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ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
TO THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL WORDS IN KOREAN LANGUAGE (ON ELEMENTARY LEVEL TEACHING MATERIAL) Kim N.D.1, Mukhiddinovna М.В.2 Email: [email protected]
1Kim Natalya Dek-khenovna - Doctor of Philology, Professor; 2Mukhiddinovna Malika Batirovna - Teacher, KOREAN DEPARTMENT, TASHKENT STATE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the study of sentence syntax shows that, along with structural features, the grammatical and semantic function of certain components expressed in certain parts of speech is also important. In this case, the analysis of personal and demonstrative pronouns in Korean media texts revealed ambiguous questions. As is well known, transmission of information actively involves different language units, thanks to which it is possible to build communication links at both the external and internal levels of the text. Components used in media texts to implement communication sets (indication of the addressee, relation to the addressee, characterization of the addressee, schemes of communication situations), acquire special, characteristic only for the meaning within the text. Keywords: syntax, sentence, pronoun, role, personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun.
К ВОПРОСУ О РОЛИ МЕСТОИМЕНИЙ И МЕСТОИМЕННЫХ СЛОВ В КОРЕЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
(НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ НАЧАЛЬНОГО УРОВНЯ)
12 Ким Н.Д. , Мухиддинова М.Б.
1Ким Наталья Дек-хеновна - доктор филологических наук, профессор;
2Мухиддинова Малика Ботировна - преподаватель, Кафедра корейской филологии, Ташкентский государственный институт востоковедения, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: изучение синтаксиса предложения показывает, что наряду со структурными особенностями немаловажна и грамматико-семантическая функция тех или иных компонентов, выражаемых определенными частями речи. В данном случае анализ личных и указательных местоимений в корейских текстах средств массовой информации выявил неоднозначные вопросы. Как известно, для передачи информации активно используются различные языковые единицы, благодаря которым становится возможным выстраивание коммуникативных связей как на внешнем, так и на внутреннем уровне текста. Компоненты, применяемые в текстах СМИ для реализации коммуникативных установок (указание на адресата, отношение к адресату, характеристика адресата, схемы коммуникативных ситуаций), приобретают особые, характерные только для значения внутри текста. Ключевые слова: синтаксис, предложение, местоимение, роль, личное местоимение, указательное местоимение.
UDC: 811.531
In the process of languages development during which each language is genetically related to its predecessor language, either as its former dialect or its immediate
successor, along with the preservation of the most stable elements of the basis of the grammatical system and the basis of vocabulary, there are discrepancies and differences between the language and its predecessor. The stable elements of the language on the one hand, and the changes that have taken place in the successor language in relation to the predecessor language on the other hand, make it possible to determine quite accurately the entire path of development of this group of languages, and on the basis of individual facts and phenomena of languages to establish the communities in which each of the languages of this group was included.
One of the most significant regularities in language development is that the grammatical system and to some extent the main vocabulary, being more stable elements, changing slowly and sparsely, retain more links with their predecessor languages and develop mainly without direct influence of external factors1. External impacts also affect the development of languages according to internal laws, and therefore some internal factors may be correlated with the history of the people concerned. Depending on the historical events and the duration of the historical process, namely the impact of the penetration of Chinese and Japanese languages into Korean language.
The study of sentence syntax shows that, along with structural features, the grammatical and semantic function of certain components expressed in certain parts of speech is also important. In this case, the analysis of personal and demonstrative pronouns in Korean media texts revealed ambiguous questions. As is well known, transmission of information actively involves different language units, thanks to which it is possible to build communication links at both the external and internal levels of the text. Components used in media texts to implement communication sets (indication of the addressee, relation to the addressee, characterization of the addressee, schemes of communication situations), acquire special, characteristic only for the meaning within the text.
The pronouns in Korean were studied in different aspects depending on the tasks faced by the authors of the respective works. The problems which are usually the subject of attention of linguists in connection with the study of pronouns are very diverse: the definition of the status of pronouns in the system of parts of speech and the boundaries of this class of words, and the problems of semantic classification of pronouns and relatedness thereof with other classes of words, the issues of their denotative content and compliance with the objects of extralinguistic reality, the problems of their functional nature.
The study of pronouns is a major challenge that arises from the moment an attempt is made to define the meaning of pronouns as a separate part because some words in this class have much in common with nouns, others - with adjectives, and they do not have a nominal relation to permanent subjects or qualities. Outside the context the pronouns have a very general and abstract meaning, capable of ultimate definition in speech. Depending on the context, their participation and role in the speech situation, pronouns assume both maximum definite meaning and semantic generality.
Being the language universal (pronouns can be found in all the languages available for study), they reveal a variety of meanings in Korean. In this respect:, the linguistic status of pronouns has not yet been unambiguously defined in linguistic literature. The monographs and individual articles on pronouns have repeatedly emphasized that the problem of pronouns, due to peculiar nature of these words, has not always been and is not only of great linguistic interest, but also of great difficulty for language researchers2. In view of the recent
1 As for vocabulary and phonetic structure, the latter change faster and more frequently, depending more on external conditions and may sometimes change rather significantly. An example is the Uzbek language, which, while retaining the main specificity of the Turkic language, has greatly changed its vocabulary and phonetic structure, mainly under the influence of the Tajik language.
2 Lyovina M.Z. Evolution of pronouns in Mokshan dialects. Saransk, 2003. 212 p.; Anisimova D.Yu. System of indefinite pronouns in Slovak language. M., 2007. 333 p.; Fedyuneva G.V. Primary pronouns and their derivatives in Perm languages. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philology -
research of the important directions in modern linguistics such as the theory of references, linguistics of the text, the problem of pronouns is also presented in a new way. In this connection, the subject of research in this article is the formal-syntactic function of pronoun.
The formal-syntactic function of pronouns in sentences with complex parts in Korean language does not differ crucially from structural properties of simple sentences and is characterized by the fact that any of the parts of the sentence can be expressed by possessive phrase (in our case - by possessive pronoun), which represents a transformed sentence, having somewhat independent system of its parts of sentence, belonging to definite -namely, to verb form, as subordinate part of the sentence to predicate, on the one hand, and as definitions to the dependent member, on the other hand.
If in a simple sentence each part of the sentence, except predicate, is usually expressed by nouns or certain combinations of nouns, then in a sentence with complex parts, each part of sentence can be expressed as an entire sentence, which is transformed into possessive attributive phrase. Owing to the ability to transform each sentence into an possessive attributive phrase, the latter can act as any part of sentence. Just as any attributive phrase acts as a any part in a simple sentence. As any part of sentence, words do not function as mere words, but as representatives of part of speech. That is why we usually say that, for example, in the sentence OIKS AB^JLIQ "this is an apple" the subject is not the word "OK?', but demonstrative pronoun "OIK?'. In studies of the parts of sentence, particular attention must be paid to which part of the speech acts as a part of sentence. As a rule, this also relates to form of pat of sentence. For example, in Korean, a pronoun can act as predicate. But in this case it is affixed to the verb -OII I, and assumes the form of a predicate noun, while the pronoun acting as subject does not require this form and therefore does not have it. Thus, there is certain connection between the part of the sentence and part of the speech. If the parts of the sentence and the parts of the speech were identical, then the pronoun or noun, etc., would only be subject, and the verb would only be predicate; the adjective could not be predicate, but only an attribute. Then dual terminology (subject and pronoun, predicate and verb, attribute and adjective) would lose all meaning, would be unnecessary terminological waste. However, reality teaches us that pronoun is not only the subject, but is also object and attribute; the verb is not only predicate, but is also subject, and attribute, etc., for example, UK® "I see this" (UK is an attribute), ^OI OP Ill "a book is here" (OP - is a part of predicate), XKS dlll "this is expensive" (XIK- is subject) etc. Thus, the connection between the parts of the speech and the parts of the sentence is not even remotely resembling identity. But it is not a complete contradiction, nor complete absence of interdependence. The existence of a relationship, and even a certain one, is clear even to the everyday linguistic consciousness. The question of what the pronoun in a sentence might be may be answered differently, but the first answer will always be the same: the subject. Any other answer would have been as unexpected as if we had asked for a number of nouns and heard back: "by this, by that, there" instead of "this, that, there". There is no identity between the parts of the speech and the parts of the sentence, but there is a certain correspondence. This correspondence manifests that each part of speech is primarily characterized by the basic, primary syntactic functions, in relation to which all other functions are secondary. Priority and secondariness is not something subjective that exists only in the concept. Priority and secondariness is found in the forms of the word itself, i.e. objectively. This objective criterion can be formulated as follows: the primary, main syntactic function of a part of speech will be the one expressed by the initial form of the word, and the derivative shall be the one expressed by the derivative form of the word. For example, in Korean the word OP I "here" has the following forms: OPE, OP II, OPCCIAH, OP PR I etc., but of all these forms, even for the everyday awareness, the main one is only OP, and the rest are treated as derivatives. Since OP I can only function as a subject, we
Syktyvkar, 2009. 389 p.; Gaynutdinova A.F. Reflexive pronouns in modern Russian language: the functional aspect. Kazan, 2012. 225 p. and other
conclude that the subject is the primary function of pronoun in the sentence, since OP Is, OP |0|, OPOIAH, OP IIKI (secondary forms) function as adverbial modifier, respectively, we conclude that the function of the adverbial modifier is secondary for the pronoun. Thus, a certain relationship is established between the parts of sentence and the parts of the speech, a correspondence that does not turn into an identity.
Another issue that requires special attention is the category of demonstrative pronouns in different syntactic functions, in particular, in the functions of the subject, predicate, object, which we will discuss more detailed
As we know, the subject is a syntactic function of nouns, numbers, verbs, adjectives and pronouns. But for each of these parts of speech, the ability to be subject is not the same. So the ability of the pronoun to be subject is the primary syntactic function of the noun. The position of the subject is called subjective position. Thus, the subject should be considered as the word denomination standing as a part of sentence in the subjective position.
This article takes the view that the subject's position is opposed to position of the predicate, and that subject to the word communicating something is the word on which the latter is based. In its simplest form, it can be expressed as follows:
¥2101 0№tldoes something
¥2101 0№Isomething
¥2101 ¥2101 something is somewhat
The subject, like other parts of the sentence, may be expressed by a pronoun phrase.
fls^i obii^ nap a sisn
If there is anything more beautiful than that.
fl¥A^0| 0 WE
Those two are still helping us right now.
In most cases, the subject is in the form of a Nominative Case, which is accompanied by particle of the Nominative Case 0 P I.
□■01 1 0 (LIU ^y0 II. - This man is not a student, he is a teacher.
Less frequently the subject has less typical forms, which are accompanied by so-called auxiliary particles.
OPI EbSOIAH Win crasm.- This is the most famous institute in Tashkent.
□5E i!0101 £12. - You need to know that, too.
No particle of nominative case of 0 PI is used when using these auxiliary particles. Particles -R -¥0, -IR| may be used with the particle of the nominative case of 0P k
□set □ y egjoi ^ st i.
Only that man couldn't attend the meeting
OP IIRI &0 ¥AHI2 - Read up to here. □ y¥E| n^SI S¥sP I AllSt.
From that day on, I started to study hard.
Regarding demonstrative pronoun in the function of the predicted, note the following. The predicate is a syntactic function of the verb and the conjugated adjective. The demonstrative pronoun itself does not form a predicate. It participates in the formation of the predicate with the link-verb, acting as a liaison part of the predicate. Thus, there are two main types of predicates: simple and compound. A simple predicate is a predicate, consisting of a verb or a conjugated adjective, for example 2CI in the sentence b PI "it's raining".
Compound predicate is a predicate, which may include both a pronoun, as a copular member, and a link-verb. For example, □a0|C| in sentence ?P0l □a!0|C| "Korean book is that".
The copular term is expressed as an auxiliary particle -S/I with an affirmative ligament
- 0|t I.
A: |? - Who is your friend?
B: □01- My friend is that person.
As nominative case with negative ligament - 0ЩС.
ЛК01 0UCt - not this.
OPP-OUC t - not here.
In addition to the abstractive ligaments - 0C и - 0ЩС1 there are also semi-material ligaments. These include the non-transition link-verb £C "to become" and the transition link-verbs OP 1С-"to consider", £0 "to consider as". The copula part with link-verb £C can also be demonstrative pronouns, which can be in form of a nominative case, and ablative case is also possible.
P: VP - Ы01 £IOfi? - Who has become a teacher?
Ц Лё0| £!Ofi - That person has become.
Demonstrative pronouns, used in conjunction with the verbs OP С and £iCI, may be in form of ablative case, for example,
p : ллй о Ш9.
That man's character is really strange.
Ц a^gs OP Я □ WIS - Don't you think so.
And, finally, the demonstrative pronoun in the function of direct object. In Korean, the word for an indicator or object is called a direct object or a object word. Most commonly, a direct object is used to identify the object to which the action is directed. The meaning of a direct object communicated by the direct object is a very wide grammatical meaning. It summarizes the diverse relationship between action and object. A direct object may indicate an object created in the course of an action or a finished object that is affected. This may be a specific object or action or various distracted processes and their objects.
The designation of the object itself usually involves the use of words of subject grammar semantics. Therefore, nominative parts of speech, including pronouns, are mainly used as a direct object. The direct object is formed by a accusative case particle -ШЩ which joins the non-conjugated part of speech.
VP 10Е8 OP 001 SSbL? - Who put this up here?
РРИ Ш01? - Do you know that place?
The particle of the direct object can be reduced:
0PJIOP 1011 Ж1Ш □S-.StO? - You haven't seen this recently, have you?
A direct object is sometimes formed by auxiliary particles or auxiliary particles in combination with a direct object particle, for example,
Я ЛНё 0 Kg Щ HHVR! UHVR 5 SC. - Although those two learn this well, they can't learn that.
□PI 0 ЕЖОШ Ш SC. - He's not only doing this, he's also good at doing that.
Lb 0PI □ Wfi - I drink only this.
□ S—ё 0ЕЙЩИ ЫМС - That student learns even this.
Thus, the definition of the function of demonstrative pronouns shows that in terms of studying the semantic-syntactic functioning of pronouns in the structure of the text makes it possible to create the basis for a new classification of pronouns in the Korean language. For sure, comparative historical comparisons of the facts of the language could be effectively used to establish the basic regularities of the Korean language development. In addition, it is also a prerequisite for establishing these patterns that should be addressed to the tried and tested, proven in the related languages of the same language family, in order to determine the diversity of semantic and formal expressions in the sentence.
References / Список литературы
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