CC BY
17
современные технологии обучения
Тележко И.В., Станиловский К.Н.
the use of the cognitive-discursive approach in the formation of the socio-cultural competence of a translator of professionally oriented texts
Translation activity is an implementation of the interaction between cognitive and linguistic structures [1; 8; etc.] The task of an interpreter is not only to transform a foreign text into the target language, but to reproduce the worldview and outlook of the author taking into account the new recipient's knowledge. What's more, each national language captures the national outlook and national self-identification. The lack of special linguistic knowledge concerning a national self-consciousness, makes quite difficult understanding the culture, the way of thinking, the traditions and customs, and the social behavior standards of a different language community. At the same time, when creating the target text, these features must be compared with the recipient's cultural particularities. At present, translators need really deep subject knowledge. In this regard, the faculty seeks to form future translator's intercultural skills for collaboration in a specific professional environment.
To solve it, we use a discursive approach that will help us with the verbal and cogitative features of the theory and practice of discursive linguistics. This approach opens the doors to what is outside the language, that is, reveals the relationship of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors affecting the process of creating and understanding the text [4].
Each language is doing in its own way the expressing and organizing the real and the imaginary reality, and creating thus its own language picture. The picture of the world as a whole is usually understood as the basic concept of a human begingness and his/her essence. This category is defined as the initial global image of the world which lies at the basis of the linguistic worldview of man and represents an individual way of reality reception. Picture of the world is an interpretation, a semantic counterpart of a world organized on the principle of value orientation [2; 5]. The general picture of the world includes the conceptual and the linguistic sides.
The language picture of the world is a landmark way of verbalizing the conceptual
picture of the world. The linguistic picture of the world is understood as a national.
The linguistic picture of the world is understood as a national world perception system which is fixed in language elements concerning the reality perception and mediated by national mentality. Those language elements are manifested when choosing nationally marked linguistic means. Traditionally, this uniqueness is seen in the special differentiation of such information between the linguistic elements and the differences in the structures being the systems of individual languages. The features of the language picture of the world are determined by the nature of the cognitive structures underlying the construction of speech utterances in a given language, as well as reflecting cultural elements in the content and structure specific for the given language speakers.
Any individual has a certain set of knowledge and opinion that can be assigned to whether individual cognitive space (in a certain way a structured set of knowledge and views possessed by a linguistic personality), either a collective cognitive space (in a certain way a structured set of knowledge and views common for all the individuals belonging to a certain profession or a social group) or the cognitive base (in a certain way a structured set of obligatory knowledge and patriotic views within the linguo-cultural community which are members of the linguo-cultural community and are carriers of the same national and cultural mentality) [3, p.164]. Each country will hire its experts working altogether in a common national cognitive base, the individual, and the collective cognitive space. The profession-oriented translator must possess this cognitive knowledge, both related to the country of the language being learned and the native country. Here, the importance of the collective cognitive space should be noted since it have no less national value than the cognitive base. It is obvious that the German Science and the German Technology have been developing in different ways, relying on different philosophical doctrines. Therefore, a profession-oriented translator must have not only knowledge in the field of German and Russian cognitive space, but also know the collective cognitive base of Russian and German experts, as well as be able to compare them.
Penetration others' culture is not so easy. The translator learns foreign culture through the perception of a foreign national-specific picture of the world. At the same time, he is studying those foreign socio-cultural images. This is because understanding includes not only the processing and interpretation of perceived data, but also the activation and use of internal cognitive information, i.e. information on cognitive presuppositions [4, p. 158].
When the translator is perceiving the text and is comparing this textual information to other information already in his translation memory, he creates his personal views of a special discourse. In this case, the translator will be waiting for what would be presented and discussed and would contribute to the mutual understanding. A probabilistic forecasting mechanism of the profession-oriented translator activity will be based on his/her subject and linguistic knowledge, and on his/her discourse competence [1]. A profession-oriented translator should be familiar with special terms, the logic of a presentation, and be able to deliver the meaning and find an
adequate linguistic expression in a new communicative situation, taking into account the difference in the sociocultural aspects, the subject and language knowledge of the sender and the recipient of the text. In order to accurately transfer the sense of a phrase, a translator of profession-oriented texts has to compare the source text with the target text, both at the stage of understanding and at the stage of creating the target language text, and find the actual meanings of the terms as well. The analysis of the same concept in different languages makes it possible to reveal national concept representations in different verbalization ways [6; p. 90]. This approach reflects the peculiarities of culture (in our case we are talking about the professional culture in the field of geology) and the worldview of a particular linguistic and cultural community, therefore the study of any concept is of value for reconstructing the language picture of the world. Studying the structural features of the concepts belonging to different cultures makes it possible to reveal their national and cultural specifics.
An example is Ordnung / Order Concept which is a German Traditional Artifact. This concept covers various spheres of human life and is at the highest level of hierarchy in the German language picture of the world. The special role of the Ordnung lies in the field of professional communication. It increases the importance of discipline, punctuality, accuracy, detailed presentation of information in writing which is typical for profession-oriented texts. This concept was analyzed by us in the German geological discourse. The analysis showed that the concept is actualized in written German geological discourse at the level of vocabulary, grammar, the logical and semantic structure of the discourse, the style and genre.
At the lexical level, the researchers of the Ordnung concept linguistic-cultural definitions revealed the following features:
1) the process; the state when everything is in its place; the result of ordering something;
2) organization, law, rule, discipline;
3) sequence, structure, system, hierarchy, the principle of organization of something;
4) a form of people uniting; strict regulation of any organization activities, including various interest groups;
5) cosmogony of the world;
6) the state in which something is functioning, that is, everything is in the state in which it should be;
7) the clarity;
8) the degree, the order.
From the above features of this concept, it is seen that the volume of its semantics is very extensive.
The analysis of geological German texts has shown that such features as «order, ordering, consistency» are nuclear. The following features can be taken to the close periphery: «system, structure», «species, order, class, type». To the far periphery will be taken «degree, magnitude, level, scale, volume»; «directive, instruction, law»; «state of order», and to the extreme periphery: «ordered region», «unit of phytocenosis
on the Zurich-Montpellier scale, between a class and a union.»
Table 1 presents the Ordnung concept features actualized in the German geological discourse.
Table 1
Analysis of the Ordnung concept in German geological discourse
№ Conceptual features Number of actualization contexts
1 Order, ordering, consistency (Ordnungsbildung, Ordnungszahl, Reihenfolge, Folge, Ordnen) 47
2 System, structure (Ordnungsstruktur, Rangordnung, Struktur, Gefüge, System, Zusammensetzung, Verteilung, Einteilung) 38
3 Species, order, class, type, series (Ordnung, Klasse, Art, Abfolge) 35
4 Degree, magnitude, level, scale, volume (Ordnungsgrad, Ordnungsgeschwindigkeit, Ordnungsstufe eines Flusses, Raumordnung, Größenordnungseffekt) 7
5 Directive, instruction, law (Entwässerungsanordnung, Erdölverordnung) 3
6 State of order (Ordnungszustand) 2
7 Ordered region (Ordnungsbereich) 1
8 Unit of phytocenosis on the Zurich-Montpellier scale, between a class and a union (Ordnung) 1
It can be seen from the table that the nominative field of the Ordnung concept is widely represented in the German geological discourse. Ordnung Concept plays an important role in forming German Scientific Style, meets the language norm, its explicitness and its explicit down-toning, i.e. the Concept lays down the norms and rules for professional communication. Geologists use a large number of different field documents: field diaries, field maps, journals, documentation of mine workings, special forms of radiometric, geochemical observations and other. All of them are subject to certain requirements. The Ordnung / Order Concept will be actualized at meeting these requirements. At the same time, the interpreter should account for the German particularities and the differences between German and Russian geological written discourses on the stage of text creation [9].
From all of the above, it follows that in the minds of future translators basic cognitive structures must be formed. This would ensure that they perceive and accurately and completely understand the surrounding world of another socio-cultural collective. The use of the cognitive-discursive approach opens the possibility of bringing future translators into the collective cognitive space of another language community; it expands their range of relevant knowledge of the language, the language picture of the world, and the horizons, which altogether in turn contribute to the socio-cultural competence formation.
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