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THREATS TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM CLIMATE CHANGE AND LEGAL IMPACTS FRAMEWORK FOR TREATING IT
1MUHANNED AJAB JINDEEL AL-DAHHAMI, 2DR. BASHIR JAMMEH ABDUL JABBAR
Researcher
Faculty of Law and Political Science/ Iraqi University E-mail: mjandel@uowasit.edu.iq 2Professor
Faculty of Law and Political Science/ Iraqi University E-mail: basheer.abduljabbar@aliraqia.edu.iq
Summary:
Despite the importance of the marine environment, as a source of food,natural resources ,a means of transportation ,and a place for the disposal of waste and unwanted materials ,it still suffers from some threats that pose a danger to it ,and among the main threats that cause damage to the marine environment are threats resulting from the effects of climate change and ocean acidification ,as the marine environment is affected by the harmful effects of climate change resulting from the existence of a close correlation between climate change and the phenomenon of ocean acidification, and countries cannot comply The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) and the 2015 Paris Agreement should be read in light of the broader commitments contained in the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ,and one step is to introduce an explicit requirement in the reporting procedures under the Paris Agreement for States to explain the steps they have taken to address ocean acidification.
Keyword: Marine ecology,climate change,ocean acidification ,global warming.
INTRODUCTION:
The state of change of phenomena that begin in the state1 2of the surrounding environment _ this international environmental climate policy, international marine environment, marine environment, marine environment these effects and then we will provide general information on the international legal regime that has been developed to address climate change, represented by the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982), (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982), (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), United Nations Climate Change Convention 1992), and the role of the United Nations Convention on the Caribbean Sea.
The first requirement Effects of climate change on the marine environment
Tourism3 1in the oceans - oceans , oceans, oceans, ocean degradation, ocean degradation, ocean degradation,And oceanography, impacts are exposing food security, from their impact on plants 2
( 1) Known Ocean acidification is a decrease in ocean pH caused by the capture of carbon dioxide ( CO2 from the atmosphere.
( 2) The marine environment represents: "the area Salty water on the Internet with each other in free, natural contact, and its bottom and soil with what it contains of animal and plant organisms and natural resources that constitute in their entirety the elements of life like a network full of disease ), see: Ahmed Mahmoud El-Gamal, Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution, in the Light of the National Administration and the Missing, Except for Afforestation and International Evidence, Manshaat al-Maaref, Egypt, 1998 , p. 22.
The phenomenon of global warming The phenomenon of global warming (the phenomenon of global warming ) or the phenomenon of the greenhouse (greenhouse), as a rise 3in the earth's temperature, in the century or the phenomenon of global warming (the phenomenon of global warming) when the sun's heat is imprisoned or retained in the earth's atmosphere after entering it, which raises the
and organisms needed for human livelihood.Countries have the right to achieve poverty and 3 sustainable development.4
Reports indicate that marine species are appearing in space due to global warming, and over the course of the general forty years, the Arctic is an ice area about six times the size of Germany, will lose more than (99%) of coral as the temperature rises by two degrees Celsius, mean sea level will continue to rise to about (3) meters of public width (2050) and (2 meters) by (2100) in greenhouse gas needs, leading to the risk of human displacement to (340 ) million people by (2050), and (630) million people by the year (2100).5
The climate change caused by the change in events caused by the phenomenon of global warming, 22 is caused primarily 6by the burning of fossil, this climate causes in the atmosphere, changes causing in climate change climate change changes climate change changes climate change changes climate change change changes climate change change changes climate change. Climate change also has an impact on fisheries, biodiversity, and ocean acidification, which will be described in the following sections:
Section I.
Impacts of climate change on fisheries
The problem of fisheries in the world is facing risks due to climate change, these changes are simplified on fish stocks, aquaculture by (50%) in the form of protein source, and show major risks to inland fisheries found (90%) of them in Africa, study of the FAO ( FAW ), New Food Technology, income and livelihood resources, the FAO study entitled Change and its possible effects on Fish and Aquaculture, includes contributions from marine experts including the World Fish Center (Worldfish ), the Global Statistical Systems Dynamics Authority (GLOBEC ), and (NACA) , and NACA (NACA's fisheries organization ) (able to see more around the world) 7.
Reference climate, climate impact, climate impact, climate impact, climate impact, climate impact, climate impact, climate impact, climate impact extends the land area that extends to the land, where the land area extends to the land, which extends from land to land. About 90% of the heat produced by the oceans, and now this warming has serious consequences for marine ecosystems, where they hatch and stockpile marine activities 8for marine activities.
temperature and makes it warmer, that gases with (carbon dioxide) Co2 ), and sulfur oxide ( So2 ), nitrous oxide (Nox ) and chlorofluorocarbons ( Cfcs )) See: Bashir Juma Abdul-Jabbar Al-Kubaisi, International Protection of the Atmosphere, Al-Halabi Human Rights Publications, I / 1, 2013, p. 68. ( 1) See: Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Sixty-seventh Session of the General Assembly, Item (76) (a) of the Provisional Agenda, Oceans Marine Oceans No. (A/E7/79/Add.1) Cry in (31 / October / 2012), p. 40.
( 2) D Friston, "Climate and Ocean Change," Sickler, Vol: 4, 2009, p. 383.
( 3) Muhammad Karim Junait, Climate change in changing the flower of the sunflower crop in Wasit Governorate, research published in Wasit Journal of Human Sciences, Volume 17, Issue / 47, 2021, p. 498.
( 4) see un numbered area ( ) 70/74/A) of March 30 / 2015), p. 30.
( 5) Scott A. Kolb1, and Benjamin H. Strauss, New Elevation Data Triplicate Estimates of Global Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding, Nature Communications, 2019, ( https: //Doi.0rg/10.1038/S41467-019-12808-Z ), p. 2.
( 6) Consideration: Report of the Secretary-General on Oceans and Seas, Sixty-second Session of the United Nations General Assembly, item 79 (1) of the preliminary list, Distribution of No. 6. A/62/66/Add (dated) March 12, 2007 ( pp. 129-130.
( 7) A- F. Matbouli, Global fisheries face multiple threats as a result of climate change, published on the website: Www.Fao.Org , date of visit 3/20/2022.
( 8) Issa Abu Al-Qasim, The Status of Sustainable Development in the Law of the Sea, University of Abi Bakr Belkaid Tlemcen, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Algeria, 2018 'p. 224.
Metabolism of aquatic organisms, Mediterranean basin, average temperatures. Ocean, ocean, ocean, fish are affected in the ocean, and have been affected by fishing or bleaching behavior. Fishing or causing the movement of fish from areas where spatial restrictions are imposed or across maritime boundaries in different shares. "1
Section II.
Impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity
The effects of climate change on biodiversity and biodiversity ( biodiversity) are shown to 2be at high risk for a long time; Due to climate change, rising temperature, ocean acidification, the increasing frequency of storms, the world sea level, and while this participation in marine nature is an essential habitat for the life of about a quarter 3of all marine species, it represents the same time in obtaining high-precision products.
Sex in the environment for pollution, marine pollution. Stress-inducing factors take into account the factors affecting corals, and take into account approximately one-third of large coral species 4. Men: Men of science, politics and law. Climate change has been described as a problem5 The purpose of protecting coral reefs worldwide is to build on integrated strategic planning based on sustainable development, the area-based planning mission, which is the challenge posed 6by Agenda 21, the GoI Event Plan, and relevant General Assembly resolutions.
Section III.
Effects of climate change on ocean acidification
Another effect of carbon recovery is from economic activities, then carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and some of the carbon dioxide gas is absorbed into the water column, leading to an increase in the acidity of the water, leading to a decrease in the mean. level (pH).7Instructions to the ocean may absorb about (30%) of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities 8. The table seems to warn that the twenty-first day, and is set to diligently enjoy the end of this century, making the water in the oceans acidic, which is beyond the scope of any other time in modern geological history. 9Which means that in hot weather calcified organisms that enable us to build natural spaces, begin to melt, along with some skin crustaceans and mollusks, organisms mainly affected in the process, the intensity of ocean acidification of primary atmospheres varies in subjects, The oceans under the North Pole, the Northwest Arctic, have turned into hot spots for ocean acidification.10
Sixth session and Secretary-General of the United Nations, item 17 (1) of the preliminary listOceans 1 (dated (April 11, 2011), p. 60
( 2) see website ( https://Reefresilience.Org/Ar/Coral-Reef-Ecology/ ) Date of visit (2/2/2023). Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly, Item 17 (1) of the preliminary list, Oceans, Oceans, op. Source, p. 61 3.
( 4) See: Report of the Secretary-General, the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, item 17 (a) from the preliminary list, oceans related to the seas, oceans numbered (Amee / Ti / Add1), dated: (11 / April / 2011), p. 106.
( 5) See Paragraph (166) of United Nations General Assembly Resolution (66/288) of 2012, Paragraph 166 and Paragraph (167); United Nations General Assembly Resolution (69/245) of (2014). ( 6) The sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly, Item 17 (1) of the first report, previous source, p. 106.
( 7) Jens G. Norby, The origin and meaning of the small p in pH , Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Vol: 25, 2000, PP36-37.
( 8) EJ Goodwin, International Environmental Law and Conservation of Coral Reefs , Routledge 2011, p. 6.
( 9) Father Cooley and JT Mattis, Addressing ocean acidification as part of sustainable oceans development , In A Chircop Et Al (Eds), Ocean Yearbook Vol: 27, Brill, 2013, p. 33 . ( 10) J.T. Mattis et al., Chapter 5: Sea and Air Interactions, in the Global Oceans Assessment, United Nations, 2016, p. 19.
Going back to the long term, you expect to see an alternative source of food, in the long run, expect a long continuation 1. Increased vulnerability 2to diseases.
Some examples show what is in the previous example, but in the illustration of what is in the previous example, you can get more information about this topic, but you can get more information about the impact on the ecosystem on all food parameters ( Freestone ) according to his findings). Conclusively considering consideration of (ocean acidification, without considering the influencing factors of climate change, is a fundamental reason for... carbon dioxide).3
This requires international marine oceans to address this phenomenon and mitigate its effects, thus contributing to the sustainable development of the marine environment.
Second demand
The relationship between the international climate change regime and the marine oceans
4The legal regime for climate change b ) the 56 United Nations Convention on the Marine Environment, since , in the caseof climate change, climate change is needed on the marine 7 environment. Oceans, oceans, oceans, oceans, the oceans, the Indian Ocean
From 1997 to the Paris Agreement, votes were taken regarding the proliferation of carbon dioxide gases, which have a stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide.8. Focus on reducing carbon dioxide; It can be seen in other gases).9
This has been responsible for carbon dioxide 10, in the only way to treat ocean acidification and reduce carbon dioxide, and to address this situation, some commentators have identified
( 1) Kl Rickie et al, Risks to coral reefs from changes in ocean carbonate chemistry in Modern Earth System Model Projections, Environmental Research Letters, Vol: 8, 2013, p. 34 . ( 2) Scientific synthesis of the effects of ocean acidification on Marine Biodiversity , Cbd Technical Series No. Vol: 46, 2009, p. 10. ( 3) Jt Mathis Et Al, Op Cit, P, 20.
They can continue to contact each other, which made them completecontact each other. (2005) 4 Instructions to give more imports to Annex I countries to reduce greenhouse gases because it has had an impact on the climate change system from a regime (undertaking and review) to a system based on binding timetables), see:
A. Boyle, "Climate Change and International Law - A Post-Kyoto Perspective," Ep&L, Vol; 42, 2012, p. 333 .
( 5March 21 , 1994 > (4414) dated (3/23/2009). By virtue of its nature (the framework), it took a number of documents, including the establishment of an international institution in the form of Climate Conference, Sustainable Development. See: Mohamed Adel Askar, International Environmental Law, Climate Change - Challenges and Specifications Analytical Study, Comparing the United Nations Framework Convention and Protocol, New University House, Egypt, 2013 , p. 200.
( 6) The Paris Agreement was adopted on (12 / January / 2015), and this opens an international trend for climate change, and Iraq has turned to this in 2017, Law No. (31) for the year 2020 published in the Iraqi Gazette, issue (4618) / 2/2021).
( 7) J Galland, E Harold-Colleb, D. Haer, Ocean and Climate climate policy journal, Volume: 12, 2012, pp. 764, 770.
( 8) R Harold - Coleb and de Haer, Ocean acidification and climate change: synergies and Challenges of addressing both in the Unfccc Climate Policy Journal , Vol: 12, (2012) p. 384. ( 9) T Stephens, 'Rising waters and rotting seas', in D Rothwell Et Al (Eds), The Oxford Handbook on Law of the Sea , Oup, 2015, p. 786.
( 10)
pic.twitter.com/dgc0fbenfg,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Outer space seems to 1 interfere in the oceans and attach to them2 3to each other.
That's the Paris Agreement of 2015 to the Pacific please, please, Iranian climate or action action on action on aviation actions, in front of the oceans and its implications for achieving this consensus, and then it is crucial to conduct further studies, as recognized by the international community .4
This guide refers to the training manual, the command refers to doing this guide, where the lack of a trade guide is used. public relations5
It is worth noting that the Declaration (for the Oceans) signed by twenty-two countries at the Conference of the Parties ( COP22 ) the previous process was conducted to further studies, and led to the negotiation of an ocean action, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, on the relationship to oceans and climate. The Oceans Action Plan was developed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.6
Marine oceans, marine oceans, climate oceans, marine oceans, relentless international efforts to address this gap, enhance natural resources in the Pacific, Pacific, Pacific, ecological, ecological, environmental, environmental, environmental, environmental, To contribute to the promotion of sustainable development goals and objectives in the marine environment.
Third demand
The role of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in addressing ocean change
and acidification
Neighboring countries, the portfolio of member states of the Gulf states in the last century, have been dissolved7 as a result of humanity's addiction to fossil fuels; For this reason, it cannot be explained in ocean climate, climate, climate, marine environment, ocean pollution as independent marine pollution by the following data:
There must be a need for the Convention on the Affairs of the Sea to play its role in the United Nations Convention on the Equality of the Sea. Climate change and ocean acidification on the marine environment; If solutions cannot be found through this organization 8. Ocean islands, oceans, oceans, oceans, oceans, oceans, marine ocean, marine ocean, marine ocean, 9large-scale marine ocean pollution 10from the marine environment, oceans in the oceans1 :
( 1) Father Cooley and JT Mattis, Addressing Ocean Acidification as Part of Sustainable Ocean Development , In A Chircop Et Al (Eds), Ocean Yearbook, Brill, Volume: 27 , 2013, p. 33. ( 2) R Baird Et Al, Ocean Acidification: A Litmus Test for International Law, Cclr , 2009 , p. 459. ( 3) Harrould-Kolieb and Herr, Op Cit, p. 382.
( >4United Nations General Assembly Resolution <64/71> of <2009), ParagraPh (133); United Nations General Assembly Resolution (66/288) of (2012) attached, para. 166; Resolution of the United Nations General Assembly (68/70). For the year 2014, paragraphs (6 and 153) ( 5) See paragraph (3) of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change in 1992. ( 6) See the website < http:// Www.Iddri.Org Date of visit 3/19/2022.
( 7) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and processing on behalf of (Constitution of the Oceans) is an international agreement that resulted from the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea , (1973 and 1982), its economic value marine natural resources , The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entered into force in 1994. ( 8) James Harrison, Saving the Oceans by Law, The International Legal Framework of Protection of the marine environment. Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 256. ( 9) See the Fourteenth International Comparisons Report (No. 16), para. 9.
( 10) The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 ) in Article (1) Paragraph (4), pollution Marine cares ( entry Humans in the marine environment, including estuaries, directly or indirectly Indirect, substances or energy that result in, or are likely to result in, the effects of harmful substances, such as damage to living matter. and marine life, endangering human health, impeding marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, and limiting the usability of sea water, and less initiation).
Introduction of ocean energy 2.
Second : Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Second: Carbon dioxidePacific, the attaches to the oceans seas, the Pacific, the Pacific, the Pacific, the3 Pacific, the Pacific, the Pacific, the Pacific, and the Pacific. The Pacific, the Pacific Ocean, the Sea Ocean
(1) States and pollution prevention and reduction regulations and benefits thereof... 4It appears that there is a wide scope and covers all activities within sovereign and terrestrial territories and the aircraft of its nationality, throughout the world. Attachments, posters, posters, wall posters, must strive to establish 5universal norms and standards
Agreement of the United Nations Convention on the United Nations Convention on the Communication of the conditions of the United Nations Climate Convention, when defining the Paris Agreement, the Paris Agreement of 2015 United Nations Convention on the Sea, the United Nations Convention on the Sea, The United Nations Convention on the Sea, the United Nations Convention on Cooperation measures, the Special Rapporteur on the condition of signature, the Convention, on Climate Change, through the following:
First : The Paris Agreement, the Paris Agreement, the Paris Agreement, the Paris Agreement, the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement, the Paris Agreement, the Paris Agreement, the UN Convention on addressing ocean change and acidification can fill gaps in regulatory regulation by parties to the UN Climate Change Convention, including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.6 Second : Paris Agreement 2015 to be determined yet to be determined.7
The decision on the approval of the consensus was made in the UN Convention 8, the UN Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement on strict settlement settlement procedures 9and, in contrast, the Paris Agreement on the Paris Agreement on the international issue. The props for the way in which arbitration law can lead, and therefore, it can play a role in deciding on a particular problem 10.
Please, please, please, please, please , like this subject, with respect to what is required by law or required by law - at the very least to become a member state in a climate change position in a public forum, The agenda explained the identification of other names of a table, in addition, another table order 11.
( 1) Boyle, Law of the Sea Perspectives on Climate Change , Ijmcl, Vol: 27, 2012 , p. 831, 832 . ( 2) See Article (1 ) Paragraph (4) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. ( 3) The same source.
( 4) See Article (212) Paragraph (1) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
(22 5) See Article 212 (2) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and Article (222)
requires two countries to implement the prevention
( 6) James Harrison, AP SITE, p. 256
( 7) See decision of the Conference of the Parties to the Paris Convention 2015) 1/CPM 21 (2015), paras 100-2.
( 8) See adoption of the Climate Change Rules of Procedure (FCCC/CP/1996/2/1996). United Nations Convention on the United Nations Convention on the United Nations Convention on the United Nations Convention on the agreement of the States Parties before signing the Convention on International Justice (International Tribunal or Arbitration) to settle 9 The 2015 Paris Agreement provides for "facilitating" the process of taking action with special proc edures, see Paragraph (15) of the 2015 Paris Agreement
( 10) EJ Goodwin, International Environmental Law and Conservation of Coral Reefs, Routledge 2011, and 253.
( 11) P Sands, "Climate Change and the Rule of Law: Judging the Future in International Law," G ill, Vol.: 28, 2016, p. 26 .
Third , maybe more important than that. Beware of Ocean Islands, Ocean Islands, Indian Ocean, Ocean Islands 1,
There is a chance to get an agreement on the law of the sea. Only other, or mostly on other greenhouse gases, and then for the purpose of treating carbon dioxide. United States of America for the Law of the Sea ...
The Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ) has confirmed responses to address ocean acidification2 . The great ocean that the oceans love in the oceans, within the oceans, within the oceans, within the oceans, within the oceans, and within the oceans, within the United States Oceans for the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity3 We can say that climate change and ocean acidification make us different in some of the areas surrounding each other. Threatened, endangered or other forms of marine life, leading to Article (194) paragraph (5) of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, effects 4of climate change and surrounding oceans , and the establishment of marine protected areas will require the identification of species and habitats, It called for "selection of areas in need of:" (a) full protection of some degree of biodiversity potential " 5.
As you can see the most beautiful areas in the coast and the newspaper, and as in the neighboring areas you can meet the due diligence standard in this context 6.
We expected that we would contract with the United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea 1982, more effective than the United Nations Climate Change Convention 1992 in addressing ocean distress caused by climate change, through the legal framework, including, contributing to goal (3 ) targets (14). The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals address ocean acidification.
CONCLUSION:
First, ask directly
1 - The impact of climate change on the environmental conditions of the ocean climate with the marine environment. Oceanography, climatology and the surrounding climate zone.
2-The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982) is most relevant to the international climate change regime.
3- The United Nations Convention on Climate Change is preserved, founder, Arch Fisheries, the International Maritime Organization, and parties to dumping treaties.
4- International marine ocean protection to protect the oceans and protect the oceans (3) at all levels).
Active:
( 1) Convention on Biological Diversity, biological diversity, biological diversity, biological diversity, biological diversity, biological diversity, biological diversity (75) for the year (2014). ( 2) See Addressing Effects of Phytoplankton on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity, Including Coral Bleaching, Ocean Acidification, Fisheries, Fisheries, Environment, Environment, Oceans, Note by the Executive Secretary, Environment (Unep/Cbd/Sbstta/16/6 / 2012)), Appendix III, Appendix III, which she took note of, Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, for the year 2012, Paragraph (24) of Article (18). ( 3) same source (2) and (3).
( 4) The protection of coral reefs has been highlighted in the Convention on Biological Diversity; See, for example, decision of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Vi/3/2002); decision of the Conference of the Parties on Biological Diversity (Vii/5/2004) Appendix I; Decision of the Conference of the Parties to Biological Diversity (2010/X/2) to Annex, Target 10; Decision of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity XI (A/18/2012), para (9-14); Decision of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity Xii / 23/2014)), Paragraphs 11-16 ( .
( 5) See paragraph (7) of the decision of the Conference of the Parties ( X/29/2010), see also paragraph (8) (d) which refers to 117 MPAs ( 6) The same source, paragraph (8) (a).
1-The Convention Convention and the United Nations Convention on the United Nations Convention on the United Nations Convention on the Paris Agreement Paris Agreement Paris Agreement Paris Agreement Paris Agreement, the Paris Agreement Paris in Paris explicitly condition reporting procedures under the Paris Agreement to explain the steps it has taken to address ocean acidification.
2-On the other hand, there could be communication with the OECD on communication on dealing with greenhouse gases on the oceans.
3- Working conditions in the environment surrounding the climate from being updated at the Strategic Environmental Forum for Environmental Management.
REFERENCES: First, the books
[ 1] Ahmed Mahmoud Camel , protection the environment Navy from pollution , in a light administration national And missing Except afforestation And Proof international, facility acquaintances , Egypt, 1998.
[2] Bashir Juma Abdul Jabbar al-Kubaisi, International Protection of the Atmosphere, Halabi Human Rights Publications, I, 1, 2013.
[3] Age Goodwin, International Environmental Law and the Conservation of Coral reefs, Routledge , 2011.
[4] JT Mathis et al., Chapter 5: Marine and atmospheric interactions, in the Global Ocean Assessment, United Nations, 2016.
[5] T. Stevens, "rising water temperature and rotting seas, " in D Rothwell et al. (EDS) , Oxford Guide to the Law of the Sea , OUP, 2015 .
[6] R Baird Et Al, Ocean Acidification: A Litmus Test for International Law, Cclr , 2009 .
[7] James Harrison, Saving the Oceans by Law, International Legal Framework for the Protection of the Marine Environment, Oxford University Press, 2017
[8] EJ Goodwin, International Environmental Law and Conservation of Coral Reefs, Routledge, 2011.
Second: Theses and letters:
1. Issa Abu Al-Qasim, The Status of Sustainable Development in the Law of the Sea, Abi Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Algeria, 2018.
Third: Studies and Research:
[1] D Friston, Climate and Ocean Change, Sickler, Vol: 4, 2009 .
[2] Jens G. Norby, The origin and meaning of the small p in pH, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Vol: 25, 2000 .
[3] Father Cooley and JT Mattis, Addressing Ocean Acidification as Part of Sustainable Ocean Development, in A Chircop Et Al (Eds), Ocean Yearbook Vol: 27, Brill, 2013.
[4] Father Cooley and JT Mathis, Addressing Ocean Acidification as Part of Sustainable Ocean Development , In A Chircop Et Al (Eds), Ocean Yearbook, Brill, Vol: 27, 2013 .
[5] Kl Rickie et Al, Risks to coral reefs from changes in ocean carbonate chemistry in modern Earth system model projections , Environmental Research Letters, Vol: 8, 2013.
[6] Scientific synthesis of the effects of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity, Cbd Technical Series No. Vol:46, 2009.
[7] A. Boyle, "Climate Change and International Law - A Post-Kyoto Perspective, " Ep&L, Vol; 42, 2012 .
[8] G Galland, E Harrould-Kolieb, D Herr, "Ocean and Climate Journal of Climate Policy," Available here. Volume: 12, 2012 .
[9] Er Harrould-Kolieb and D Herr, Ocean acidification and climate change: synergies and Challenges of addressing both within the Climate Arbitration Panel s Climate Policy Journal, Volume: 12, 2012 .
[10] P Sands, Climate Change and The Rule of Law: Adjudicating the Future in International Law ' Jel, Vol: 28, 2016.
[11] Boyle, Law of the Sea Perspectives on Climate Change , Ijmcl, Vol: 27, 2012 .
[ 12] Muhammad Karim Junait, The Effect of Climate Change on Changing the Flower of the Sunflower Crop in Wasit Governorate, a research published in Wasit Journal of Human Sciences, Volume 17, Issue / 47, 2021.
Fourth: International entry:
[ 1] Report of the United Nations Secretary-General, General Assembly Sixty-seventh Session, Item (76) (a) of the Provisional Agenda, Oceans Oceans No. (1. A/E7/79/Add) dated (31 / October / 2012).
[2] Sixty General, item 17(1) of the preliminary list, oceans the numbered ocean area ( 1. Aeg/Ti/Add ( Dated (11 April 2011)
[3] UN report from the numbered area (70/74 / A ) of (30 / March / 2015).
[4] Note by the Executive Secretary, Regional Office ( Unep/Cbd/Sbstta/16/6/2012) (
[5] Report of the Secretary-General on Oceans, United Nations Sixty-Second Session, item 79 (1) of the preliminary list, distribution numbered (A / 62 /66/Add.6). (dated) March 12, 2007 (.
[6] Report of the Secretary-General, the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, item 17 (a) of the preliminary list, oceans, marine oceans, oceans numbered (Amee / Ti / Add1), dated: (11 April 2011).
[7] Conference decision of the Paris Agreement 2015) 1 / Cp.21 (2015)
[8] United Nations General Assembly Resolution (66/288) of 2012 .
[9] United Nations General Assembly Resolution (69/245) of (2014).
[10] Assembly of the United Nations ( 64/71) for the year (2009).
[11] Resolution of the United Nations General Assembly ( 68/70). for the year (2014). [ 12] Decision of the Conference of the Parties on Biological Diversity ( On / 3/2002).
[ 13] Resolution of the Conference on Biological Diversity Presentation Vii/5/2004) Appendix I. [ 14] Decision of the Conference on Arms in Biodiversity, XI (A/18/2012) [ 15] Decision of the Conference of the Parties on Biological Diversity ( 12/23/2014) [16] COP decision (X/29/2010).).
Fifth: International Missing:
1. United Nations Convention on Climate Change.
2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982.
3. 1997 return protocol.
4. Paris Agreement 2015.
Sixth: the Internet
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z.
- Www.Fao.Org .
- https://Reefresilience.Org/Ar/Coral-Reef-Ecology/
