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HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES AND RESEARCH
Research Article / Научная статья
УДК 902:378.4(571.16)
https://doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(3).-13
TOMSK ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCHOOL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1970s — 1990s
Vladimir Yu. Ganenok, Liudmila Yu. Kitova
'Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia; vova.ganenok.96@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-l760-l593
2Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia; lyudmila.kitova@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-98'9 *Corresponding Author
Abstract. The article analyzes the development of the Tomsk Archaeological School after its leader V. I. Matyushchenko moved to Omsk in 1976. The authors focus on the role of L. A. Chindina, who headed the school in the second half of the 1970s, highlighting her contribution to the development of the problems of West Siberian archaeology in the Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages. Having created an original concept of cultural and historical development in Western Siberia, the researcher promoted it as a specific research programme for her disciples. The authority of the Tomsk school was consolidated through holding the regular West Siberian archaeological and ethnographic meetings/ conferences in 1978-1990s as well as by establishing the Department of Archaeology and Local History at Tomsk State University (TSU) in 1991. The paper identifies some features of the development of the archaeological school at TSU.
Key words: L. A. Chindina, TSU, archaeological school
For citation: Ganenok V. Yu., Kitova L. Yu. Tomsk Archaeological School in the Second Half of the 1970s — 1990s. Teoriya i praktika arheologicheskih issledovanij = Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research. 2022;34(3):209-221. (In English). https://doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(3).-13
ТОМСКАЯ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ШКОЛА ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ 1970-х — 1990-х гг.
Владимир Юрьевич Ганенок', Людмила Юрьевна Китова2*
'Кемеровский государственный университет, Кемерово, Россия; vova.ganenok.96@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-l760-l593
2Кемеровский государственный университет, Кемерово, Россия; lyudmila.kitova@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-98l9
*Автор, ответственный за переписку
Резюме. В статье анализируется история развития томской археологической школы после отъезда в 1976 г. ее лидера В. И. Матющенко в Омск. Отмечается роль Л. А. Чиндиной, которая возглавила эту школу во второй половине 1970-х гг. Определяется ее вклад в разработку проблем археологии Западной Сибири раннего железного века и раннего Средневековья. Она, создав оригинальную концепцию культурно-исторического развития в Западной Сибири, представила ее в качестве определенной исследовательской программы для своих учеников. Указывается на укрепление позиций томской школы при проведении регулярных Западно-Сибирских ар-хеолого-этнографических совещаний/конференций в 1978-1990-е гг., чему также способствовало открытие кафедры археологии и исторического краеведения в 1991 г. Выявляются некоторые особенности развития археологической школы в ТГУ
Ключевые слова: Л. А. Чиндина, ТГУ, археологическая школа
Для цитирования: Ганенок В. Ю., Китова Л. Ю. Томская археологическая школа во второй половине 1970-х — 1990-х гг. // Теория и практика археологических исследований. 2022. Т. 34, №3. С. 208-220. https://doi.org/: 10.14258Лра1(2022)34(2).-13
Introduction
The Tomsk archaeological school has gone through a long period of formation. In their previous discussion of this way, the authors noted that Tomsk is unique among other centres in Siberia in that it had certain advantages for the emergence of the research school basis as early as in the final quarter of the 19th century (Kitova, 2005, p. 68). With the creation of the university and the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography at TSU, there were opportunities for consolidating researchers and finds. An important chronological milestone for the further formation of this school was the period of 1919-1922, when first academic leaders appeared with their disciples. However, external circumstances proved to be destructive. As a result, the formation of research directions and building an academic team of different ages was stopped abruptly and even thrown back to the 19th century. New prerequisites for the formation of an archaeological school in Tomsk emerged in the 1940s. They included the restoration of the Faculty of History and Philology at Tomsk University, activities of the Museum of the History of Material Culture at TSU, the arrival of K. E. Grinevich and A. P. Dulzon, archaeological research on the Basandaika river and the Chulym, as well as actively functioning students' archaeological circle. However, it was the activity of V. I. Maty-ushchenko in 1953-1976 that became the key factor for the formation of the archaeological school. During this period, he was able to build a team of like-minded people at TSU, to organize the training of students through the archaeological circle, specialized major undergraduate programme, and postgraduate studies. Under V.I. Matyushchenko, in continuation
of the established tradition of a comprehensive study of archaeology, anthropology and ethnology of Western Siberia the academic ties between Tomsk archaeologists and researchers in related areas as well as natural science were strengthened. Launching the FRLHAES at TSU contributed to a large-scale expansion of research in the field of archaeology and the formation of research programme of the scientific school. Thus, it is possible to claim that by the mid-1970s the formation of the Tomsk Archaeological School occurred (Kitova, 2005; 2017; Gane-nok and Kitova, 2020). The paper aims at analyzing the activities of the Tomsk Archaeological School in the 1970s-1990s.
Results and discussion
After the departure of V.I. Matyushchenko to Omsk in 1976, the leadership of the Tomsk Archaeological School was rightfully assigned to Lyudmila Alexandrovna Chindina. Not only L. A. Chindina substituted her senior colleague and teacher in lecturing on archaeology for history students of TSU, but headed the Department of Archaeology and Ethnography of the FRLHAES at the university and became the successor in the organization of the West Siberian Archaeological Sessions (WSAS). In 1978, under her guidance the conference expanded its area including ethnography (WSAES). She stood at the origin of the Research and Coordinating Council for Archaeology and Ethnography of Western Siberia. Since 1981, L.A. Chindina was the permanent Deputy Chairman of this Council. At that time, the Research and Coordinating Council dealt with a wide range of tasks related to the organization of the WSAEC and other forums in Siberia. Its activities were aimed at the enhancement of cooperation between fundamental academic and university research in archaeology and ethnography. The Council often coordinated the themes of theses and plans of individual research centres. The Research and Coordinating Council also discussed the issues of preserving the historical and cultural heritage of Siberia.
It is notable that, like V. I. Matyushchenko, L. A. Chindina became more than just a leader possessing the knowledge, experience, and organizational skills sufficient for the coordinated activities of her followers. She was also both a solid armchair researcher and a tireless field archaeologist. For 50 years, she led the Narym archaeological expedition of TSU, which explored archaeological sites in the Kolpashevo, Parabel, Kargasok and Molchanovo districts of Tomsk Region, and took students there for archaeological practical work. Among the outstanding archaeological complexes investigated by L. A. Chindina for 20 years was Malget in the Kolpa-shevo district. Based on the research on this multi-layered site Lyudmila Chindina was able to recreate the history of the peoples of the Middle Ob region for 5 thousand years: from the Neolithic - the3rd millennium BC to the Developed Iron Age — 17th century AD.
Research papers of L. A. Chindina on the Kulayka and the Ryolka cultures are considered as a part of the foundation of Siberian archaeology (Chindina, 1977, 1984, 1991, and others). As a result of archaeological excavations, she not only obtained materials, carefully systematized and attributed them culturally and chronologically, but also considered the issues of the origin of the Kulayka and Ryolka population, their historical and cultural ties, migration processes in Siberia and their consequences. Analysis of material sources made it possible to reconstruct social and economic relations in the 5th century BC — 9th century AD, moreover, the researcher described the religious beliefs and determined the ethnic affiliation of the Ry-olka population. Thus, L. A. Chindina is the successor of the ideas of V. I. Matyushchenko that
an archaeologist is a historian who studies nonliterate peoples, and he is to recreate ancient history according to material evidence. Lyudmila Alexandrovna succeeded in gradually restoring those cultural-historical changes that were taking place in the Middle Ob region during the Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages and in describing their features. She managed to reconstruct the ethnic genesis of the southern taiga zone population of Western Siberia. In 1986, she defended her Doctoral thesis on the "History of the Middle Ob Region in the 5th Century BC — 9th Century AD" (Chindina, 1985). It proved that the Ryolka culture discovered by her in 1970, which "developed the traditions of the Kulayka culture bearers in the Middle Ob region and was connected with the Selkups in a continuous chain, reflecting the existence of the pra-Selkup community" (Chindina, 1985, p. 34).
L. A. Chindina proposed an original concept of cultural and historical development in Western Siberia, which became a specific research programme for her disciples and served as the foundation for the informal emergence and building of the research team. This is clearly indicated by the topics of Doctoral and Candidate theses defended under her supervision (Dissertations..., 2009, p. 33), as well as her long-term leadership in the students' research laboratory (SRL) "Archaeologist" established in 1986.
Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that fellow archaeologists of TSU were also engaged in the development of issues unrelated to the research of the leader of the school. The interests of E. A. Vasiliev, for example, primarily included the Stone and Bronze Ages of Northern Eurasia. Under the supervision of M. F. Kosarev, the researcher defended his thesis "Eneolith-ic and Early Bronze Age of the Middle and Northern Taiga Area of the Ob Region" (Vasiliev, 1989). M. P. Chernaya (daughter of L. A. Chindina), by the will of fate, had to reshape her research to study the Siberian Russian city — the Tomsk Kremlin (Chernaya, 1986). On the other hand, back in the days of V. I. Matyushchenko, the task had been set to study sites of the forest and forest-steppe Ob region from the Stone Age to ethnographic modernity. In addition, Tomsk archaeologists have traditionally focused on the combined development of archaeological and ethnographic problems and writing the history of the region based on material evidence. Research by E. A. Vasilyev and M. P. Chernaya complemented the historical picture created by L. A. Chindina.
However, the 1990s became a time of crisis for Tomsk archaeology (Chindina, 1998, p. 23; Belikova, 2005, p. 53). D. V. Haminov observes that in the 1990s-2000s the Tomsk Archaeological School lost their former positions (Haminov, 2011, p. 214). The collapse of the USSR led to hardships in all spheres of Russian society. For Tomsk archaeologists, this manifested itself in the actual cessation of budget funding which caused a sharp reduction in field research and research staffing (Bobrova, 2001, p. 22). In the 1990s, the staff of FRLHAES at TSU almost disintegrated (Pletneva, Chernyak, 2018, pp. 149-150). An acute problem for TSU archaeologists was the lack of suitable premises for the Museum since the university had a considerable shortage of available space at that time. The renovation of the university's main building had been dragging on since the early 1980s. During this time, the Museum funds were repeatedly moved. The description of the condition state of the MAES made in 1993 by director of the Museum Yu. I. Ozheredov paints a sad picture. The Museum funds were located in a damp basement where they were ruined due to unfavorable temperature and humidity conditions, the activity of rodents and moths. In 1992, some of the collections were flood-
ed. Low wages and uncomfortable working conditions led to the departure of employees from the Museum. The lack of premises with appropriate conditions for storing collections, the deterioration of control over the funds resulted in such a new phenomenon as the theft of exhibits from the MAES (Vorobeva, 1993, p. 2). So, in 1994, bronze items prepared for an exhibition were stolen from the Museum (Summer news, 1994, p. one). Only in 1996, the MAES found its permanent facility, when the central part of the TSU main building was opened (Last year's news, 1996, p. 2).
Despite various challenges, archaeologists of Tomsk continued their research in the 1990s. In July 1991, at the very end of the Soviet period (A. I. Bobrova and L. A. Chindina erroneously indicate 1992 (Bobrova, 2001, p. 22; Chindina, 2004, p. 218)), the Department of Archaeology and Local History was established at the Historical Faculty of TSU. The Department's task was to train professionals in the archaeology, local history, ethnography, as well as personnel for museums and archival institutions. This event provided a significant impetus for the development of archaeology in the Tomsk Region. In 1991-2009 the department was headed by the historian A. T. Topchiy (Haminov, 2011, p. 185). The archaeological direction at the department was represented by L. A. Chindina, M.P. Chernaya and E. A. Vasiliev, who taught students a block of general and special courses and supervised field practical activities. In addition, such well-known researchers as V. I. Molodin, A. M. Maloletko, M. F. Ko-sarev and others were invited to give specialized courses (Chindina, 2004, pp. 218-219). By the mid-1990s, 4 professors worked at the Department of Archaeology and Local History at TSU (Haminov, 2011, p. 228). However, in fact, since its establishment, the Department has experienced a shortage of teachers (Competition to fill..., 1995, p. 8). The form of organization of research activity of archaeology students also changed. The activities the archaeological circle of TSU ceased (Gusev, 2003, p. 42), which was a consequence of the lack of opportunities for classes at the MAES, which "...ceased to be an educational unit, and thus the Museum ceased to be a member of the Fundamental Laboratory. Now it is quiet here, there is no need to teach students, the connection between generations is almost interrupted" (Chindina, 1998, p. 22). An important element in the training of future archaeologists was the activity of SRL "Archaeologist" at the Department of Archaeology and Local History of TSU. Some students received excavation permits and conducted archaeological surveys (E. V. Ugdyzhekov, O. V. Zaitseva and others) (Gusev, 2003, p. 42). In the 1990s, the succession of generations of the Tomsk Archaeological School was maintained through the effective postgraduate training at TSU. Under the supervision of L. A. Chindina, in this decade, O.B. Belikova (1990), A. I. Bobrov (1992), Yu. V. Shirin (1994), V. I. Semyonova and S. A. Terekhin (1997) (Chindina, 1998, p. 24), and E. V. Ugdyzhekov (1998) defended their Candidate theses. In 1999, M. P. Chernaya defended her Doctoral thesis under the supervision of V. F. Starkov (Chindina, 2004, p. 220).
A great role in the development of archaeological research in Siberia in the 1990s belonged to the grants from various funds and archaeologists' activities under contract. Such archaeological research teams as, for example, the one from Altai State University, were able to quickly adapt to the new system of funding field research (Tishkin, 2005, p. 35). It was somewhat more difficult for TSU archaeologists to adapt to changing environment of their activity, since in previous decades, funds for archaeological research were allocated main-
ly from budgets of the university, the city authorities, etc. (Chindina, 1998, p. 23). However, in the 1990s, Tomsk archaeologists were actively involved in the implementation of a number of research projects funded by grants. For instance, by the early 2000s, six contracts were concluded with Tomsk Mayor's Office, the Institute of Archaeology RAS, the regional authorities of the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, etc. (Chindina, 2004, p. 219). In 1995-1996, in the framework of the federal programme "Preservation of the Archaeological Heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation" L. A. Chindina conducted archaeological survey on the sites in Kozhevnikovo district of Tomsk Region. In 1997-2001, Tomsk University together with the Institute of Archaeology RAS (M. F. Ko-sarev, M. A. Devlet, V. F. Starkov) developed the topic "Field Archaeological and Ethnographic Research in the Southern Taiga Zone of Western Siberia and its Cultural Significance: Traditions and Innovations of the Life Subsistence". It was done as part of the federal target programme "Integration" (Gusev, 2004, p. 306).
The staff of the Department of Archaeology and Local History at TSU (L. A. Chindi-na, O. M. Ryndina, V. M. Kulemzin and others) and students of the SRL "Archaeologist" (D. Rybakov, O. Pristupa and others) took most active part in these programmes funded by grants. Field research covered the Kolpashevo, Chainsk, Kozhevnikovo and Tomsk districts of the Tomsk Region. For example, in 1995-1996, 42 new sites were discovered (from the Neolithic to the 16th century, most of them belonging to the Iron Age) in the Kozhevnikovo district. In 1995-2000, in this area, extensive work was conducted on the Kireevsky III fortified settlement, which produced evidence to trace the history of interaction and succession of three early Iron Age cultures in the southern taiga zone of the Ob River region (Bolshaya Rechka, Kizhirovo, Kulayka). L. A. Chindina, E. V. Barsukov, A. M. Maloletko did their research on Mount Kulayka in Chainsk district. In 1997-2002, M. P. Chernaya studied a significant part of the wall of the Tomsk Kremlin, the voivode (military governor) estate of the second half of the 17th — mid-18th centuries (Chindina, 2003, pp. 5-7). To summarize, in the 1990s, field research by TSU archaeologists covered vast forest-steppe and taiga zones of Western Siberia and some regions of the Far North. The chronological framework of these activities was also impressive: from the early metal age to the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the Russian exploration of Siberia (this includes the activities of M. P. Chernaya on the historical and archaeological study of the early history of Tomsk). "It is difficult to overestimate the importance of contracts and grants... Due to this funding, it was possible to conduct educational practical work, specialized training in general, and engage in research projects" (Chindina, 2004, p. 219). In the 1990s, The Tomsk Regional Museum of Local Lore (in 1984-1998 — the Tomsk State Historical and Architectural Museum, TSHAM) launched its archaeological research programme in Tomsk. It was associated with the activities of a recent graduate of the TSU Institute of Philosophy, Ya. A. Yakovlev. He succeeded in forming a small team of archaeologists (including A. I. Bobrova, G. I. Grebneva and others) and in establishing the Archaeological Department in the Museum in 1997. In the 1990s, the group of TSHAM archaeologists was engaged in the preparation of a catalogue of the Museum archaeological collections and in carrying out both scheduled and salvage surveys and excavations (Grebneva, 1998, pp. 14-18).
An important moment that summed up the original result of the Tomsk archaeologists' activities in the previous decades was the publication of the first and second volumes of the "Ar-
chaeological Map of Tomsk Region" in 1990 and 1993 respectively. In preparing these works, Tomsk archaeologists did a significant job of searching for information in the archives of Tomsk, Moscow, Omsk, and Kolpashevo. In total, the "Archaeological Map of Tomsk Region" included descriptions of 1315 sites that were known in 1980 (Chindina, 1990, pp. 3-6). In the 1990s, the work on the four-volume "Studies in the cultural genesis of the peoples of Western Siberia" was completed. The "Studies..." were of a truly fundamental owing to the participation of Tomsk archaeologists, ethnographers, anthropologists and their colleagues from a number of Russian cities (Pletneva, Chernyak, 2018, p. 149). In the second half of the 1980s, a group of Tomsk researchers headed by the ethnographer N. V. Lukina developing the research subject "Ethnocul-tural History of Western Siberia" set the goal of "tracing the process of the formation and development of a number of important components of culture (dwelling, funeral rite, ornamentation), as well as changes in the anthropological composition of population in Western Siberia from ancient times to the present" (Dremov, Lukina, Chindina, 1990, p. 227). In 1994 the project results were presented in the first two published volumes ("Settlements and Dwellings" and "The Real and Other Worlds") covering the period from the Stone Age to the present. The third volume on ornamentation was published in 1995 (due to the lack of specialists, only ethnographic materials were used). In 1998, the fourth volume ("Racial Genesis of the Indigenous Population") was published (Pletneva, Chernyak, 2018, pp. 149-151). L. A. Chindina rightfully stated that the Studies "...is an invaluable territorial and chronological collection of data..." on various aspects of the material and spiritual culture of the peoples of Western Siberia from antiquity to ethnographic modernity (Chindina, 1998, p. 23).
Consideration of the problems of cultural genesis and ethnogenesis of the West Siberian population, the development of a comprehensive approach to solve these problems was also facilitated by the continuing tradition of West Siberian archaeological and ethnographic sessions in Tomsk (since 1998 — WSAEC conferences). Thus, the 1993 meeting was focused on "Cultural and genetic processes in Western Siberia." In 1995, the key issue under discussion was "Methodology for comprehensive research of cultures and peoples of Western Siberia" (Chindina, 1995, p. 6). In 1998, the participants of the XI WSAEC were invited to make reports on "The Life Subsistence System of Traditional Societies in Antiquity and Modernity: Theory, Methodology, Practice." Regrettably, financial difficulties caused a pronounced decrease in the number of speakers in these forums in the 1990s (104 researchers took part in the 1990 meeting, 60 — in 1993, and 54 — in 1995). Nevertheless, it was during this period that the representation of foreign speakers from countries of near and far abroad (Ukraine, Germany) increased (Chindina, Chernaya, 2010, p. 7). As before, an important scientific and organizational role in the archaeology and ethnography of Western Siberia was played by the Research and Coordinating Council (Chairman — Academician A. P. Derevyanko, Vice-Chairman — Professor L. A. Chindina).
Council members, working on a voluntary basis, continued to coordinate the plans of the centres of West Siberian archaeology, holding forums, etc. (Life in science, 1997, p. 24). Holding sessions/conferences in Tomsk, as it was noted earlier, reflects the merits of Tomsk researchers in the development of interdisciplinary studies. In the 1980s-1990s, the interaction of archaeologists and ethnographers of Tomsk reached a new level "characterized by deep analytics and attention to the source, a detailed study of the versatile and multicompo-nent ethnic culture" (Gusev, 2009, p. 200). A number of research methods innovative for that
time and recognized by the scientific community were developed at Tomsk University. Thus, in the second half of the 1980s — 1990s the Tomsk archaeologists L. A. Chindina and her student S.A. Terekhin were among the first in the country to develop "an experimental method for the technology of bronze casting production, and along the way, the construction of dwellings based on ancient models." In 1997, S. A. Terekhin defended his Doctoral thesis on non-ferrous metallurgy of the Kulayka culture (Vasyugan stage) (Chindina, 1998, p. 20).
In the 1990s, Tomsk archaeologists established active contacts with their foreign colleagues. For example, in 1992 a TSU delegation visited Valencia (Spain), where they signed an agreement on scientific and humanitarian cooperation between TSU and University of Valencia. Moreover, "the Spanish side showed particular interest in archaeological research" ("In Spain they have..", 1992, p. 4). In the first half of the 1990s, L. A. Chindina participated in the VII Congress of Fin-no-Ugric Studies (1990, Debrecen, Hungary) and a symposium on issues of Uralic studies (1993, Szombathely, Hungary) (Nekrylov, 2003, p. 373). In 1999, long-term joint research by Tomsk scientists (headed by Yu. I. Ozheredov) and their Mongolian colleagues was launched to study the archaeological sites of Western Mongolia (Haminov, 2011, p. 233). Since the 1990s, TSU hosted international conferences "Natural Conditions, Culture and History of Western Mongolia and adjacent regions" where reports on archaeology were presented. Thus, field research by Tomsk archaeologists expanded beyond Russia for the first time (Conference., 1999, p. 7).
Conclusion
Thus, the considered period (the second half of the 1970s — 1990s) in the development of the Tomsk Archaeological School is connected with the activity of L. A. Chindina. She became the leader of this school and proposed an original concept of cultural and historical development in Western Siberia in the 5th century BC — 9th century AD. This concept became the basis of the research programme for her disciples: both postgraduate and undergraduate students.
Despite the social and economic challenges of the 1990s, Tomsk archaeologists were able to continue developing their research in the West Siberian region and even enter the international arena. Owing to the creation of the Department of Archaeology and Local History (1991), involvement in various research programmes and grants, TSU archaeologists managed to maintain the system of training professionals, organize the publication of major scientific papers and hold representative Tomsk sessions/conferences. A number of new areas of research were developed (the early history of Tomsk, experiments in studying non-ferrous metallurgy of the Kulayka population, etc.). The Tomsk Archaeological School retained its potential, and Tomsk remains the coordinating centre of the university archaeology and ethnography of Western Siberia.
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CONTRIBUTION OF THE AUTHORS / ВКЛАД АВТОРОВ
V. Yu. Ganenok: preparation of the main text of the article, discussion of the results.
Ганенок В. Ю.: подготовка основного текста статьи, обсуждение результатов.
L. Yu. Kitova: Idea of publication, discussion of the results and scientific editing of the text.
Китова Л. Ю.: идея публикации, обсуждение результатов, научное редактирование статьи.
There is no conflict of interest / Конфликт интересов отсутствует.
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS / ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ
Vladimir Yurievich Ganenok, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Archaeology at Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia.
Ганенок Владимир Юрьевич, аспирант кафедры археологии Кемеровского государственного университета, Кемерово, Россия.
Liudmila Yurievna Kitova, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Archaeology at Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia.
Китова Людмила Юрьевна, доктор исторических наук, профессор кафедры археологии Кемеровского государственного университета, Кемерово, Россия.
The article was submitted 26.06.2022; approved after reviewing 10.07.2022; accepted for publication 16.08.2022. Статья поступила в редакцию 26.06.2022; одобрена после рецензирования 10.07.2022;
принята к публикации 16.08.2022.
