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TIMURID COINS DISCOVERED IN DEV-KESKEN-QALA A.O. Bragin, P.N. Petrov
Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences A.Kh. Khalikov Institute of Archaeology of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
This article continues the series of works dedicated to the numismatic findings discovered at the archaeological site of Dev-Kesken-Qala (the historical region of Khwarezm). The work considers 75 copper and silver coins of amir Timur and other Timurids. The study of these coins conducted after their chronological classification demonstrated that 60 % of the coins correspond to the period of Shahrukh, and 29.4 % to the period of Timur. Nearly half of the coins were produced at the Khwarezm mint, and another 24 % at the mint of Samarqand. The circulation of copper coins is characterized by a certain degree of regionality - they are the products of the local mint, and are rarely discovered outside of the region of their coinage. The situation with the silver coins is totally opposite. Khwarezm silver coins have been discovered in the central part of the Timurid state. The authors registered silver coins with a small denomination of one-sixth of a tanga. By the end of Shahrukh reign the retail trade in the area of Dev-Kesken-Qala began to decline, and probably ceased after a cetrain period of time.
Keywords: Khwarezm, coin, tamga, miri, Shahrukh, amir Timur, Dev-Kesken-Qala, archaeological site, Turkmenistan.
This article continues the series of articles on numismatic findings from the archaeological site of Dev-Kesken-Qala [11, 12, 13]. Here are presented the materials on the individual findings of the Timurid coins of fourteenth-fifteenth centuries, accidentally discovered by local residents in the area of Sarykamy§ lake (in the territory of Dev-Kesken-Qala and its suburbs) in 2009. Ca. 500 images of coins of different dynasties were sent to the authors. Among them, there were 36 silver and 39 copper coins of the Timurid period. It is worth noting the lack of information about the numismatic findings of the Timurid dynasty from the territory of Turkmenistan, which the experts are now able to explore. Few publications are devoted to the problems of monetary circulation under Timurids in the territory of the historical region of Khwarizm. This is partly explained by the objective reasons, but mostly by the fact that the numismatists show low interest in this issue. Such attitude prevents from systematic study of the commodity-monetary relations and monetary circulation at the end of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Modern numismatic findings in these areas and their registration are of particular scientific value. It should be specially noted that the analyzed material is not the selection of the most interesting findings of the Timurid coins, but a complete collection of coins from all the findings of 2009, made in the region of Dev-Kesken-Qala. Therefore, the obtained information is statistically suitable for analyzing the dynamics of the relative activity of monetary circulation in the area. In terms of numismatic findings, the Khwarizm region gives the most comprehensive information due to the continuous operation of Khwarizm mints for many centuries.
It is necessary to emphasize the difficulties, which occur during the attribution of the coins, usually complicated by the poor condition of the coins found in the soil. The thick lay of the different oxides and mechanical damage of the coins themselves (effacement, countermarks, etc.) often do not allow to fully read the final data. The removal of dirt and oxides often leads to the loss of important parts of the coin legends. All coins which were available for the analysis, had the signs of long circulation, some were holed, while part of the coins has the fire marks.
Let us consider the analyzed information on the findings of the Timurid coins from Dev-Kesken-Qala (see photo tables 38-42).
Table 1
List of fixed findings of Tlmflrid coins
No. Mint AH Weight W, g Diameter, mm Note
Silver coins
Sultan Suyurghatmish Khan and Amir Timur
1 [Samarqand] [78]4 1,36 16
2 Samarqand 785 1,48 16
3 Samarqand 785 1,46 16
4 [Samarqand] 785 1,54 17
Mahmud Khan and Amir Timur
5 [Samarqand] 79[0] 1,45 15-19,5
6 Samarqand 794 1,4 17
7 Samarqand 800 1,43 15-17
8 Samarqand 800 — -
9 [Samarqand] 801 1,45 15,5-16,5 Mule, obv. 801 AH, rev. 800 AH
10 Samarqand 802 — -
11 Samarqand missed 1,47 15
12 Khwarizm 897! (798) 1,4 17,5 Same as Z/4673
13 Khwarizm missed 1,45 15-16
14 Khwarizm missed 1,03 15,5 V<5 tanga
15 [Qazwin] missed — - Tanga
16 missed missed 1,41 18 One-side coin
17 missed missed 4,93 25 Tanga with two countermarks: 1: in a heart-shaped cartouche Shahrukh Bahadur, Shahrukhiyya, 2: in a square cartouche Shahrukh Bahadur, Herat. Holed.
Mahmud Khan, Amir Timur and 'Muhammad-Sultan
18 Samarqand [8]05 1,39 15,5
19 Samarqand [80]5 1,43 16
Muhammad Jahangir and Khalil-Sultan
20 Samarqand 707! (808) 1,54 15
21 Samarqand [80]7 or [70]7 1,38 16
22 Samarqand missed? - -
23 Samarqand missed? 1 12,5-15 Ve tanga
Shahrukh
24 no mint [81]6 1,2 16-17 Same as Z/154526
25 Khwarizm [816] 1,09 16
26 Khwarizm 824 1,21 16
27 Khwarizm [8]2(9?) 1,21 15,5
28 Khwarizm [8]38 1,23 15
29 Khwarizm [8]38 1,27 14-15
30 Khwarizm missed 1,21 14-15
31 Khwarizm missed - - Tanga
32 Isfahan 82(0/5) 5,22 23-26 Tanga
33 Kashan not dated - - Tanga
34 Sultaniyya missed 4,91 20,5 Tanga
Abtt Sa'id
35 Khwarizm? missed 0,98 15
Sultan-Husayn
36 missed? missed? 0,79 15 Miri (with laqab Abu-'l-Ghazi). The same as Z/76827, 114846.
Copper coins
Amir Timur
37 Samarqand missed - -
38 Khwarizm missed - - [9, p. 29, type 2;
the same as Z/29407]
39 no mint no - - [9, p. 30, type 3; the same as Z/117705]
Shahrukh
40 Khwarizm 816 - - [9, p. 31, type 5; the same as Z/4681]
41 Khwarizm [816] - - [9, p. 31, type 5; the same as Z/4681]
42 [Khwarizm] [816] - - [9, p. 31, type 5; the same as Z/4681]
43 [Khwarizm] [816] - - [9, p. 31, type 5; the same as Z/4681]
44 [Khwarizm] [818] - - [9, p. 31, type 6; the same as Z/119403]
45 [Khwarizm] [818] - - [9, p. 31, type 6; the same as Z/119403]
46 Khwarizm 82x - - [9, p. 32, type 10; the same as Z/105690]
47 Khwarizm 832 - - [9, p. 35, type 20; the same as Z/119529]
48 Khwarizm [8]3[2] - - [9, p. 35, type 20; the same as Z/119529]
49 Khwarizm [8]3[2] - - [9, p. 35, type 20; the same as Z/119529]
50 Khwarizm 833 - - [9, p. 35, type 21; the same as Z/99672]
51 Khwarizm 837 - - [9, p. 36, type 24; the same as Z/114685]
52 Khwarizm [837] - - [9, p. 36, type 24; the same as Z/114685]
53 [Khwarizm] [837] - - [9, p. 36, type 24; the same as Z/114685]
54 [Khwarizm] 838 - - [9, p. 36, type 25; the same as Z/117561]
55 [Khwarizm] [8]38 - - [9, p. 36, type 25; the same as Z/117561]
56 [Khwarizm] 8(4?)3 - - [9, p. 33, type 15; the same as Z/119528]
57 Khwarizm 85[1] - - the same as Z/119477, 6419]
58 Khwarizm 85[1] - - the same as Z/119477, 6419]
59 Khwarizm not dated - - [9, p. 36, type 26; the same as Z/117442]
60 Khwarizm not dated - - [9, p. 36, type 26; the same as Z/117442]
61 [Khwarizm] not dated - - [9, p. 36, type 26; the same as Z/117442]
62 Bukhara [8]32 - - Countermark in a square cartouche, inscription irreadible
63-65 missed 823 - -
66-69 missed [8]23 - -
69-70 missed [82]3 - -
71-74 missed [823] - -
75 missed 827 - -
Totally 75 Timurid coins were attributed. Unfortunately, we did not have access to the metrological data of all coins. Let us individually consider the peculiarities of the silver and copper coin composition.
Silver coins. We found two countermarks on a silver tanga no. 17 minted during the joint reign of Sultan Mahmud Khan and Amir Timur. Both countermarks appeared as a result of Shahrukh's reform of the silver coin's circulation. The earliest of them is a countermark in a heart-shaped cartouche with the
legend Shahrukh Bahadur, Shahrukhiyya. The next countermark in a square cartouche and with inscription Shahrukh Bahadur, Herat overlaps the heart-shaped countermark, which indicates it was made some time later.
We can identify four silver coins that should be given additional attention:
1. Silver mlrl no. 9 is an interesting mule coin, which was minted using the obverse die of 801 AH and reverse die of 800 AH;
2. Silver mm no. 16 is one-sided coin, because during the process of its coinage it struck to the top stamp of the previous coin. This coin clearly defines which stamp was used as the top one and which as the bottom one. In this case a stamp containing the kalima was the top one;
3. Coins nos. 14 (of joint rule of Mahmud Khan and Amir Timur, minted in Khwarizm), as well as no. 23 (minted in the name of Muhammad Jahangir and Khalil-Sultan in Samarqand) in terms of weight both coins attributed to the nominal of 1/6 tanga1. That is a dang of a tanga nominal. This kind of dang never described before.
Table 1 shows that 36 coins out of 75 Timurid coins are silver coins, which amounts to 48% (respectively 52% are accounted for the copper coins). Moreover, 30 out of 36 coins form fractions - % tanga and 1/6 tanga. Thus, we can confirm that the local market was actively served both by copper and silver coins. Let us try to identify the main patterns of the collected information.
We registered totally 19 silver coins of Amir Timur, which is about a half of all findings of silver coins (52.8%)2. In addition to the name of Timur in the legend, 19 coins mention the names of: Sultan Suyurghatmi'sh Khan (4 coins or 11.1%), Sultan Mahmud Khan (13 coins or 36.1%), while there are 2 coins featuring the names of Sultan Mahmud Khan and Muhammad-Sultan (5.6%).
11.1% (4 coins) belong to the issues of Muhammad Jahangir and Khalil-Sultan. The issues of Shahrukh is presented by 11 coins (30.5%), as well as there is one coin of Abu Sa'id (2.8%) and one coin of Sultan-Husayn (2.8%). This chronological structure of the silver coins in the findings indicates a decrease in the silver coin market in the post- Shahrukh period. At the same time, we register the increase in the number of silver coins at the market during the reign of Mahmud Khan and Amir Timur and later under Shahrukh.
The list of mints, which carried out the coinage of the silver coins, is separately provided in the Table 2.
Table 2
List of mintnames from silver coins
Mintname Quatity
pieces %
1 Samarqand 17 47,2
2 Sultaniyya 1 2,8
3 Isfahan 1 2,8
4 Qazwin 1 2,8
5 Kashan 1 2,8
6 Khwarizm 11 30,5
7 Mintname missed 3 8,3
8 No mintname 1 2,8
Totally 36 100
1 According to the personal information received from the Ukrainian researcher Yu. V. Zayonchkovsky, a coin with the similar weight (1,01g) happened to be among the Juji coins as a part of the hoard of about 1,500 coins, found in June 2012, in Crimea (near the village of Predushchel'noe). The coin was minted in Isfahan with names of Sultan Mahmud Khan and Amir Timur in the legend.
2 We consider 36 silver coins as 100%.
We discovered a significant prevalence of Samarqand coins (17 coins or 47.2%) and coins of the local Khwarizm mint (11 coins or 30.5%). So, in the region of Dev-Kesken-Qala we registered the fact that the monetary circulation of the fourteenth-fifteenth centuries included a large number of non-local coins from the other mints of Amir Timur's empire (Qazwin, Kashan, Isfahan and Sultaniyya), distant from the Khwarizm region.
Among the total amount of the studied silver coins, we discovered three nominals based on their weight characteristics. The nominal classification of the silver coins is presented in the Table 3.
Table 3
List of denominations of silver coins from the single finds from Dev-Kesen-Qala
№ Denomination Quatity
pieces pieces
1 Tanga 6 16,6
2 '/4 tanga (mïrï) 2S 77,S
3 V<5 tanga (dangi) 2 5,6
Totally 36 1DD
77.8% of found silver coin are the fractions of tanga nominal. This confirms the fact that the silver fractions of 1/6 tanga, which were smaller than miri (% tanga) circulated in Khwarizm in the Middle Ages.
Copper coins. Totally 39 copper coins were registered. The coins with the name of Amir Timur are represented by the three coins (7.7%)3. The number of coins belonging to Shahrukh coinage is equal to 34 (87.2%) and only 5.1% (2 coins) of 851 AH, which belong to the reign of Shahrukh's son, Ulugbek.
The chronological structure of the copper coins in the finding indicates that during the post-Shahrukh period the replenishment of the market with the copper coins almost stopped.
The area of the copper coin circulation in the region of Dev-Kesken-Qala was supplied mainly by the local Khwarizm mint - 58.9% (23 coins out of 39). The coins minted in Bukhara, Samarqand, as well as the coins without mint are represented by single samples (2.6% out of the 39 coins). The number of coins with missed mintmark is quite significant and amounts to 33.3% (13 coins), and all of them were issued during 820s AH. This can be explained by several reasons: poor quality of coinage; small size of the coin blank in relation to the dies; centering of the coin blanks during the process of coinage and the omitting of the marginal inscriptions, long stay of the coins in the chemically aggressive (highly salty) soils.
Table 4 contains the chronological order of coins with clearly readable year or a year, which has been already determined according to the typological features.
Table 4
Chronology of copper Tïmflrid coins from finding
Time of amîr Tîmur (77D-SD7 AH) Pre-reform coins ofShâhrukh4 (SD7-S32 AH) Post-reform coins of Shâhrukh (S32-SSD AH) Ulugbek (SS1-SS3 AH) Unaccounted (Shâhrukh) Total
Quantity pieces 3 20 11 2 3 39
% 7,7 51,3 28,2 5,1 7,7 1DD
3 We consider 39 coins as 100%.
4 The reform of copper coins' circulation in 823 AH not considered here individually. The reason for this approach is that Khwarizm was annexed by Shahrukh in 820s AH and was fronter land with Jujïd Khanate. The consequence of this geographical position might be income of old coins (i. e. after 823 AH might be came coins of 810s AH) in Khwarizm, which were not in use in the main terriotries of Tïmûrid state.
The analysis of the chronological structure of the copper findings of Timurid coins (see. Table 4) allows us to conclude that the small percentage of copper coins of Amir Timur indicates a weak incoming of Timurid copper to the region of Dev-Kesken-Qala. It is possible that all of these coins did not come into circulation in the time of Amir Timur, but after the capture of Khwarizm by Shahrukh in the fifteenth century. Such scenario could be a result of a very long circulation of a large number of these coins even after the death of Amir Timur. But it is also necessary to consider that Jujids' predatory raids in the territory of Amir Timur could also be the cause of appearance of the Timurid copper (and of course silver) in Khwarizm.
The main volume of monetary incoming fall to the reign of Shahrukh, the successor of Amir Timur - 34 coins (87.2%). 51.3% of Shahrukh coins are pre-reform (832 AH)5 products, which may indicate a more active incoming of these coins before 832 AH in comparison to the post-reform issues (11 coins or 28.2%).
After reviewing the findings of copper and silver coins separately, we can try to collectively analyze the received information. Table 5 provides the list of all the coins classified by the issuers.
Table 5
Ruler Quantity, pieces % from total
1 Amir Timur 22 29,4
2 Muhammad Jahangir and Khalil-Sultan 4 5,3
3 Shahrukh 45 60
4 Ulugbek 2 2,7
5 Abu Sa'id 1 1,3
6 Sultan-Husayn 1 1,3
Total 75 100
Summarizing the information on the individual findings of the Timurid coins in Dev-Kesken-Qala we can notice that the bulk of the minted products belong to the period of the reign of Shahrukh - 45 coins, 11 of which (60%) are silver coins. The coins of the dynasty founder Amir Timur amount to 29.4%, and these are basically silver coins (19 coins out of 22). It can be assumed that some of them turned out to be in the monetary circulation in this area as early as during the reign of Shahrukh. However, it should be noted that among them there are also some coins minted in Khwarizm under Amir Timur (Table 1, nos. 12-14: silver, no. 38: copper).
During the analysis of the numismatic materials on the mints, we noticed the dominance of the locally produced coins from the Khwarizm mint (ca. 45.4%, 34 out of 75 coins). The capital mint of Sa-marqand is presented by 18 coins (24%), while such mints as Bukhara, Sultaniyya, Isfahan, Qazwin and Kashan are presented by single specimens (in the amount of ca. 7%). 16 coins (ca. 21.3%) lost their mint in the legend, and two coins (2.7%) did not have a specified mint.
Discussion
The Khwarizm region was taken back from the Jujids by sultan Shahrukh in 815 AH / AD 1412 and became the border of the Jujids' territories. This could not but affect the circulation of money in the region. Unfortunately, the amount of Timurid coins in the total number of the findings in the Dev-Kesken-Qala turned out to be far less significant, than, for example, Juji coins, but it gives quite a relevant picture of the nature and stages of monetary circulation in Khwarizm under Timurids. First, we see that during the reign of Shahrukh silver coins circulate in retail trade. Shahrukh's reform of 823 AH in a copper coin circulation in Central Asia did not yet provide the priority of copper coin in the retail sector of commodity-monetary relations. The silver coin held its position here up to 832 AH. After 832 AH, the role of post-reform copper coins in retail trade has gradually and substantially increased, and this coin replaced the minted silver everywhere. But we are not sure the same thing happened in Khorezm. Among
5 [10].
the copper coins of 832 AH only one specimen was found with a square countermark placed long after the year indicated on the coin itself. The vast majority of the post-reform copper coins are local Khwarizmian, struck between 816 AH and 832 AH. Consequently, the copper coins produced in 832 AH in the southern and eastern areas did not reach these territories. The presence of coins with years 833 AH, 837 AH and 838 AH indicates the special nature of the copper circulation in Khwarizm region. It should be noted that outside Khwarizm copper coins from the Khwarizm mint can be found very rarely.
Since in the fifteenth century the neighbors (Jujids) actively used small value silver dirhams (akge) in the monetary circulation, the frontier Khwarizmian territory could not be served mainly by the Timurid copper coins, as it was in the central regions of the Timurid state. Perhaps mainly for this reason for a long time the retail trade in Khwarizm region could be provided both with the copper and silver coins. We have to admit that the small value coins got lost more often and more easily than big value tangas. Therefore, the disproportion in the amount of individual findings of low value coins compared to the high value ones cannot be explained only by the larger circulation (due to market demand) of the low value coins.
Anyway, by the end of the reign of Shahrukh the retail trade begins to fade, and apparently, completely stops in the Dev-Kesken-Qala.
Unlike the analysis of the composition of the found hoard the most correct description of the monetary circulation in the studied area or the archaeological site can be given by the analysis of individual findings. The hoards, as an independent unit of historical information, were often formed taking into account the specific preferences of their host. Other hoards were fully formed outside the territory of their subsequent hoarding and can characterize the large income of imported money, which did not directly participate in the monetary circulation of the region.
Considering the studied single findings of Tlmurid coins from Dev-Kesken-Qala, we can note an interesting fact. From the total of 75 coins, 36 coins are silver and 39 are copper, that is, 48% and 52%, respectively. It indicates the development of the area of circulation of both silver and copper coins in the region. In the findings we discovered two silver 76 tanga coins belonging to the coinage of Sultan Mahmud Khan with Amir Timur and Muhammad Jahangir with Khalll Sultan. Their appearance can be explained by the fact that the existing price level in the area of the coin findings required silver fractions smaller than the coins of % tanga (miri) to participate in monetary circulation.
The existence of fractions smaller than miri was first described by R. Z. Burnasheva [8, p. 39]. In the hoard of 1983 of the Timurid time from the settlement of Quyriq-tobe6 she discovered 12 poorly preserved silver coins, which in terms of weight characteristics were equal to V12 tanga7. It is noteworthy that these tanga fractions also belonged to the coinage of Sultan Mahmud Khan with Amir Timur and Muhammad Jahangir with Khalil Sultan. The discovered 1/6 tanga coins perfectly complement the established monetary denomination system in the state of Amir Timur and early Timurids. Looking ahead we can say that in 2015 during the study of museums and private collections of coins in Shi'mkent region (Kazakhstan) A.O. Bragin [1, 2, 3] revealed one more nominal of 1/24 tanga with a weight of 0.26 g [4, p. 214].
The findings from Dev-Kesken-Qala show us the prevalence of low value silver coins and a substantial amount of the copper ones. The largest amount of coins in the findings belongs to the local mint in Khwarizm and the second largest - to the mint in the capital of Samarqand. Copper circulation is characterized by a certain degree of regionality - the coinage is mainly carried out at the local mints and the coins rarely leave their region. There is a large amount of local issues in the region of the findings, but there is little in the central areas and in remote areas of the Timurid state [6, 7, 8]. At the same time, a huge number of copper coins from the capital mint are presented in the district of the studied archaeological site. The situation with the silver is diametrically opposite. Silver coins of Khwarizm are not rare in the findings from the central part of the state. The geography of mints on the silver coins of a large denomination from the findings amazes with its richness (Qazwin, Kashan, Isfahan and Sultaniyya), while small fractions of % and 1/6 tanga are presented by the coins from Samarqand and Khwarizm.
We methodically continue gathering new information about the coin findings of Amir Timur and his successors in order to identify the peculiarities and perform a more detailed reconstruction of the monetary circulation of the fourteenth-sixteenth centuries.
6 Quyri'q-tobe settlement is located 6 km to the north-west from Otrar (Republic of Kazakhstan).
7 R.Z. Burnasheva figuratively calls this small denomination "tangacha of mm-dangf' [4, p. 43].
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About the Authors:
Bragin Andrey O., Postgraduate Student, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (Kazan, Russian Federation); rasmir@mail.ru
Petrov Pavel N., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Research Associate, Centre for Numismatics and Epigraphy Studies, A.Kh. Khalikov Institute of Archaeology, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (Kazan, Russian Federation); Leading Research Associate, Central State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty, Kazakhstan); ppn@zmail.ru
