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7ECONOMICS
TO SOME QUESTIONS OF ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE WORK
Abstract
The paper deals with the questions of organization of construction enterprise work, including relevance of introduction of salary accord systems to increase personnel motivation, problems of formation of quotations on carrying out installation and construction works.
Keywords
systems of compensation, price-work quotation, integrated quotation, motivation of personnel, accord system of compensation
AUTHOR
Irina Yuryevna Andryukhina
PhD, Associate Professor, head of Economic Department, Construction Control No. 313, Branch of the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad, Russia. E-mail: aiu2@rambler.ru
Nowadays the sphere of construction is the production landscape demanding constant attention and care. Its improvement concerns the questions of motivation of personnel, creations of effective system of standard time, development and quotations for the main construction-installation works.
The system of standard legal support of the construction sphere has the approved documents, including "The methodical recommendations about determination of size of funds for compensation in contractual prices and estimates of construction and compensation of employees of the construction and repair and organizations" (MDS 83-1.99) (approved by the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation on 29.04.1999 No. 31 (further - the methodical recommendations). According to the document, the main forms of workers' compensation in construction are piece-work payment and time payment.
There are other systems of compensation on their base: piece-work and time-bonus payment, accord and accord-bonus payment, compensation on collective and lease contract with use of Individual Performance Factors, labor contribution and without them, compensation for performance of rated tasks by time-workers, etc.
According to provisions of 135 Art. of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the worker's salary is established by the employment contract according to the employer's systems of compensation.
Respectively, each construction organization has to provide its own system of compensation.
Provisions of the Labor Code and The methodical recommendations called above have to be the base of this system.
Earnings of workers (link, crew) are defined by amount of completed work (production) and piece-work quotation on unit of its measurement for piece-work compensation.
The works performed and shown for payment have to conform to the project and requirements to their quality provided by construction norms and rules, standards and other normative documents.
The piece-work quotation is the size of salary for a unit of volume of works determined by multiplication of an average tariff rate of workers by norm of expenses of work by its performance, demanding special attention at its development.
The order of the Ministry of Construction of the Kaliningrad Region No. 94-OD on April 28, 2014 approved the changes in the territorial budget standards of the Kaliningrad Region developed by the regional center for pricing of the Kaliningrad Region.
To improve the budget regulatory base and realization of a state policy in pricing of construction on the territory of the Kaliningrad Region, the order of the Ministry of Construction of the Kaliningrad Region No. 39-OD on March 12, 2015 approved and put into operation (since May 1, 2015) the new territorial budget regulatory base TER-2001 of the Kaliningrad Region in edition of the order of Ministry of Construction of Russia on 30.01.2014 No. 31pr.
The regional pricing center in construction in the Kaliningrad Region quarterly releases the Regional indexes of recalculation of the basic cost of construction-installation and repair-construction works applying the territorial budget regulatory base TER-2001 defined in the current price level for the Kaliningrad Region.
At the same time, the specified documents contain information about single quotations, while it is expedient to use piece-work and piece-bonus systems of compensation on the integrated and complex norms, calculated by sight or complex of works, constructive element, etc. The calculation demands carrying out serious work, including studying the offers on the construction market of the region.
The important point is control of possible excess of expenses on formation of wages fund in estimated cost of object building, as a rule, the allocated money is hardly enough for its completion.
It is necessary to consider the rate of inflation and the average level of salary counted in each region of the Russian Federation by bodies of the state statistics quarterly on the basis of the established minimum level of compensation, the living wage of the region and data sent to bodies of statistics by the construction organizations.
The integrated budget norms and quotations are the integrated budget standards. On their base the estimated cost of construction of the designed enterprises, buildings and constructions is defined.
Performance of more integrated amounts of works, their complexes, up to a whole construction object, cannot do without attraction of some workers under contracts of civil character (further - turnkey contracts). It provides the use of accord or accord-bonus system of compensation.
Accord order-task is issued not for the settlement period, but for all term of work, and in case of work of crew members on turnkey contracts for installation-construction works within 1 month. The salary to crew on the settlement periods is charged in the form of advance payment, and final settlement is made after performance of all task that stimulates crew members to work quicker and promotes each worker's efficiency.
Performance standards pay off in man-hours, as norms of worker expenses of work, i.e. norms of time, and machine-hours, as norms of machines expense of work.
Thus, quotations for work take into account the coefficients depending on conditions of the carried-out works and climatic arrangement of construction.
Order-task for such crews has to provide nomination of works, cost of works per unit, charged amount of works, calculation of standard labor input of the charged works, actually executed amount of works (pays off at the end of the settlement period) and the general compensation fund.
Upon termination of the performed works, the crew independently distributes the general compensation fund depending on a contribution of each participant.
At this system, the interrelation between earnings of crew and volume of finished construction goods amplifies.
The salary sum on an accord task remains invariable (except for cases of its indexation, which is carried out to the period of performance of a task) and is completely at the disposal of crew irrespective of the actual costs of work of its performance.
This system increases interest of workers in the best use of working hours, performance of a task by smaller number and reduction of term of its performance.
To strengthen the specified interest, it is possible to enter awarding for performance of accord tasks. Its main indicators are performance of all task in time and ahead of schedule; reduction of the actual expenses of work in comparison with the standard; quality ensuring
construction on condition of observance of the requirement of construction norms and rules, compliance of project documentation.
Defects, subquality work, etc. can decrease the size of award taking into account costs of their elimination, up to full cancellation of an award. It has to be reflected in the Regulations on compensation and awarding of workers on these systems (Agreements) approved in the construction organization in accordance with the established procedure.
The considered forms of compensation are a factor to increase labor productivity and performance of volumes construction-installation and repair-construction works for the established and earlier terms.
REFERENCES
1. Labor code of the Russian Federation. Help-consulting system "Garant".
2. MDS 83-1.99. "The methodical recommendations about determination of size of funds for compensation in contractual prices and estimates of construction and compensation of employees of the construction and repair and organizations" (approved by the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation on 29.04.1999 N 31). Help-consulting system "Garant".
3. http://www .klerk.ru/buh/articles/323825;
4. http://krccs.ru/tsnb. html;
5. http://www.easylawyer.ru;
6. http://files.stroyinf.ru;
7. http://dachnoe-delo.ru
PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION AS A WAY OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FOR BUSINESSES
Abstract
The paper discusses the concept, types and experience in the use of product differentiation as a means of achieving competitive advantage of modern companies.
Keywords
enterprise competitiveness, product differentiation, the advantages of differentiation strategy, practical experience of using product differentiation
AUTHORS
Arina Anatolyevna Armidonova
student, Bauman Moscow State Technical Univeristy, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: arina.a.a@list.ru
Guzel' Devlet-Gel'dy
PhD, Bauman Moscow State Technical Univeristy, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: bauman@bmstu.ru
In today's world there is a rapid expansion of the competition and the vast majority of companies are constantly looking for new tools to strengthen their market position. However, one of the most effective ways to enhance the competitive advantage does not exist, so each company is specialized in the use of appropriate forms for her participation in the competition. Among the most common approaches, such as reducing costs for production, marketing research, development of new markets, the use of systems of discounts and promotions, satisfaction of a particular audience segment, choose to focus on product differentiation advantages and effects of the use of this tool to improve the competitiveness of companies.
