1974, 1979, 1982; Hewson 1993; Proulx 1984a, b, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994 [with transliteration ^ *i; *xk, *xp ^ *tk, *tp; *gk, *gp > sk, *sp].
PAlg — Proto-Algic, acc. to Proulx 1984a, b, 1991, 1992, 1994. I have also added several PAlg roots, according to the rules of Proulx's reconstruction. I interpret the PAlg phonemes denoted by
Paul Proulx as *t , *k, *l, *c , *c as voiced *d, *g, % *3, *?. Proulx's *S which only occurs in clusters is denoted as *y; its reflexes are PA *?, Wi. 0 and Yu. s (< *r < *y). This PAlg phoneme corresponds to velars in other Algonquian-Wakashan languages. The "normal" PAlg velar glide *y does not occur in consonantal clusters.
PAlt — Proto-Altaic, acc. to Starostin et al. 2003.
PAW — Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan, author's reconstruction.
PChi — Proto-Chumakuan, author's reconstruction.
PChiW — Proto-Chimakum-Wakashan, author's reconstruction.
PChK — Proto-Chukchi-Kamchatkan acc. to Mudrak 2000 and O. Mudrak's comparative database "Chukchi-Kamchatkan etymology" kamet.dbf (http://starling.rinet.ru).
PIt — Proto-Itelmen acc. to Mudrak 2000 and O. Mudrak's comparative database "Itelmen etymology" itelet.dbf (http://starling.rinet.ru).
PNA — Proto-Nivkh-Algic, author's reconstruction.
PNi — Proto-Nivkh, author's reconstruction according to materials in O. Mudrak's comparative Nivkh database nivget. dbf.
PS — Proto-Salish, acc. to Kuipers 2002.
PSC — Proto-Central Salish, acc. to Kuipers 2002.
PSI — Proto-Interior Salish, acc. to Kuipers 2002.
PW — Proto-Wakashan, acc. to Fortescue 2007.
PWN — Proto-Southern Wakashan, acc. to Fortescue 2007.
PWS — Proto-Northern Wakashan, acc. to Fortescue 2007 and Linkoln, Rath 1980.
Sakh. — Sakhalin Nivkh.
Shawnee — acc. to Hewson 1993.
Quil. — Quileute, acc. to Powell, Woodruff 1976.
Wi. — Wiyot, acc. to Teeter, Nichols 1993 and Proulx 1984a, b, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994.
WOj. — Western Ojibwa, acc. to O. Mudrak's comparative Proto-Algonquian database.
Yu. — Yurok, acc. to Robins 1958 and Proulx 1985.
References
Aubin 1975 — George F. Aubin. A Proto-Algonquian dictionary. Ottawa, 1975.
Baldwin, Costa 2005 — Daryl Baldwin, David J. Costa. Miami-Peoria dictionary. Miami University, 2005.
Beck 1997 — David Beck. Mosan III: a problem of remote common proximity. 32nd International Conference on Salish
and Neighboring Languages. 1997. Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanches 2004 — Louise Fisher, Wayne Leman, Leroy Pine Sr., Marie Sanchez. Cheyenne dictionary. Morrisville, 2004. Fortescue 2007 — Michael Fortescue. Comparative Wakashan dictionary. München, 2007.
Goddard 1974 — Ives Goddard. An outline of the historical phonology of Arapaho and Atsina. International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 40 (2). 1974, pp. 102-116.
Goddard 1979 — Ives Goddard. Comparative Algonquian. In: The languages of Native America: Historical and comparative assessment, eds. Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun. Austin, 1979, pp. 70-132.
Goddard 1982 — Ives Goddard. The historical phonology of Munsee. International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 48 (1). 1982, pp. 16-28.
Haas 1958 — Mary R. Haas. A new linguistic relationship in North America: Algonkian and the Gulf languages. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 14, pp. 231-264.
Hewson 1993 — John Hewson. A computer-generated dictionary of Proto-Algonquian. Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1993.
Kuipers 2002 — Aert Hendrik Kuipers. Salish Etymological Dictionary. Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana, 2002.
Linkoln, Rath 1980 — Neville J. Lincoln, John C. Rath. North Wakashan Comparative Root List. Canadian Museum of Civilization Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper no. 68. Ottawa, 1980.
Mudrak 2000 — O. A. Mudrak. Etimologicheskij slovar' chukotsko-kamchatskikh jazykov. Moscow, 2000.
Nikolaev 2015 — Sergei L. Nikolaev. Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 1: Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan relationship. Journal of Language Relationship. 13/1. Moscow, 2015. Pp. 23-61.
O'Meara 1996 — John O'Meara. Delaware-English / English-Delaware dictionary. Toronto, 1996.
Powell, Woodruff 1976 — J.V. Powell, Fred Woodruff, Sr. Quileute dictionary. Northwest anthropological research notes. Memoir No. 3. Part 2. Moscow (Idaho), 1976.
Proulx 1984a — Paul Proulx. Proto-AIgic II: Verbs. International journal of American linguistics. Vol. 50 (1). 1984, pp. 59-94.
Proulx 1984b — Paul Proulx. Proto-AIgic I: Phonological sketch. International journal of American linguistics. Vol. 50 (2). 1984, pp. 165-207.
Proulx 1989 — Paul Proulx. A sketch of Blackfoot historical phonology. International journal of American linguistics. Vol. 55 (1). 1989, pp. 43-82.
Proulx 1991 — Paul Proulx. Proto-AIgic III: Pronouns. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 16. University of Kansas, 1991, pp. 129-170.
Proulx 1992 — Paul Proulx. Proto-AIgic IV: Nouns. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 17, No. 2. University of Kansas, 1992, pp. 11-58.
Proulx 1994 — Paul Proulx. Proto-AIgic V: Doublets and their implications. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 19, No. 2. University of Kansas, 1994. Pp. 113-183.
Robins 1958 — Robert H. Robins. The Yurok Language: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. University of CaIifornia PubIica-tions in Linguistics. VoI 15. 1958.
SaIzmann 1983 — Zdenek SaIzmann. Dictionary of contemporary Arapaho usage. Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, 1983.
Starostin et aI. 2003 — S.A. Starostin, A.V. Dybo, O.A. Mudrak. The etymological dictionary of Altaic languages. Leiden, 2003.
Teeter, NichoIs 1993 — KarI V. Teeter, John D. NichoIs. Wiyot Handbook I. Glossary and concordance. Winnipeg, 1993.
Voorhis, 1988 — PauI H. Voorhis. Kickapoo vocabuIary. Winnipeg, 1988.
С. Л. Николаев. К реконструкции алгонкино-вакашского праязыка. Ч. 2: Алгонкино-вакашские звуковые соответствия.
Вторая часть настоящей статьи, продолжающая исследование, опубликованное в одном из предыдущих номеров ВЯР, содержит: состав праалгонкино-вакашских фонем со ссылками на праалгонкино-вакашский сравнительный словарь (§2); сравнительный праалгонкино-вакашский словарь, который включает более четырехсот корневых реконструкций, снабженных релевантным правакашским, пранивхским и праалгийским материалом, причем словарь включает также пранивхско-алгонкинские корни (§3); индекс лексических значений праалгонкино-вакашских и пранивхско-алгонкинских корней (§4). Научная новизна статьи заключается в формальном доказательстве гене-
тического родства между нивхским, алгийскими (алгонкино-ритванскими) и вакаш-скими языками стандартным компаративистическим методом, т. е. путем установления системы регулярных фонетических соответствий между словарями сравниваемых языков.
Ключевые слова: алгонкино-вакашские языки, алгийские языки, вакашские языки, чима-кум-вакашские языки, вакашские языки, нивхский язык, историческая фонология, сравнительный словарь.
