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15TOKNING XLOROZ KASALLIGINI KELTIRIB CHIQARUVCHI OMILLAR VA ULARGA QARSHI KURASHISH USULLARI
Durdigul Rustam qizi Botirova
Guliston davlat universiteti talabasi
ANNOTATSIYA
Tokning keng tarqalgan kasaliklaridan biri xloroz kasalligi hosilning kamayishiga, mahsulot sifatining buzilishiga, tokning nobud bo'lishiga olib keladi. Shuning uchun, ushbu maqolada xloroz kasalligini keltirib chiqaruvchi omillar, kasallikning namoyon bo'lish belgilarini o'rganib chiqqan holda, qarshi kurash usullaridan foydalanishni yo'lga qo'yamiz.
Kalit so'zlar: Xloroz, kasallik, patogen mikroorganizm, xloroplast, barg, novda, oziq modda, tuproq, suv, temir kuporasi, o'g'it.
FACTORS OF CURRENT CHLOROSIS AND METHODS OF FIGHT
AGAINST THEM
Durdigul Rustam kizi Botirova
Student of Gulistan State University
ABSTRACT
One of the most common diseases of the current is chlorosis, which leads to reduced yields, poor product quality and loss of current. Therefore, in this article, we will study the factors that cause chlorosis, the symptoms of the disease, and the use of control methods.
Keywords: Chlorosis, disease, pathogenic microorganism, chloroplast, leaf, twig, nutrient, soil, water, iron sulphate, fertilizer.
So'ngi yillarda O'zbekiston Respublikasida uzumchilikni rivojlantirish, hosildorligini sifat va miqdor jihatdan oshirishga katta e'tibor qaratilib kelinmoqda. Shunday bo'lsada, tokda uchraydigan turli xil kasalliklar sababli, uzum hosilining ko'pgina qismiga zarar yetmoqda. Bu esa, o'z navbatida uzum mahsulotlarining sifatini pasayishiga olib keladi. Tokda ko'p uchraydigan shunday kasalliklardan biri xloroz kasallgi hisoblanadi [1-6].
Ushbu kasallik bilan zararlangan tokning tashqi belgilariga e'tibor bersak, barglari asta-sekin o'zining yashil rangini yo'qotib borayotganligini kuzatishimiz mumkun. Kasallik qo'zg'atuvchi patogen mikroorganizmlarning salbiy ta'siri natijasida tokning barg hujayralarida xloroplastlar keskin kamayib ketishi oqibatida ular
rangsizlanib qoladi [7-12]. Dastlab, barglar sarg'ish-yashil, keyinchalik esa oqarib, sarg'ayib ketadi. Ko'p hollarda novdalardagi barcha barglar sar'ayadi, lekin faqat bargning asosiy tomiri yonidagi qismlargina yashilligicha qoladi. Kasallik kuchli rivojlanganda barglar sekin-asta qo'ng'irlashib qoladi. Natijada novdalar o'shishdan to'xtaydi, ingichka, kalta bo'lib qoladi. Ba'zan tok tuplari kasallik ta'sirida nobud bo'lib, tokzorlar siyraklashib ketishi mumkun [13-16].
Xloroz bilan kasallanish tokning gullash davriga to'g'ri kelib qolsa juda xavfli hisoblanadi. Chunki, uzumlar umuman tugmay qolishi yoki mayda bo'lib qolishi mumkun [17].
Kasallikning paydo bo'lishiga turli xil omillar sabab bo'ladi. Shulardan biri, yer osti suvlarining ko'tarilishi ta'sirida ohakning ko'p miqdorda erishi kuzatiladi, natijada ildizlar chiriydi [18]. Bu esa xloroz kasalligining paydo bo'lishiga sababchi bo'ladi. Shuningdek, tuproqda tuz ko'pligi, temir, marganes moddalari yetishmasligi, tuproqnig esa sernam yoki juda quruqligi ham kasallikni keltirib chiqarishi mumkun.
Xloroz kasalligini keltirib chiqaruvchi omillari hisobga olgan holda, kasallikni oldini olishimiz zarur. Buning uchun esa birinchi navbatda tuproq-suv balansiga e'tibor berish lozim. Kasalikka qarshi kurash sifatida 2 xil usuldan foydalanamiz [19-24].
Birinchi usul agrotexnik tadbirlarni o'z vaqtida o'tkazish lozim. Bularga tokni gullashdan oldin va keyin xomtok qilish, kasallikka chidamli uzum navlarini ekish, tuproq strukturasini hisobga olgan holda organik va mineral o'g'itlarni solish, yer osti suvlarining joylashishini hisobga olgan holda sug'orish ishlarini amalga oshirish kiradi. Ko'chat uchun olinayotgan qalamchalar xloroz kasalligi bilan zararlanmagan tok novdalaridan tayyorlanishi lozim [25].
Ikkinchi usul kimyoviy kurash siafatida toklar ostiga temir kuporasi solish tavsiya etiladi. Buning uchun tok tupi atrofida 70-80 sm radiusda, chuqurligi 30-40 sm bo'lgan ariqcha qazilib, har bir tupga 200-400 gr temir kuporasi kukunidan solinadi. So'ng ariqchaga suv quyilib, tuproq bilan ko'miladi [26].
Kuzatishlar natijasida shunday xulosa qilish mumkunki, tokning xloroz kasallgini keltirib chiqaruvchi asosiy omillardan biri oziq moddalarning yetishmasligi va tuproqda eriydigan ohak keragidan ortiqcha bo'lishi hisoblanadi. Shularni hisobga olgan holda, qarshi kurash sifatida juda oddiy, lekin samarali hisoblangan birinchi usuldan foydalanganimizda, tokning kasallikka chalinishini oldini olgan bo'lamiz. Shu bilan birgalikda tokning dastlabki o'suv davridan boshlab agrotexnika tadbirlarini o'z vaqtida sifatli amalga oshirish orqali kasallikka chidamli bo'lgan uzum yetishtirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lamiz [27-30]. Ikkinchi usul esa kasallikka chalinish ehtimolini juda pasaytiradi, chunki qo'llaniladigan kimyoviy preparatlar tez ta'sir etadi. Ko'rinib turibdiki, ikki usul ham juda samarali, shunday ekan, ikki usuldan ham foydanish tavsiya etiladi.
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ISSN: 2181-1601
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