Tools of impact of the human activities on the water environment Текст научной статьи по специальности «Строительство и архитектура»

Литература

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TOOLS OF IMPACT OF THE HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE WATER

ENVIRONMENT

Burmatova O.P.

Intfitute of Economics and Indutfrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Associate Professor, PhD, Senior

Researcher, Novosibirsk

ABSTRACT

This article analyzes the possible negative anthropogenic impact on Sate of surface waters in the region and the choice of ways to prevent it. For this purpose an attempt is made to include the general problem of optimization of the spatial flructure of the economy of the region block of conditions for protection of water resources. The author gives the economic and mathematical notation appropriate conditions. The interpretation of these conditions is given, as well as the possibility of their use for the analysis of the influence of anthropogenic activities on water environment are evaluated. Great attention is paid to the Lower Angara region. The paper describes the specific features of the Lower Angara region from the flandpoint of the impact of the prospects for the development of production on the water environment. It is given the characteriflic of the present flage of its development, and considered the flrategic aspects of its further formation. It is shown the basic shortcomings of the inveflment project "Integrated Development of the Lower Angara" with an emphasis on environmental matters. It is concluded that the development of the region under conditions of observance of the environmental requirements is possible only under using advanced technology.

Keywords:environmental management, suflainable development, water resources, environment flrategy, water pollution control, cleaner production, environmentally oriented technologies, water bodies.

1. Protection of water resources as one of the important directions of environmental activities in the development of a regional environmental flrategy

The growth of limitation of water resources, deterioration of their quality make necessary inclusion problems of rational use and protection of water resources in a number of flrategic priorities for regional environmental policy. This problem is of particular relevance in regions which are experiencing shortage of surface water resources and undergoing significant anthropogenic pressures on water bodies. Thus, the use and protection of water resources serves as one of the important

directions of environmental activities in the development of a regional conservation flrategy.

In order to identify the possible negative anthropogenic impact on Sate of surface waters in the region and the choice of ways to prevent it we have attempted to include in the model of choice of economic decisions in the region taking into account their environmental effects the block of conditions for the protection of water resources [2, 4]. The goals, objectives and tools of analysis the impact of human activities on the water environment are shown in Figure 1.

Analysis of the possible impact of proposed economic activity in the region on the state of-water bodies

Optimization mo del o f the spa tia l structure of the economy of the region with a

block of conditions to protect water resources

GOAL: formation prom. complex in the region with a view to ^nini^nizing the possible anthropogenic pressure on its water environment

The main tasks to be solved

Pred ictin g the level of water pollution

=0=

Identification of ecologically permissible scale of territorial concentration of production in terms of formation of anthropogenic impact on surface water sources

Determina -tion of the total value of economic damage caused by

wa ter pollution

Figure 1. The goals, objectives and tools of analysis the impact of human activities on the water environment

Block diagram of the initial model is shown in Fig. 2. It lifls the basic conditions of the model and the fludy objects under consideration, presents the nature of contraints and objective

function coefficients, nonzero elements of communication are shown. For simplicity, the block diagram model reflects the

conditions corresponding to the same areal (or induflrial node) and one time period.

The main problem to be solved by using this block for the protection of water resources, provide for predicting the level of water pollution; identification of ecologically acceptable scale territorial concentration of production from the flandpoint of

the formation of anthropogenic load on surface water sources; determining the total value of economic damage caused by pollution of water bodies and others. Such a block is designed specifically for the conditions of the Lower Angara region and weflern part of Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex (KAFEC) [2, 3, 4].

Conditions Objects Pollution of Norming indicators on pollution of Economic damage by pollution of Pollution charges Losses for Sign of condi tions Rest ricti ons

enterprises power plant water bodies atmosphere water bodies atmosphere water bodies atmosphere agriculture fisheries forestry population

1 2 J

options options options « above permi tted total above permi tted

1 2 1 2 1 2

Choice of one technology option <

=

Task for the production output =

Restrictions on capital expenditure limit <

Formation of the level of pollution of water bodies =

atmosphere =

0

Above permitted standard output of pollution in water bodies à M < 0

atmosphere M

Formation of economic damage from pollution of water bodies = 0

atmosphere l^A

Formation of fee for excess pollution output m = 0

Formation associated with the construction of power plant losses to agriculture = 0

fisheries

forestry

population

Functional (the objective function) —> min

Note: shaded blocks containing nonzero elements

Figure 2. Block diagram of the model of choice of variants of economic decisions based on their environmental impact

Conditions of water block are united into the following groups (Fig. 3):

1. Conditions of formation of water pollution balances for certain types of hazardous subflances in each of the areas (or induflrial centers) in a given period of time.

2. Reflrictions on the discharge of pollutants into surface water sources.

3. Conditions of non-worsening environmental situation (quality of the aquatic environment) in each area over time, taking into account the possible accumulation of harmful subflances in water and transport of pollution along the rivers.

4. The requirement to minimize economic damage caused by water pollution.

Conditions Time period Kind of pollution S ources of pollution Discharge of the contaminants in water environment Sign of conditions Restrictions

popu latio n industrial facilities within the norms beyond accep-table norms

I II I II

1 2 XI X2 X3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Formation of the balance of water pollution 1 I X X X X X — X

II X X X X X

2 I X X X X X = 0

II X X X X X

Restrictions on dumping contaminants 1 I X X X X < X

II X X X X X

2 I X X X X X

II X X X X X

Requirements non-worsening environmental situation 1 I X < X

II X X

2 I X X > 0

II X X

Functional X X X X X X X X X mm

M

- nonzero elements of the matrix

Fig. 3 shows a block diagram of a model fragment with block conditions for the protection of water resources. For example, a block diagram is contracted for one area, the two time periods and for the two types of pollution in the waflewater. Let us dwell on the characteriflics of the economic-mathematical notation selected conditions and consider what range of issues can be resolved with their use. Economic-mathematical notation above conditions has the following form [2, 4].

2. Economic-mathematical notation of conditions of the water block

1) Formation of the balance of water pollution:

P' +AP' =0'(t-1) + $' . -$'„ +V E' x, +V E x', + E z',

% % k h k qkk" % jt % jt q k

Vq, k, k , t Pt

where % - volume of discharge with sewage within the permissible limits of the subflances q into the aquatic environment of the area (or induflrial node) k in the period t;

API

f - volume of discharge with sewage beyond acceptable norms subflances into the aquatic environment q of the area k in period t;

of-1)

* - volume of the accumulation of the contamination by the time t pollution type q, released to the water environment of the area of k in period t-1;

Figure 3. Block conditions for the protection of water resources

or1 = (1 -A )TtAP

(2)

ßä

Here qf - the rate of natural decomposition of the pollution of kind q p in aqueous medium of the area k during the year; it - the length of time t;

Ot , (O t ,, )

^ k v qkk '

■ the amount of income (removal) of pollution

k '

(to the area

q in the area k (from the area k) from the area k "

K ) as a result of the natural transfer of subflances.

Volumes of pollutant transport between neighboring induflrial nodes determined in accordance with the model of Phelps- Streeter:

O

qk ' k

a k » ( p;k -+Ap;.)

qk

o U"=abk" ( p + Ap )

% k " V Jn

(3)

where aqk k

Kk ')

* k 7 - the degree of decomposition of the subflance q as a result of transit on the section of the river from

the area k to k (from k to k

Thus:

aqkk =®

-kqPa

k

Here q

- rate contant of the

k > 0

oxidizing subflances q ( q - for non-conservative organic

t

. Pk

'k

oxidation time of a subflance in the area

subflances)

from k up to k (or the movement of river water from the from the section k of the river to the section k); Pkk = Rk'k ^ V ,

where Rk'k - diflance between k and k; V - average velocity of flow of the river.

Further, in the condition (1):

X k

- the intensity of the variant of operation of the facility j in the area k;

t

X

Jk

t;

E„

zh

■ population of the area k at end of period t;

y Et x, -y E. x'. - E z', = 0

Z_> 3 f- Z_i m 9 q k

j J

(1a)

( Vq, k, k , t )

of contaminants in waflewater treatment plants depending on the cleaning methods; magnitude of accumulation of pollution over time taking into account the background contamination; volumes of natural transfer of harmful subflances between neighboring induflrial hubs.

As a result of such representation of the volume of harmful subflances in wafle water pollution dynamics in each period reflected by the amount of pollution released to the aquatic environment in the previous period, in view of its possible accumulation during this period, and in accordance with the dynamics of the development and production of household activity in every induflrial junction.

2) Reflrictions on dumping contaminants in surface water sources:

■ capacity of the facility j in the area k at end of period

q - the volume of output of pollution q form domeflic waflewater;

G'

Pi <-q(Rk -ydjxk -ydjXk -d k)

K j j

G

(Vq, l, k, t ) (4)

Et E

® ( ® ) - the amount of pollution type q, discharged into the waters with sewage generated at facilities j with a fixed (unreserved) intensity at the end of period t.

Volumes of output of harmful subflances from induflrial

■nt t

E = ev

and municipal waflewater are defined as: § M 1

E. = ev. E = e v eq

; i M 1; q q , where e ( q ) - the final

' ' ' qj v '

concentration of the subflance q in the effluent of the object j (in household waflewater);

In this case: e =c H!H-c ; e =c H!H-c . Here c H!H (c H!H) - initial

qj qj qj ' q q q qjvq7

concentration of the subflance q in the effluent of the object j (in household waflewater);

c ( c ) - the amount on which the concentration of the

qj q

subflance q are reduced in the effluent of the object j (household effluent) as a result of neutralization in waflewater treatment plants;

j - - volume of waflewater of the object j at the end of period t;

v ■

j - specific volume of waflewater of the object j with the desired intensity;

v - specific volume of wafle water (for 1 thousand people). Subflituting equalities (2) and (3) in condition (1), we obtain:

(1 -a l Pt +Ap )-ya k(p +Ap )-(1-^ )Ap" -

where q - the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of the subflance q, belonging to a limiting attribute of hazards (LAH) l;

K - the number of harmful subflances belonging to one LAH;l;

Rt

k - the water flow at the source on a plot k during the period t.

Ï = Rk -Wk-ywt

k

(5)

Rk

plot k;

- the average multiyear water flow in the source on the

k - volume of water consumption by exiting induflrial units in the area k;

Wt

k - water withdrawals at the end of period t by consumers in areas k', which are located up the river;

dt d.

J , 1, d - volume of withdrawal of flow for irrevocable water consumption and dilution of the waflewater of the objects j and for domeflic water supply and domeflic sewage dilution.

dt = (k . - 1)vj + w

d = (k - 1)v + w

t

;

d = (k - 1)v. + w

(6)

Here

k

j (k

Thus, according to condition (1a) forming the level of water pollution by this or that ingredient in every induflrial node is performed for each time period with taking into account the following factors: discharge of harmful subflances with induflrial and domeflic wafle waters; the degree of neutralization

( A- ) - the multiplicity of dilution of the waflewater discharged by the object j (domeflic wafle water);

wt. w.

1 - volumes of water consumption the object j in period t; 1

- specific volume of water consumption the object j with the w

sought intensity; - specific volume of water consumption by the population (for 1000 people).

k

Condition (4) taking into account of the conditions (5) and (6) can be rewritten as follows (a more convenient for inclusion in a model of the task):

-TPt +y dtxh +y djx^ + d'k < Rk

G i i

(Vq, l, k, t )

(4a)

Thus, in the described water block the reflrictions on waflewater discharges of contaminants in the aquatic environment - the conditions (4) or (4a) - are built taking into account: MPC indicators of harmful subflances in water reservoirs; summation effect of action of various subflances belonging to one of LAH; water flow at the source; irrevocable water consumption volumes; desired degree of dilution discharged into surface water bodies treated waflewater.

3) Conditions of non-worsening environmental situation in

each induflrial nodes over time:APqkt<APqkt-1 (Vq, k, t) (7)

Condition (7) means that the amount of pollution, released into the aquatic environment of a particular induflrial bodes in a given period of time in excess of allowable limits, shall not exceed the corresponding pollution released to the aquatic environment at the end of the previous period, i.e. qualitative flate of the aquatic environment in each area over time should not deteriorate. Specifying the conditions (7), we are able to manipulate in certain limits with pollution, allocated beyond acceptable norms, limiting its output with period t=1 or later periods, when as the formation of regional economy and enhance its production capacity increases and discharge of harmful subflances from sewage.

All above conditions of the introduced block, are contracted, firflly, for all considered in the task of pollutants contained in induflrial and domeflic waflewater; secondly, for each of the selected within the limits of a region the territorial units, which are accepted as induflrial nodes; and, thirdly, for each of the calculated time intervals into which the whole analyzed in the task period of forecafling is partitioned.

As follows from condition (1), the entire volume of the produced pollution is divided into two parts - the pollution generated within the limits of the acceptable health flandards, and pollution from the resulting sewage over the permissible level. This division allows the discharge of pollutants in water bodies over environmental flandards adopted in the absence of technical capacity to provide the desired degree of neutralization of waflewater. In this case the discharge of harmful subflances into the water environment of the region (beyond acceptable limits) will be accompanied by damage to the natural environment. This fact is reflected in the formation of the objective function , which represents the minimum, firflly, calculated expenditures for eflablishment and functioning of all elements of the regional economy (including of the discounting), and secondly , the magnitude of the economic damage caused by water pollution.

The lafl element is calculated as the sum of products of specific damages from water pollution under consideration ingredients waflewater volumes and pollution coming into the aquatic environment beyond accepted norms (see below).

4) The requirement to minimize economic damage from water pollution:

X ^ mm

k t , where

Uk =X?ap; (Vt)

(8)

Here Utk - the value of the total economic damage from

water pollution in the area k at the end of period t; gt - the discount factor; uqk - indicators of specific economic damages from water pollution in the area k of subflance q.

Dividing the volume of pollution into two parts (of pollutants discharged into water bodies within the limits of flandards and beyond permissible limits) allows:

1) determine the limiting capabilities defined by conditions of the task syflems of waflewater treatment;

2) determine the amount of economic damage from water pollution and minimize this value in the process of solving the problem, depending on the current production and the spatial flructure of economic complex;

3) implement the accounting of the accumulation of pollution entering the water environment beyond the limits;

4) to provide for the possibility of solving the problem in case of impossibility of exit onto set environmental flandards.

If as a result decision generated pollution does not keep within the specified reflrictions, it can serve as a alarming signal that the economic activity in a particular induflrial junction goes beyond environmentally acceptable limits and to avoid this, you need to take some additional measures, such as:

• introduce new conditions of the task (more environmentally friendly) technologies of the main productions at production facilities;

• introduce into the conditions of the task (more environmentally friendly ) technologies of the main productions at production facilities;

• supplement or replace by a more advanced by predetermined waflewater treatment syflems;

• propose other variants of production location for the purpose of the deconcetration of production over the territory to make better use of adaptive mechanisms of the aquatic environment;

• abandon the creation of certain objects in the induflrial hubs with the mofl intense environmental situation, or go the way outs of production on the individual enterprises to environmentally acceptable scale, etc.

In general, the inclusion of characterized conditions in the model of the task allows us to solve the following issues:

1) to identify environmentally acceptable in terms of impact on the aquatic environment scale of the development of economic activities in the region;

2) to identify opportunities of the defined by conditions of the task syflems of neutralization of induflrial and domeflic wafle water;

3) to analyze the impact factors of the accumulation and natural transport of hazardous subflances by the rivers on the formation of the overall level of pollution in water bodies within the considered territory;

4) to eflimate the economic damage that may be caused the region's economy and public health by water pollution in case

the discharge of harmful subflances in excess of the permissible norms;

5) to verify to what changes in the choice of allocation scheme the invefligated production in the region could cause accounting requirements of protection of water resources.

By using characterized block model we have carried out calculations, in particular, on the materials the Lower Angara region in the Krasnoyarsk krai have been performed. Before proceeding to the presentation of some results realization of described model with the inclusion of water block, let us consider more in detail the characteriflics of the specific conditions of the Lower Angara region, influencing on the development of the environmental situation of the water basin.

3. Lower Angara region as example of the area of the new economic development: problems and prospects

The Lower Angara Region1 in the Krasnoyarsk krai is a typical example of the region of the new economic development, which has become the subject of a major inveflment in Russia in the pofl-Soviet period. At present there the inveflment project «Integrated Development of the Lower Angara area» [5, 6] is being realized, inveflment project «Angara-Yenisei clufler» was proposed [7, 8]. In the region as a result of implementation of the

flage of the inveflment project «Integrated Development of the Lower Angara area» (IP IDLA) is eflablished supporting basis for further intensive and large-scale economic development. The main reason for the inveflment attractiveness of the region is the presence on its territory of diverse and often unique in quality and scale of energy and raw materials, including ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals, hydrocarbon feedflock varied nonmetallic raw materials, forefl, water and hydropower resources. An important role is played by the Boguchan power plant, which is currently being contracted (close to being operational), as well as some infraflructural developments. In particular, two railway connections to the region (Achinsk-Lesosibirsk and Reshoty-Karabula); the Karabula-Yarki railroad, an automobile bridge across the Angara river; and several highways, including the Kansk-Kodinsk highway, are being built. One can also name other ongoing projects, such as the connection of Ufl-Ilimsk to Lesosibirsk as part of the North Siberian railway.

No doubt, the creation of large infraflructure facilities has a great potential for the development of the region at the initial flage. If at the firfl flage production gravitates mainly to Boguchany induflrial node (Boguchany power plant, aluminum plant and pulp and paper mill), then in the longer term (by the year 2020), it is foreseen to build new enterprises in the Kodinsk (the Tagara mining and dressing plant and a cement plant) and Boguchany (gas processing and gas chemical plants) induflrial hubs. New production is also envisaged in the Motyginsk area (the Gorevsky mining and dressing plant and the Motyginsk hydro power plant). The second phase of the development of the Lower Angara region is mainly associated with the development of oil and gas deposits for the Eafl Siberian oil and gas induflry (the southern part of Evenkia). Therefore, in addition to the contraction of several induflrial facilities, as well as transport and energy infraflructure, the second phase of development goes beyond the Lower Angara region in terms of its territorial coverage. The financial needs of the second phase are eflimated at 540 billion rubles. One should note that the current flate of the region is characterized by a low pace of economic development, the economy's orientation towards the forefl induflry, a high

share of the grey economy, as well as a flable population outflow and unemployment.

The inveflment project "Integrated Development of the Lower Angara" is the largefl Russian project implemented in the pofl Soviet period. Its implementation is based on the principle of public-private partnership. Public financial support is allocated on the basis of cofinancing from the Inveflment Fund of the Russian Federation and is aimed at creating major transport and energy infraflructure facilities that can propel the induflrial development of the region. At the same time, 55.2% of the funds required for the project are provided by Vneshekonombank [9].

In spite of the exerted attention to the region and all the pluses of the mentioned projects the lafl are characterized in general by lack of comprehensive and balanced development of the territory, mainly focusing on the development of the lower of energy production cycles, ignoring the environmental and social problems. This is manifefled, in particular, in the absence of:

1) complex approach to the development of the area in terms of the development and operation of basic sectors of the economy in relation to social issues and the environment;

2) coordinating the eflablishment and operation of all facilities on the territory, including infraflructure;

3) the intention to build an innovative model of development in view of the continuous adaptation to the requirements of the scientific and technological progress;

4) formation of the infraflructure of local importance;

5) consideration of the requirements of environmental protection and refloration of natural resources;

6) approaches to solving a complicated tangle of social problems, ultimately aimed at improving living flandards of people;

7) ability to use the available natural resources in the interefls of the entire population living in the region rather than a number of large companies (and, generally, in the context of suflainable development, i.e., in the interefl of the present and future generations), and so on.

Let us briefly discuss the problems of possible impact of the planned economic activity in the fludy region on the flate of its water bodies.

Issues of water pollution in the lower reaches of the Angara River can not be considered without a comprehensive analysis of all the Angara river basin. This is due to the fact that even now the flate of water quality in the Lower Angara region, where the exiting anthropogenic pressures are ¿till very insignificant, to a large extent determined by the effect of pollution, which is formed in the upper and middle current of the river. Therefore, solution to the problem of improving and maintaining the required water quality in the lower reaches of the Angara largely depends not only on the current and future scope of economic activity within the Lower Angara region and mofl of the corresponding syflem of environmental and other events, but also on the environmental situation in the upper and middle sections of the Angara river.

Taking into account that quite a high level of background contamination of the upper and middle current of the river. Angara has a negative impact on the modern quality condition of the lower portion of the river, it seems necessary to implement water conservation measures firfl of all in the upper and middle part of the Angara River, receiving a significant amount of polluted induflrial and domeflic waflewater from induflrial facilities and settlements within the Irkutsk region (primarily the

1 Lower Angara region is generally underwood as a region located in the basin of the lower course of the Angara and the middle cource of the Yenisei River and covering the five areas in the Krasnoyarsk krai (Boguchansky, Kezhemsky, Motyginsky, Yeniseisky, North Yeniseisky). Total area ~ 260 km2, population - about 230 thousand people.

cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Siberian, Bratsk, Ufl-Ilimsk). To regulate the problems of control and transit of pollution throughout the river Angara would be useful to have a special adminiflrative body.

If we consider the Angara River basin as a whole, then, it is eflimated that almofl all of the waflewater entering the Angara and its tributaries, is reset to the territory of the Irkutsk region (over 98%), while the share of the Krasnoyarsk Krai in total contamination is negligible (less than 2%) [10]. At the same time decisive influence on pollution of the Angara River within the Lower Angara region have waflewater of induflrial enterprises of Bratsk and Ufl-Ilimsk. So, below of discharges of the Ufl-Ilimsk timber induAiy complex the concentration of phenols in Angara reaches 25 MPC (maximum permissible concentration), oil - 10 MPC, the magnitude of the BOD (biological oxygen demand) is about 5 mg O2 / liter.

In the context of the branches main part of contaminated waflewater entering the Angara-Yenisei basin from induflrial enterprises is accounted for objects of pulp and paper induflry and hydrolysis (31.1%), as well as petrochemical and chemical industry (27.6 %).

An important role is played the problem of forecafling quality of water resources of the Angara River in conditions of possible hydropower contraction. Operating experience of exiting water reservoirs of the Angara cascade and water quality analysis in them enables (let us) to suggefl that the envisaged new reservoirs on the lower Angara will (by analogy with the exiting water reservoirs) serve as the sedimentation tanks of pollution. In the case of the continuation of waflewater discharge in the middle and upper reaches of the Angara River it is probably the sharp deterioration of water quality in the reservoirs in the Low Angara and at the outputs of them. Also, necessary to consider that reservoir in the lower reaches of the Angara will be trailing in the cascade for which the general trend is consiflent deterioration of water quality in reservoirs from the top down. Thus, the forecafling of economic activity within the Lower Angara region should be carried out firfl of all taking into account the quite a high background of water pollution.

Considering the Lower Angara region through the prism is currently implemented inveflment project «Integrated Development of the Lower Angara area», it should be noted that this region, firfl, is being developed predominantly on the resource scenario and, second, the territorial concentration of production within it is uneven: the development is limited only two induflrial nodes - Boguchany and in the longer term - Kodinsk. This means that the queflion of the uniform development of its territory is not put, production expected to focus in large individual nodes. It will entail and increase of the territorial concentration of production within these nodes and, consequently, increase of the load on the environment at the corresponding nodes and possibly in connection with this the complication in these environmental situation.

In the future, the water environment in the Lower Angara region will be determined, at leafl the following factors:

1) features of local natural and climatic conditions of the region (unfavorable adaptable possibilities of the environment) and low flability of natural syflems in relation to anthropogenic impact;

2) choice of options for possible technological solutions on prospective production facilities of the region;

3) low quality water conditions in the upper and middle reaches of the Angara River and the need to conduct an

appropriate syflem of protection measures for exiting induflrial enterprises of the Irkutsk region in the Angara River basin;

4) impact on the flatus of water bodies in the region of the reservoir Boguchanskaya HPP, as well as possible future water reservoirs, intended to eflablish in connection with the contraction of new power plants in the lower reaches of the Angara River;

5) choice of possible allocation scheme for future productions in the region and as a whole character of the production flructure of the individual areas and the scale of concentration of production in them.

Specificity of local conditions affecting the development of the environmental situation of the water bodies in the Lower Angara region necessitates access to the region with technologically advanced induflries. So, the Lower Angara region is characterized by a low assimilative capacity, which is due, firflly, to its high potential for atmospheric contamination (the worfl conditions can be observed in the settlements of Lesosibirsk and Kodinsk) and, secondly, to a low self-purification capacity of surface water and, thus, unfavorable conditions for the oxidation of organic matter, as well as levels of water pollution (by suspended materials, phenols, oil, and other organic subflances). The quality of water does not satisfy the adopted flandards, which in turn puts forward special requirements for basic and nature conservation technologies applied by induflrial facilities that are being set up in the region.

This is compounded by the building of reservoirs and the violation of the natural hydrological regime of the river. The self-cleaning ability of the Angara River has thus far largely been exhaufled and for a number of pollutants (such as suspended solids, phenols, petroleum products, etc.), the water quality does not meet the required flandards which in turn imposes special requirements for basic and environmental technology planned in the region of production. In addition, one should note a fairly high level of background contamination of the aquatic environment in the settlements of Boguchany and Kodinsk, which will bear the major anthropogenic burden following the implementation of the inveflment project [2, 10, 11].

The choice of capacities for future induflrial facilities in the region is equally important. Thus, the planned annual capacity of the Boguchany aluminium plant is 600 thousand tons, which does not comply with international flandards: the ultimate power of aluminium smelters worldwide is 200-250 thousand tons per year. At present, it is close to 190 thousand tons per year [1]. Furthermore, the environmental incompatibility of aluminium production with the processes of pulp and paper production entails the risk that Boguchany can repeat the sad fate of Bratsk, where the creation of similar super induflries resulted in the extinction of coniferous forefls and more frequent occurrence of cancer among children.

Crisis situations in the flate of the environment in the Lower Angara can be avoided by preventing adverse changes in ecological character, adherence to the accepted environmental requirements, obligatory environmental impact assessments of any of new economic projects, the application of advanced technical and technological solutions. Necessary to create conditions, not only guaranteeing the protection of the environment, but also to Simulate environmental measures and involving in economic circulation of natural resources in the region.

In general, the lower regeneration capacity of the natural environment of Lower Angara underpins the need for flringent

requirements for production technology, including both technological (core production technology) and environmental (environmental protection measures, etc.) innovation. One can only consider the eflablishment of complex economic facilities in the region in general and, more specifically, the foreseen combination of plants and their respective capacities, if the above conditions are met. At the same time, it is not only necessary to give a priority to advanced low-wafle technologies for the core production of the planned facilities but also to implement a range of environmental activities, which comprehensively cover all aspects of the anthropogenic impact on the environment, including the possibilities of rational placement and territorial organization of productive forces, wafle disposal, selection of various technological options providing a response to the disposal of pollutants and their combinations, etc.

4. Lower Angara region as object of the application of the proposed apparatus of analysis of environmental and economic interaction and features

In IEIE SB RAS some experience has been accumulated in the field of research on account of influence of environmental factors on the formation of the spatial flructure of the economy in the Lower Angara region [1, 2, 3, 10, 11]. One of the directions of this research is to analyze the impact of the p forecafled economic activity within the region on the environment, including water basin, as well as the possibility of the creation of reservoirs on the Angara River and their contribution to the change processes of accumulation of pollution in surface waters and natural transfer of pollutants.

As already mentioned, using conditions of characterized block of the model, a series of experimental calculations on materials

of the Lower Angara Region in Krasnoyarsk Krai was carried out. Analysis performed calculations allowed us to determine the influence of the factors included in the task on the choice of the environmentally friendly solutions taking into account possible negative consequences of the environmental pollution and putting into exploitation large-scale Boguchanskaya hydro power plant (BoHPP) in the lower reaches of the river Angara.

For calculations with using the supposed model was used software package LP-syflem, which allows to solve optimization tasks of linear programming based on a modified simplex method. As a result of solution was clarified possible production flructure considered induflrial nodes in the Lower Angara region, within which is planned the main concentration of the objects of timber and metallurgical complexes.

According to the task conditions on the territory of the Lower Angara region were considered: 1) 5 induflrial nodes: Kodinsk (as part of the adminiflrative diflrict Kezhma), Boguchany, Motygino and - on the Angara River, and Abalakovo and Lesosibirsk (as part of the admini flrative diflrict of the Yeniseisk) - on the Yenisei River; 2) about 20 induflrial objects, including timber induflry (4 Pulp and paper mills (PPM), 2 Hydrolysis Yeafl Plants (HYP), 4 Timber processing complexes (TPC)), mining and metallurgical combines (Tagara Iron Ore and Gorevsky Lead-Zinc Mining and Processing Plant), metallurgical plants (aluminum, lead, zinc, etc.), enterprises of chemical indufliy and energy (Table 1); 3) 5 types of pollution: suspended solids, phenols and chlorides, oil and Biological oxygen demand in full (BODf); 4) 3 time periods, each of 5 years.

Objects Areals (industrial nodes)

Kodinsk Boguchany Motygino Lesosibirsk Abalakovo

Pulp and paper mill - PPM 1: х х

PPM 2 х

PPM 3 х х

PPM 4 х х

Hydrolysis Yeast Plant - HYP 1: х

HYP 2 х

Timber processing complex: - TPC 1: х

TPC 2 х

TPC 3 х

TPC 4 х

Tagara Iron Ore Mining and Processing Plant (MPP) х

Gorevsky Lead-Zinc MPP х

Ferroalloy Plant (FP) х х х х

Lead-Zinc Plant (LZP) х х х х

Alumina Refinery (AR) х х

Aluminum Plant (AP) х х

Copper-Chemical Plant (CCP) х х

Petrochemical combine (PCC) х х х х

Plant for the production of synthetic liquid fuels (SLF) х х

Table 1

Possible variants of diflribution of the objects in the Lower Angara region on areals (under the terms of the problem)

The time factor is taken into account firfl of all when contaminants in the environment of Kodinsk and Boguchany determining the possible level of discharges and emissions of induflrial nodes. Formation of such level for every ingredient

in each reporting period shall be based on taking into account of the following three factors: discharges and emissions of harmful subflances with induflrial and household wafle; the level of emissions purification depending on the technology used on the object-pollutant; accumulation of contamination over time, taking into account background pollution.

Thus, the dynamics of contaminants in each of the periods is reflected through the output of harmful subflances in the previous period of time, taking into account its possible accumulation during this period, and furthermore also the dynamics of economic and domeflic activities is taken into account.

Information on emissions and discharges of pollutants has been taken, particularly, from induflry handbooks on befl

Variants of so

available techniques (BAT Reference Documents (BREFs))2. Let us consider characterize the results obtained solutions. 5. Formation of the production flructure of the region, taking into account the potential impact on the water environment

During the research was carried out a series of the variant calculations; the main content of the individual variants are shown in Table. 2. The choice of possible schemes of locating productions being considered on the territory the Lower Angara region, is characterized by following features for the different variants of the calculations.

Table 2

of the task

Variants of the solutions Content of the Variants of the solutions

I Without taking into account conditions to protect water bodies

II Conditions of variant I plus block of conditions to protect water bodies

III Conditions of variant II plus account of requirements of non-worsening environmental situation in each areal with a certain time period

IV Conditions of variant III plus: •decreasing dynamics of water flow in the springs located on the Angara River, •the conditions of a possible deterioration of the initial conditions of wa^ewater discharged into surface water sources

V Conditions of variant IV plus требования неухудшения экологической ситуации

VI Conditions of variant V plus taking into account of possibilities to reduce the flow of water on four of the five reviewed sections of the river (near Boguchany, Motygino, Lesosibirsk and Abalakovo)

From the point of view of the formation prescribed by the conditions of the task possible production flructure of the selected areas (induflrial nodes) in the region and created by them a corresponding pressure on water bodies according to the results solving the mofl flressful situation develops in Lesosibirsk and Motygino induflrial nodes. In that case production flructure of the Lesosibirsk induflrial hub from the flandpoint of the possibility of pollution discharge with sewage into surface water sources on the results of solutions is limited by considered here objects of timber induflry, including pulp and paper mills, hydrolysis yeafl plants and some timber processing complexes. Along with this under defined by the task conditions of the location variants of the objects in Lesosibirsk induflrial hab, their facilities and waflewater treatment syflems it requires further unloading of this induflrial hub to get closer to the permissible levels of pollutants discharge into the aquatic environment.

The same applies to Motygino induflrial node, where on the results of calculations situation with the water pollution is

primarily determined by the choice here PPM. This enterprise is the largefl of all the considered in the task pulp and paper mills and its contribution to the total water pollution is much greater than the contribution of other of enterprises that are included on the results of the solutions in the Motygino node (including Gorevsky mining and processing plant, alumina and lead-zinc plants).

Within the framework of the proposed formulation of the task (in addition to these options in Table 1) was carried out a series of solutions of variant calculations, aimed at invefligation of the influence on the formation of the spatial flructure of the Lower Angara region of possible changes in the individual conditions of the task and given the levels of several indicators. In compressed form characteriflics implemented in the calculations directions of variations of conditions of the model and the level of the values of individual indicators, as well as a short description of the results of variant calculations are summarized in Table 3.

2 Development of handbooks is carried by the European Bureau on Complex Pollution Prevention and Control at the Inflitute for Prospective Technological Studies (Seville, Spain). All the reference books are publicly available on the website of the Bureau at the address: http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/.

Table 3

Characterises of variant calculations

Conditions of model Indicators to be subjected to variation The obtained results

I. The formation of a balance of pollution of water bodies 1. Indicators of output of finite pollution in wastewater of the individual enterprises: PPM, HYP, PCC and SLF (variation was carried out in the direction of deterioration of initial conditions wastewater) There are changes in an allocation scheme of the production envisaged, related to the increase of the content of pollutants in discharged wastewater. These changes can be considered negligible, mainly because of the limited set of location options for investigated enterprises. Increase in the discharge of pollution from sewage accompanied by an increase the total amount of economic damage caused by pollution of water bodies.

2. Indicators of the degree of decomposition of nonconservative organic matters Reducing the degree of decomposition of pollutants (in particular Kodinsk areal) associated with the construction of the reservoir of the Boguchanskaya HPP causes, on the one hand, the reduction in the removal of contaminants from this areal and, on the other hand, the strengthening of the processes of accumulation of harmful substances into the aquatic environment of the corresponding area. The ratio of these two processes, as well as the initial pollution in areals, between which there is transit of pollutants (eg, from Kodinsk to Boguchany), and determines the final level of contamination in each of the areals. In the Kodinsky areal pollution discharge into the water increases slightly. The same is true for the other pairs of neighboring areas, among which may be created by water reservoir (Boguchany and Motygino).

3. Calculations taking into account (and without taking into account) the factor of the accumulation pollution There is a slight increase in the overall level of water pollution in the area of Kodinsk and Boguchany in connection with the creation of Buguchany reservoir and in the future - Nizhneangarsk HPP reservoir.

4. Calculations taking into account (and without taking into account) the factor of the natural pollution transport Ecological situation with water pollution in the Lesosibirsk industrial node escalates and, accordingly, increases the value of economic damage in the site water pollution. In other areals significant increase in the overall level of water pollution does not occur.

II. Restrictions on the discharge of pollutants to surface waters Variation of any indication was not carried out

III. Conditions non-worsening environmental situation in each of the industrial nodes over time 1. Calculations without the inclusion of these conditions in the model of the task During the optimization of the spatial structure of the economy of the Lower Angara region actively participate indicators of economic damage from water pollution, affecting: a) the choice of the location variants of the objects (the result is a strengthening of deconcentration of production on the territory of the region) and b) the choice of their variants construction (preference have options with later start dates for construction and operation of individual businesses).

2. Inclusion of appropriate parameters from the first period of time (t=1) In this case, the above permitted standard of pollutants discharge must not exceed the level of initial background contamination. It is impossible requirement (under the conditions of the task), because produced amount of pollution does not keep within the specified standards.

3. Inclusion of appropriate indicators from the period of time when major objects-polluters shall enter into operation There is a choice of options for the construction of a number of objects (ferroalloy, lead and zinc plants, Gorevsky MPP and plant for the production of synthetic liquid fuels, for which the establishment and functioning of the relevant objects begins as early as possible. This provides by the second half of the forecast period the maximum possible discharge of pollution. Thus there is almost a twofold increase in the amount of economic damage caused by water pollution.

Calculations based on indicators of economic damage caused by water pollution separately for each kind of using water bodies (household-drinking and fishery purposes, as well as in the aggregate)

There are changes in the choice of options for the timing of construction of individual objects (ferroalloy, alumina and aluminum plants, Gorevsky Lead-Zinc MPP, Plant for the production of synthetic liquid fuels) in the direction of displacement of the beginning their construction near the end of the forecast period

6. Recommendations and conclusions based on analysis of

the

performed calculations

Analysis the executed calculations with using the proposed model allows to draw the following conclusions and to make some recommendations.

1. Decision showed the need for deconcentration of production in the region (by refusing to the creation of large induflrial nodes and super-large objects, by considering the deconcentration of production in the territory for a better using the adaptive mechanisms of the aquatic environment). In this case, the predicted environmental situation in the selected part of the Lower Angara region is characterized by a satisfactory level of water pollution, although there is some excess of eflablished norms, which is accompanied by the appropriate application of economic damage.

2. In perspective the main load in the aquatic environment of the Lower Angara region should expect firfl of all from the objects of timber induflry complex (pulp and paper, and hydrolysis of yeafl plants). Share of these objects in the total waflewater pollution for all considered enterprises in the region is the predominant: more than 90% of suspended solids and about 98% - phenols and chlorides.

3. Under given conditions of the task (firfl of all production technologies) joint solution of the issues of aquatic environmental protection and placing objects-giants is problematic, due to which reduction in individual production capacities of a number of enterprises under consideration, firfl of all pulp and paper mills is required. According to our calculations, the optimum size of the unit capacity of PPM in the Lower Angara region in order to maintain the specified quality of water resources mufl not exceed 300-400 thousand tons. This is confirmed by data from the world practice the eflablishment and operation of such facilities (despite the exigence of certain exceptions).

4. Results of the solution showed that even in such rivers as the Angara and Yenisei, which are characterized by high rates of water flow, this factor does not provide by dilution of conditions bringing the initial sewage discharged to the eflablished flandards (for given conditions of the problem scale, composition, production technologies and options for placement of the objects). That is the possibility the using water resources in the region to dilute waflewater as additional fleps to make their the initial condition up to eflablished flandards are limited.

In conditions of high background levels of water pollution its qualitative flate is currently for a number of indicators (oil products, phenols, suspended solids, copper, etc.) does not satisfy the sanitary flandards. This in turn leads to increased demands on technologies for the production and technologies for waflewater treatment facilities of placed in the region and requires the implementation of environmental measures in the cities located in the upper and middle reaches of the Angara River to reduce effluent discharge exiting enterprises.

5. Taking into account of accumulation of pollution, implemented in Kodinsky induflrial node due to the creation of the reservoir of Boguchanskaya HPP and Boguchany induflrial node in connection with the possible contraction of HPP Motygino (after 2020), showed that the contribution of accumulation of dirt in the formation of the overall level of water pollution in the relevant habitats while insignificant. This is explained by the fact that according to the task conditions the basic tasks objects-pollutants (PPM, etc.) come into operation at full capacity by the end of the 2nd and 3rd periods. As a result of the accumulation of pollution occurs subflantially within jufl the lafl period of time and its share in the total pollution is negligible.

6. Taking into account of natural pollution transfer between the neighboring induflrial nodes teflifies to its influence on the formation of balances of water pollution in the induflrial node Lesosibirsk where to pollution from upflream and Abalakovo and Motygino nodes are tolerated. Since in the Lesosibirsk induflrial node already develops flressful environmental situation (especially with pollution of chlorides and phenols contamination) the additional flow of pollution from natural migration exacerbates the situation that due to the limited capacity of unloading Lesosibirsk node leads to an increase in value caused by this pollution economic damage. In other induflrial sites factor natural transfer of harmful subflances has no appreciable effect on the overall level of water pollution, as because of the high speed of movement of water pollutants largely transit the downflream considered rivers.

Factors accumulation and transfer of pollution are of particular importance in predicting water quality in the lower reaches of the Angara River. At present the load on the aquatic environment in the Kodinsk and Boguchany areals is negligible. It is formed mainly due to the discharge of untreated sewage in small volumes, as well as navigation and timber floating and to a greater extent falls on the upper and middle reaches of the river. However, creating a reservoir accompanied by flagnation of river water, resulting in contamination transferred from higher situated areas, together with pollution, formed directly in the Kodinsk induflrial node will accumulate, and this will lead to a significant reduction in water quality.

7. Implementation of the production program, given conditions of the problem, accompanied by pollution of surface water bodies in the region beyond acceptable norms. This fact makes application of certain economic damage, the value of which is eflimated on the options solutions from 3.6 to 22.0 billion rubles per year (depending on the options for placing objects-polluters, production flructure selected arials and other factors). In this case the requirement under the terms of the task minimizing the damage works as one of the main tools of choice layout of objects location. Under the influence of this requirement, there are some changes in the choice of options for

the timing of contraction of individual objects-polluters (there is a shift the tart of their contraction ahead).

In general, the formation of the economy in the Lower Angara area provided flrict compliance with applicable environmental flandards makes it necessary:

a) entering new ecological oriented production technology;

b) revision of the scale of being placed and future facilities towards decrease the unit capacities of individual enterprises taking into account the nature and extent of their impact on the environment;

c) more thorough subflantiation of the number anticipated for placement within the region of induflrial enterprises and their possible concentration to the Induflrial sites.

The development of the Low Angara requires a thoughtful approach based on the interlinked economic, social, and environmental priorities of development by means of high-tech production and creation of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly enterprises. The long-term development of the area will depend on whether it will be moflly based on resource extraction (limited to the lower levels of the energy-production cycle) or whether an emphasis will be put both on the integrated development of the territory according to the logic of "a hydro power plant - aluminium plant" or "forefl, water - pulp, and a paper mill" and the economy's diversification in general which will create preconditions for long-term suflainable development in the region. In this case, the focus should not be on mining. Rather, the emphasis should be on the development of processing induflries, building the upper levels of the energy production cycle, high added value production, and the competitiveness in the domeflic and global markets. One should locate such production facilities in more southern parts of Krasnoyarsk Krai rather than in Lower Angara. From the above perspective, the Lower Angara region could become a model region for tefling the approach to innovation-based exploration and development.

Therefore, the specific situation in the region dictates the need for the development of an adequate innovation policy for exploration, as well as the development of production and a spatial flructure of the economy. Such a policy should be both bottom-up (initiated at the level of individual facilities) and top-down (initiated at the level of the federal government and the government of Krasnoyarsk Krai) [12]. In the firfl case, one can refer among environmental innovations to the creation and use of environmentally friendly technologies (including the organization of wafle management), the introduction of environmental management syflems at induflrial plants, environmental certification, environmental marketing, etc.

In the second case, it involves the consideration of long-term flructural interefls and opportunities of the regional economy (which requires the abandoning of the exclusive natural resources development scenario); the elaboration of tools for environmentally innovative activity, encouraging the introduction of environmentally friendly technologies, the creation of environmental requirements for the development and continuous improvement of technology; development of licensing syflems for all types of activities negatively affecting the environmental situation; the refloration of the practice of environmental expertise; the implementation of environmental audits, etc. The transformation of the inveflment project into a federal target program could provide a solution to many of these problems.

Queflion about this transformation naturally put on the basis of long-term interefls of the region, since it is the flate

regional programs (as one of the той effective tools to control the formation and organization of production on site) allow purposefully linked into a single syflem all implemented and planned activities in the region in cooperation with the requirements of building an innovative model of development, as well as the maintenance of environmental security and achieving desired social goals. In our opinion, the Inveflment Project «Integrated Development of the Lower Angara region,» transformed into a regional program would fit in well with the methodology and fracture of the exiting syflem of government flrategic planning and management in Russia, under which regional programs are recognized as the primary (spanning the country's interefls and region) flrategic planning tool. This does not contradict the eflablished order and the funding of regional projects from the Inveflment Fund. Seem possible, at leafl two ways to transform the inveflment project in the regional program. Firfl, it can be considered an appropriate adjuflment of inveflment projects under the Strategy for socio-economic development of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. Secondly, it is possible to initiate the authorities of Krasnoyarsk Krai to development of a specific target program with the federal flatus.

In any case, the Program on the Lower Angara region, in our view, should consifl of at leafl two interconnected basic blocks:

1) inveflment projects (this is what we have at present);

2) the objectives and priorities of socio-economic development of the region in the long term (more than 20 years, preferably 30), including environmental and social spheres.

It is known that to obtain the flatus of the Federal target program is not easy. There are flrict criteria and defined procedure for the selection of territories to get this flatus. Also a serious juflification of the corresponding claims is required. In this case the initiative mufl come from the regional authorities and from them in this regard significant efforts are required. At the same time it's worth it, because the program allows us to pose the problem more broadly than the inveflment project. So, if the inveflment project is being developed with the aim of attracting inveflments into separate objects, on condition of subsequent getting profit (usually developed at the firfl flage of the project lifecycle, providing for concept development), then the regional program is coordinated by the resources, time, implementing a set of measures to ensure the achievement of goals and objectives, and from the flandpoint of the interefls of the country and the region, rather than individual objects.

References

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2. Бурматова О.П. Инструментарий оптимизации природоохранной деятельности при прогнозировании развития экономики региона. - Новосибирск: ИЭОПП СО РАН, 2009.

3. Бурматова О.П. Возможности и ограничения развития Нижнего Приангарья с позиций экологического императива. // Реки Сибири. Материалы VI Международной конференции «Реки Сибири». - Красноярск: 2011.

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ПЕРЕОР1СНТАЦ1Я ЗОВН1ШНЬОЕКОНОМ1ЧНИХ ЗВ'ЯЗК1В АВ1АЦ1ЙНОГО

КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАШИ

Подреза С.М.

Нацюнальний ав1ац1йний утверситетв м. Киевi, д.е.н., професор

Гурта Г.С.

Нацюнальний авiацiйний yHieepcumem в м. Kueei, к.е.н., доцент

THE REORIENTATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF THE AVIATION INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE Podrieza S.M. National aviation university, Kyiv, Ukraine, Doctor of sciences in economics Gurina G.S.National aviation university, Kyiv, Ukraine, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor

АНОТАЦ1Я

Стаття присвячена дослщженню та аспектам nepeopieHTamï зовнiшньоекономiчних зв'язшв aBiaqrnHoro комплексу. У статп охарактеризовано особливосп повного циклу виробництва aвiaцiйноï техшки та складов^ яш вщображають загаль-ний потенщал аыацшного комплексу Украши.

ABSTRACT

The article inve^igates aspects and reorientation of foreign economic relations of the aviation indu^ry. This article describes the features of the full cycle of aircraft and components, which reflect the overall capacity of the aviation indu^ry of Ukraine.

Ключовi слова:аыацшний комплекс, зовнiшньоекономiчнi зв'язки, аыабудування.

Keywords: aviation indu^ry, foreign economic relations, aircraft.

Постановка проблеми. Украша мае свою багату юторш розвитку аюацд. Десятирiччями складалась авiацiйна спад-щина, отримана Украшою в перiод вiдновлення и держав-ностi. Укра!нська авiацiя, як i наша державнiсть, мае сво! злети та падшня. Авiацiйна промисловiсть в Укрш'ш - не лише гордють кра!ни, про яку традицiйно згадують посли iноземних держав та украшсьш полiтики, це галузь, яка реально може приносити Украiнi прибутки вже зараз i в май-бутньому. Укра!на спроможна розробити та презентувати проекти - конкурентоздатнi не лише на локальному, а i на мiжнародному рiвнi.

Аналiз останшх публiкацiй. Проблематикою стану авiа-цшно! галузi займаеться багато вiтчизняних науковщв. Про-те, недостатньо опрацьованим е питання факторiв розвитку експортного потенщалу авiацiйних пiдприемств та пере-орiентацii зовнiшньоекономiчних зв'язкiв Украши за сучас-них полiтичних умов.

Видiлення рашше не визначено! частини загально! про-блеми.

Потенщал галузi складають не лише авiацiйнi заводи, а i наявшсть кадрiв та високорозвинено! науково! бази галузг Задiяти !х та максимально ефективно використати - мета, яка допоможе тдняти не лише галузь, а i численш дослвд-ницьш установи. Заводи-гiганти, хоча i не вс е ефективни-

ми за сучасними стандартами, спроможш дати роботу ви-сококвалiфiкованим робочим та iнженерам, якi опинилися перед загрозою втрати квалiфiкацii. Особливостями товарiв авiацiйного комплексу е високий рiвень технологiчностi, велика початкова вартiсть необхiдних фiнансових, техно-логiчних та кадрових ресурсiв для оргашзацп виробництва; великi термiни розробок, юпипв та виробництва продукту, складний рiвень кооперацii виробникiв, високий рiвень сертифжацп та контролю якосп виробiв, високiй рiвень гарантiй безпеки, високiй рiвень пiдготовки фахiвцiв з екс-плуатацii товарiв авiацiйного комплексу, наявшсть гарантш пiсля продажу товарiв сервiзну пiдтримку !х експлуатацii. Це в цшому обумовлюе складнiсть на теоретико-методоло-гiчному рiвнi наукових дослвджень економiчних показникiв функцiонування авiацiйного комплексу та його розвитку, зокрема виробничого та експортного потенцiалiв, конкурен-тоспроможносп, системи маркетингу товарiв авiацiйного комплексу.

Здшснення експорту, як результату досягнення конку-рентоспроможностi товару на зовнiшньому ринку, сввдчить одночасно про ефективну роботу тдприемства як з погляду його контрагента, так i з погляду зовшшнього оточення. У цьому полягае подвшшсть експорту з позицiй його учасп в забезпеченнi ефективно! дгяльносп пiдприемства: експорт