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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-3-20-26
Theoretical substantiation of organism rehabilitation means importance in
400 meters running
Lyudmila D. Nazarenko, Andrey A. Kuzmin, Elena A. Anisimova*
I. N. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-6225-6819, ld [email protected] ORCID: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-4455-3438 [email protected]*
Abstract: Sportsmanship management in 400 meters running is one of the most urgent problems. It is conditioned by the need for changing the basic parameters of natural locomotion for the rational individual technique of running steps mastering. Materials. Knowing the laws of running technique at this distance determines the choice of means and methods, the orientation of the training effects on the parameters of the running step improvement. They provide high efficiency. In order to obtain experimental data on the number and frequency of the rehabilitation means use we carried out the pedagogical experiment. 22 qualified runners (II and I categories, 15-17 year-old boys) took part in this experiment. In the experimental group we used created by us methodology of technical training improvement in athletes in 400 meters running taking various rehabilitation measures. Research methods. Information sources and scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, pedagogical experiment, research results statistical handling. Results. We defined the physiological mechanism of organism recovery and the conditions for competitive activity effectiveness increase in 400 meters running. The process of organism rehabilitation is considered as constructive, conditioned by the energy capabilities of working muscles increase; by the volume of plastic materials, the strength of bones increase; functional capabilities of functional systems improvement. During the pedagogical experiment technical readiness indices of the runners from the experimental group significantly improved. Conclusion. The methodology of athletes' technical training improvement in 400 meters running taking different rehabilitation measures has shown its effectiveness. The main condition for this problem solution was an optimal ratio of the training process means use and organism recovery. Different rehabilitation means use is conditioned by the objectives of sports training and individual abilities of the athletes. Practical significance of this research is conditioned by the methodological orientation toward technical training improvement in 400 meters running on the basis of rehabilitation means use.
Keywords: qualified 400 meters runners, rehabilitation means, pedagogical experiment.
For citation: Lyudmila D. Nazarenko, Andrey A. Kuzmin, Elena A. Anisimova. Theoretical substantiation of organism rehabilitation means importance in 400 meters running. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021; 16(3): 18-23. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-3-20-26.
INTRODUCTION
The level of physical and technical readiness improvement in average distance running is one of the central objectives of track and field running. The research works by V.K. Balsevich, 2000; V.D. Kryazhev, 2002; E.A. Anisimova, 2011; A.N. Katenkov, 2020 and other specialists showed that the results in 400 meters running depend on the following factors:
- quickness of motor reaction;
- speed of a single movement fulfillment;
- tempo of motor acts;
-the level of speeding up skills formation.
Maximal speed of running is realized in case optimal indices of speed-power oriented potential of the working muscles achievement and an individual style of running demonstration. Modern system of sports training in 400 meters runners is oriented toward the means of speed qualities development as an additional component of the training lessons. In the opinion of many scientists the importance of a directed speed qualities development significantly increases during the structure of the used exercises correction by means of special technical equipment. It provides feedback in "coach-athlete" system [6, 7, 9].
In accordance with the laws of biomechanics the result in 400 meters running is conditioned by the following:
- time of reaction to the signal given by a referee at the start;
- speed of a starting stride;
- maximal speed of running during the first part of the distance;
- the achieved speed preservation during the second part of the distance;
- speed of the running steps at finish.
The aim of the research work is to reveal the physiological mechanism of organism rehabilitation and the conditions for competitive activity effectiveness increase in 400 meters running.
In accordance with the data given by E.A. Anisimova, 2011, there is sufficiently high level of correlative interconnection between the time of motor reaction at the start and the achieved result during competitive activity. It is conditioned by genetic preconditions to the speed of movements [8,10]. The volume of speeding-up at the start is measured by the time of the running steps at the distance from 1 to 30 meters. It depends on the indices of speed-power oriented training of athletes. The realized kinematic analysis of the running exercises showed that speed depends on the length and frequency of the running steps. Important structural components of the running cycle are the following: the duration of athlete's interaction with the support and the time of airborne phase. Time of the flight doesn't depend on the speed of running and among highly-qualified athletes it is from 0,13 to 0,15 seconds. The duration of the support decreases in terms of maximal speed of the running steps increase from 0,08 to 0,10 seconds [1, 8]. The duration of the support depends on the following:
- on the time of amortization, in this case great importance has the angular rate of hip rotation in a coxofemoral joint;
- on the time of repulsion, the volume of which depends on the angular rate of knee extension.
Time of athlete's reaction at the start conditions his actions from the moment of "steady" command fulfillment till the beginning of the first running step. Quickness of movements is determined by intermuscular and intramuscular
coordination and also by contractile forces of skeletal muscles and the amount of fast muscle fibers in them. Athletes under 20 have the speed of running increase within the range of 5,2 to 10,14 m/s with the periods of these reference points alternation till some stabilization achievement.
Rational training process organization helps, in the opinion of the authors, to avoid sports achievements level decrease, getting their increase till the age of 24 [6, 8,9,10,11,12,13]. The main condition of this problem solution is an optimal ratio of the training means and organism rehabilitation provision.
The training level indices increase is achieved by means of muscle load intensification. In case of considerable tasks complication there are significant changes in central nervous system: cerebrum sections, which work more actively; centers of vegetative functions regulation, motor centers of spinal cord cortex and subcortex are provided with blood. The functions of central nervous system. They fulfill the subordinate role during maximal training load realization, decrease their activity. Organism secondary reserves exhaustion makes an athlete fulfill the work by means of volitional potential inclusion. However, insufficient blood circulation leads to higher sections of cerebrum hypoxia. They can cause fainting, as one of the ways of physiological reserves of the third level defense [9, 10]. It underlines the importance of organism rehabilitation in order to preserve its ability to fulfill more difficult training load. Physiological mechanism of rehabilitation is based on trace processes. They happen in central nervous system. Their essence was studied by I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov. Trace phenomena are characterized by phase changes of excitability. Optimal signals cause the wave of excitability. They level positive effects of the previous wave.
The mechanism of trace reactions in central nervous system is connected with the notions of impulses circulation in cycle of neurons, including cerebrum. Directed, constant training load provides the conditions for trace phenomena summing. It is seen in functional, morphological and structural transformations of the working organs and muscles. They provide an athlete's working capacity increase,
his sportsmanship improvement. The reactions of the organism conditioned the basic principle of sports training which is in muscle load perpetual character, which provides runner's personal achievements increase.
The effectiveness of competitive activity in 400 meters running is mainly determined by the level of sensory information clear perception and processing skills. During the structure, frequency and length of the running steps and the degree of the muscle tension analysis we use motor, visual and other analyzers. Owing to them an athlete estimates the degree of running linearity, the amplitude of body oscillating movements in front-back and lateral direction; consistency of the upper and lower extremities and other parameters movements. They influence the speed of running.
The mechanism of functional systems and the working muscles rehabilitation conditions the necessity to choose the most effective means for their rest. The research works by Z.M. Kuznetsova, 2017; V.D. Kryazhev, 2001 showed the expediency of walking substitution for the restorative running during the training lessons at the altitude 800 meters above sea level at 100, 150, 200 meters parts in order to realize the objectives of legs muscles rehabilitation. Such kind of an approach provides attention paid to speed-power oriented and speed qualities development. In the opinion of V.D. Kryazhev, 2002; V.S. Kurakin, 2007 and others, one of the main conditions of sports achievement increase in 400 meters runners is effectiveness of their running steps increase:
- more rational organization of the training
process;
- athlete's genetic predisposition revelation for long-distance running;
- individual style of running formation, based on an optimal combination of the running steps length and frequency, conditioned by the ratio of the upper and lower extremities, body length and other parameters;
- timely correction of an individual technique of running;
- genetically conditioned individual peculiarities of a runner revelation. They define correction means of his running steps technique;
rehabilitation measures (contrast shower; short-term sun influence, light running along beautiful nature landscapes and etc.).
Speed of running increase is connected with the skills of a timely working muscles relaxation. The research works by O.I. Pavlova, 2006, helped to set the dependence of the muscles relaxation quickness on morphological peculiarities of an athlete. The runners of microsonal type achieve better results during personality-oriented trainings.
Speed-power oriented potential of an athlete is mainly conditioned by the state of his locomotor apparatus. In this connection it is necessary to achieve the following:
- correspondence between the tempo of muscle power increase and the speed of its indices increase;
- starting component of muscle power development improvement in preliminary phase of a motor act;
- the skills formation of managing the speed of the working muscles relaxation with sports results improvement.
The effectiveness of the sports training system in 400 meters runners is conditioned by the following:
- the accuracy of the training process strategy and orientation;
- an individual style of the running steps formation by means of the technique peculiarities realization: feet placement on the running track; body parts and components disposition at the start, during the staring stride, during running along the distance and others;
- an optimal ratio of the developing, training and upbringing effects.
For the athletes of microsonal type at the precompetitive training stage it is reasonable to decrease the volume of high intensity running load and power oriented exercises in terms of simultaneous increase of different single and serial jumps: on the left and the right leg alternately; from two to two legs with forward move, triple quintuple, tenfold jumps, starting from 20-30 meters length, with gradual increase till 100-120-150 meters length depending on physical fitness of the runners. Jumping exercises according to the range of
biomechanical parameters have structural similarity with the running exercises. They are demonstrated:
- in the regimes of activity of the working muscles;
- in the zones of intensity of the fulfilled
work;
- in the duration of the muscle load influence;
- in the ways of the training activity character change (jumps along the hillside, on the grass, on not deep water; on the sand, with the weight and etc.).
The runners with high indices of explosive power and a low speed of muscles relaxation have advantage over other runners during the first part of the distance (400 meters), but they quickly become tired and decrease the tempo of movements [5, 10, 11,12,13,14].
Higher sports achievements show the athletes with the best indices of the running steps frequency. High speed of running preservation till the finish is determined by the intensity of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) recovery. An optimal working capacity of an athlete during the whole distance is conditioned by the level of the working muscles relaxation skills. The research works by V.K. Balsevich, 2000, showed that for 400 meters runner it is important to develop not only anaerobic, but also aerobic abilities of an organism, without which the time of rehabilitation delays and oxygen debt decreases. It proves great importance of the training and rehabilitation means simultaneous use, the ratio of which is conditioned by the age of the runners, the level of their physical and technical training, the experience of competitive activity.
We organized the pedagogical experiment in order to get experimental results concerning the amount and frequency of rehabilitation means use by qualified 15-17 year-old 400 meters runners (II and I categories). 22 athletes (boys) took part in the experiment. The control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG) were organized. Each group included 11 people. In the CG training lessons were held according to generally adopted methodology of training qualified runners, authorized by Athletics Federation of the Russian Federation. In the EG created by us methodology of technical training
improvement in 400 meters runners was used, using different rehabilitation events.
During the pedagogical experiment it was necessary to define the frequency of different rehabilitation means use during the training lessons. During this problem solution we took into consideration that there are such rehabilitation kinds. They should be included into the content of each training lesson:
- coasting (relaxed running), during which considerable part of muscle tension is avoided. That is why it is reasonable to alternate speeding-up and coasting. It helps to form the skills of running steps speed control;
- exercises for muscles relaxation (after the sets of speeding-up, jumping exercises, running along the competitive distance and etc.);
- daily, after each training lesson, self-massage during 30-40 minutes.
No less than once a week we used the following:
- active rest, which provides the load for not working during running muscles (cycling, swimming, skiing and skating, sports games and others);
- motor switching: training in the mountains with running up the mountain, downhill, hill descent using zigzag, wave-like running, and etc.. Owing to such kind of fartlek training walking is changed by rehabilitation running and it increases the effectiveness of the training process.
Massage, as one of the most effective means of rehabilitation, was held in a following way:
- by series including 8-10-12 procedures before the important competitions;
- using the separate techniques in order to get rid of muscular tension.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Before the pedagogical experiment we organized the test in order to reveal the level of physical and technical readiness. Research results analysis didn't reveal significant differences according to these kinds of sports training ^>0,05) in the runners from the CG and EG.
After the end of the pedagogical experiment we organized an additional test. It helped to reveal the
dynamics of physical and technical readiness indices in the athletes from the CG and EG. Comparative analysis of the experimental results showed that the results improved in both groups: control and experimental group, with significant advantage of the runners from the EG. Physical readiness indices changed. In the CG with the initial indices in 30 meters running from the low start 4,91±o,o8 (s), to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved and were 4,72±0,22, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 4,87±0,32, the indices increased till 4,31±0,39 (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial results in standing long-jump 2,60±0,i5m, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased till 2,69±0,13 m (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 2,57±0,11 m, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 2,85±0,10 m (p<0,05). The same tendency of more significant physical fitness indices improvement in the runners from the EG was revealed according to other tests.
Technical readiness indices also improved in both groups: CG and EG, with significant advantage of the athletes from the EG. In the CG with the initial results in 400 meters running 56,08±0,16 s, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased by 54,90±0,11 (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 55,95±0,13 s, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved and were 51,30±0,14 s (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial results of tenfold jump 28,30±0,50 m, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved till 29,80±0,i6 m (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 28,50±0,16 m, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased till 31,40±0,19 m (p<0,05). The same tendency of more significant results improvement in the EG runners was revealed according to other tests of the control exercises.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed that one of the progressive directions of technical readiness development in 1517 year-old 400 meters runners was including the complex of different rehabilitation means into the content of the training process. The choice and the
frequency of means use is conditioned by physical and technical readiness, by age of the athletes, their individual abilities and also the objectives of sports training.
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Submitted: 20.07.2021 Author's information:
Lyudmila D. Nazarenko - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, IN. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Lenin square, House 4/5, e-mail: ld [email protected] Andrey A. Kuzmin - Undergraduate, I.N. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Lenin square, House 4/5, e-mail: [email protected] Elena A. Anisimova - Senior Lecturer, IN. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Lenin square, House 4/5, e-mail: [email protected]
