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35Анатомия т физиология
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TO STUDY THE MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES OF THE ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS INVOLVED IN ATHLETICS
HIKMATOVA MADINA FURKATOVNA Assistant of the Department of Traditional Medicine and Occupational diseases Bukhara State Medical Institute. Bukhara, Republic of Uzbekistan. ORCID ID 0000-0001-8072-3687 ABSTRACT
Athletics is one of the main and most popular sports. Athletics is based on natural human movements. Track and field athletics contribute to all-round physical development, strengthening of people's health. Athletics is part of the state system of physical education. Track and field exercises are included in the programs of physical education of schoolchildren, students of all types of educational institutions, in the plans of training work in all kinds of sports, in physical education of older workers. Athletics is considered the "Queen" of the sport and for a reason. It includes 56 sports, of which there are 50 female sports and all 56 are considered male. The basis is made up of five types of athletics: walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around.
Key words: athletics, physical culture, health promotion, classes, throwing, endurance.
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ МОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ АНТРОПОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ, ЗАНИМАЮЩИХСЯ ЛЕГКОЙ АТЛЕТИКОЙ
ХИКМАТОВА МАДИНА ФУРКАТОВНА
ассистент кафедры народной медицины и профпатологии
АНАТОМИЯ И ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ
8
Бухарского медицинского института. Город Бухара Республика Узбекистан. ОНОЮ Ю 0000-0001-8072-3687 АННОТАЦИЯ
Лёгкая атлетика - один из основных и наиболее массовых видов спорта. Основой лёгкой атлетики являются естественные движения человека. Занятия лёгкой атлетикой способствуют всестороннему физическому развитию, укреплению здоровья людей. Лёгкая атлетика — часть государственной системы физического воспитания. Легкоатлетические упражнения входят в программы физического воспитания школьников, учащихся всех типов учебных заведений, в планы тренировочной работы во всех видах спорта, в занятия физической культурой трудящихся старших возрастов. Легкая атлетика считается «Королевой» спорта и это не спроста. В нее входит 56 видов спорта, из них насчитывается 50 женских видов спорта и все 56 считаются -мужскими. Основу составляют пять видов легкой атлетики: ходьба, бег, прыжки, метания и многоборья.
Ключевые слова: атлетика, физическая культура, укрепление здоровья, занятия, метания, выносливость.
ЕНГИЛ АТЛЕТИКА БИЛАН ШУГУЛЛАНУВЧИ БОЛАЛАР ВА УСМИРЛАРНИНГ АНТРОПОМЕТРИК КУРСАТКИЧЛАРИНИНГ МОРФОМЕТРИК УЗИГА ХОСЛИКЛАРИНИ УРГАНИШ
ХИКМАТОВА МАДИНА ФУРКАТОВНА
Халц табобати ва касб касалликлари кафедраси ассистенти, Бухоро давлат тиббиёт институти, Бухоро, Узбекистон. ОИОЮ Ю 0000-0001-8072-3687 АННОТАЦИЯ
Енгил атлетика асосий ва оммабоп спорт турларидан биридир. Енгил атлетика инсоннинг табиий царакатларига
асосланади. Енгил атлетика цар томонлама жисмоний ривожланишга, одамлар саломатлигини мустацкамлашга ёрдам беради. Енгил атлетика жисмоний тарбия давлат тизимининг бир цисмидир. Енгил атлетика машцлари мактаб уцувчилари, барча турдаги таълим муассасалари талабаларининг жисмоний тарбия дастурларига, барча спорт турлари буйича машгулотлар режаларига, кекса ёшдаги ишчилар учун жисмоний тарбия машгулотларига киритилган. Енгил атлетика спортнинг "маликаси" цисобланади ва бу бежиз емас. У 56 спорт турини уз ичига олади, шундан 50 спорт тури билан аёллар ва 56 таси билан эркаклар шугулланади. Умуман енгил атлетиканинг бешта турдан иборат: юриш, югуриш, сакраш, улоцтириш ва купкураш.
Калит сузлар: енгил атлетика, жисмоний маданият, соглицни сацлашни ривожлантириш, машгулотлар, улоцтириш, чидамлилик.
Relevance
Endurance - plays a big role, and also occupies an important place in the life of every person. Maintaining high efficiency for a long period of time contributes to the high efficiency of labor and mental activity. Endurance is the ability of a person to perform long-term work, of any orientation, in the absence of a particular decrease in performance. The endurance level is usually determined by the time, which directly depends on the intensity of the load performed. Endurance will be higher if the work performed is longer and energy-intensive.
Tasks of sports training at the sports and health stage
- health promotion;
- improving physical development;
- identification of inclinations and abilities, instilling interest in training sessions;
- versatile physical fitness;
- mastering the basics of exercise technique;
- education of a stable psyche.
- strengthening the musculoskeletal system and the cardiovascular system by means of general (GPP) and special (SPP) physical training;
- development of physical qualities (speed, strength, speed-strength, endurance);
- the beginning of participation in competitions in certain types of athletics all-around;
It is known that in children from 7 to the end of 12 years, sex differences appear in the size and shape of the body, and an increase in growth in length begins. During this period, puberty in girls begins on average two years earlier than in boys. At about 10 years old, girls overtake boys in body length, weight, and shoulder width. The lower limbs grow especially quickly in girls during this period, and there is also an intensive increase in the massiveness of the skeleton. During the second childhood (8-12 years), especially in girls, an increase in the secretion of sex hormones begins. As a result, by the end of the second childhood, secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop. Recent studies by scientists in sports show that moderate physical training does not have any negative consequences for pregnant women, that you can stay fit in endurance running, exercising both during pregnancy and during lactation. This does not affect the health of the mother or the health of the child. Of course, all this should take place under the supervision of a doctor and a coach, and only for athletes with extensive training experience, well-trained and in excellent health. To determine the level and harmony of the physical development of children, the most common method is based on centile tables. This method is easy to use, since it does not require any calculations and makes it possible to assess the rate of individual development of a child in ontogenesis. Basically, in preschool age, attention should be paid to the indicators of length, body weight and chest
circumference in accordance with the age and gender of the child, while the assessment of head circumference indicators is usually most relevant only in the first years of life.
In the 40s - 50s. in the works of anthropologists the method of indices was criticized due to the fact that some of the indices were based on a false idea of a proportional change in the compared characteristics. However, in subsequent years, some indices began to be used again, since a high correlation was found between the characteristics under consideration, approaching unity in inter-age comparisons. The most common indices in use include two characteristics: weight-height and chest-height indicators. Weight and height indices include:
- Quetelet index I (IC I), which is calculated in children during the neonatal period. It reflects the nutritional status of the child in the prenatal period.
- when examining both children and adults, the Quetelet II (IC II) index objectively reveals both deficiency and excess body weight relative to height and depends little on the characteristics of the physique and constitution of the child. It is widely used.
- Rohrer's index (IR) is a group indicator of dolicho- and brachymorphism. Moreover, ecologists explain the nature of these features by adaptation to climatogeographic living conditions of various populations. The chest-weight indices include:
- Pignet index (PI), which characterizes the strength of the physique. The lower the index, the stronger the physique.
The Vervek index (IV) is used to determine the constitutional body type, defining dolicho-, meso-, brachymorphic types. Despite the standardization of physical development studies, there is still no single approach in the methodology for assessing it. Currently, there is a search for the most informative methods for assessing indicators of physical development and their standards. Along with the established acceleration
processes in the physical development of modern children, an increase in the proportion of overweight children and adolescents is increasingly observed, and according to WHO studies, overweight occurs in 14% of children in economically developed countries. In Bukhara, about 30% of the population is obese and 25% - overweight. Obesity affects 3 - 5 to 20% of children in Bukhara. Some researchers believe that overweight in childhood leads to obesity in adulthood, while others question this connection. Being overweight is an acute problem, as it can lead to the development of serious diseases. Childhood obesity can provoke type 2 diabetes mellitus, which later in adulthood can lead to such serious complications as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, myocardial infarction and even sudden death. In his work, noted that overweight in girls in childhood leads to early onset of puberty, which entails early sexual intercourse, teenage pregnancy, as well as obesity and cancer of the reproductive organs. Also, there were scientific publications in which the lagging of the morphometric characteristics of physical development in modern children was established in comparison with children of past years. This trend indicates the opposite process of acceleration - deceleration (slower growth and development of the body). According to WHO, various deviations are based more on nutritional, environmental, health factors than genetic and ethnic reasons. According to an international study, under favorable living conditions for children (non-smoking parents, breastfeeding, a healthy diet and prevention of infections) from different countries, the same patterns of their growth and development were revealed at the age of up to 5 years. The physical development of children is influenced by various endo- and exogenous factors, which include: genetic predisposition, constitutional characteristics of the body, congenital or hereditary pathology of growth and development, ecological situation, climatogeographic, socioeconomic and sanitary-hygienic living conditions, as well as the quantity,
quality of food and the intensity of physical activity. Since the most intensive growth and development of the child occurs in utero, therefore the factors corresponding to this period play a very important role. If during this period there is a malnutrition of the fetus, then the child may be born with growth deficiency and or low body weight. Analysis of anthropometric indicators of school-age children in the districts showed a pronounced deficit in body weight. The authors associate this deviation with the poverty of the population, which entails prolonged starvation, unbalanced nutrition with a deficiency of trace elements and vitamins, which subsequently led to a deficiency in body weight and stunting.
The study showed that boys in areas with stressful environmental situations lagged behind their peers living in favorable areas. In girls, the differences in total body parameters are less pronounced, which testified to their great adaptive capabilities and ability to withstand anthropogenic loads. However, in girls, the variation in body weight is more pronounced than in body length.
Thus, the physical development of the child population is influenced by a wide range of factors. Each of them, both individually and in aggregate, can lead to deviations from the normal level, which can subsequently lead to disorders in the health of children. Therefore, constant monitoring of the physical development of the child population is necessary for the timely detection and prevention of deviations.
References:
1. Abramovich M. A. Morphofunctional indicators of urban schoolchildren / M. A. Abramovich, V. N. Zhdanovich, D. Yu. Andreychikov // Probl. health and ecology. - 2015. - No. 1 (43). - S. 96-100.
2. Averyanov A. P. Obesity in childhood / A. P. Averyanov, N. V. Bolotov, S. A. Zotova // Attending physician. - 2010. - No. 2. - S. 52-63.
3. Agafonov VN Principles and methods of physical development of children and adolescents / VN Agafonov, AS Dranichkin, IM Demets //
Actual problems of natural sciences: materials of Intern. scientific-practical conf. Tambov, March 15, 2013 - Tambov, 2013 .-- S. 44-51.
4. Aksenov I. A. Disharmony of physical development in children living near a large gas chemical complex / I. A. Aksenov, D. V. Raisky // Astrakhan. honey. zhurn. - 2013. - T. 8, No. 1. - S. 20-23.
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