CC BY
9
соотношение варьирует уже в интервале 1,2081,213. Данное обстоятельство свидетельствует о более высоком темпе роста урожая соломы над урожаем зерна при использовании органоминерального мелиоранта на основе эффлюента, чем при использовании эффлюента в чистом виде. Значимого же отличия в соотношении массы соломы к зерну ячменя при использовании разных доз одного вида мелиоранта обнаружено не было.
Таким образом, в проведенном вегетационном опыте была доказана высокая эффективность применения нетрадиционных органических мелиорантов для повышения продуктивности деградированной аллювиальной луговой среднесуглинистой почвы.
Список литературы
1. Ильинский А.В. Использование органического удобрения, полученного при метангенерации навоза // Сельский механизатор. -2019. - № 10. - С. 24-25.
2. Ильинский А.В. Некоторые экологические аспекты использования эффлюента в сельском хозяйстве // Проблемы развития сельскохозяйственных мелиораций и водохозяйственного комплекса на базе цифровых технологий. Материалы международной юбилейной научно-практической конференции. Том II. - М.: Изд. ВНИИГиМ, 2019. - С. 305 -308.
3. Ильинский А.В., Нефедов А.В, Евсенкин К.Н. Обоснование необходимости повышения плодородия мелиорированных аллювиальных почв АО «Московское» // Мелиорация и водное хозяйство. - 2019. - № 5. - С. 44-48.
4. Коломийцев Н.В., Райнин В.Е., Ильина Т.А., Зимина-Шалдыбина Л.Б., Мюллер Г. Исследования загрязненности донных отложений как основа мониторинга состояния водотоков // Мелиорация и водное хозяйство. - 2001. - № 3. - С. 11-25.
UDK 635995
GRNTI 68.47.01
5. Меньшикова С.А. Экологическая эффективность применения удобрений-мелиорантов при комплексном регулировании факторов жизни растений // Экологическое состояние природной среды и научно-практические аспекты современных агротехнологий : материалы III междунар. науч.-практ. конф. (Рязань, ФГБОУ ВО РГАТУ, 18 апреля 2019) . - Рязань : ИП Жуков В.Ю., 2019. С. 264-270.
6. Орлов Д.С., Садовникова Л.К., Лозановская И.Н. Экология и охрана биосферы при химическом загрязнении: Учебное пособие для химических, химико-технологических и биологических спец. вузов. - М.: Высшая школа, 2002. - 234 с.
7. Патент на изобретение 2536988, Российская Федерация, МПК С 02 F 09/14. Реактор анаэробной переработки биомассы / Попов Александр Ильин (Яи), Щеклеин Сергей Евгеньевич (Яи), Бурдин Игорь Анатольевич (Яи), Горелый Константин Александрович (ЯЩ Патентообладатель: Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Центр новых энергетических технологий» (ООО «ЦНЭТ») (Яи), Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Гильдия М» (ООО «Гильдия М») (Яи). - № 2013107920/05; заявл. 21.02.13; опубл. 27.12.14, Бюл. № 36. - 8 с. : ил.
8. Практикум по агрохимии: учебное пособие - 2-е издание переработанное и дополненное / под ред. академика РАСХН В.Г. Минеева. - М.: Издательство МГУ, 2001. - 689 с.
9. Сычев В.Г., Мерзлая Г.Е., Петрова Г.В., Филиппова А.В., Попов В.И., Мищенко В.Н. Эколого-агрохимические свойства и эффективность верми- и биокомпостов. - М.: ВНИИА, 2007. - 276 с.
10. Ягодин Б.А., Жуков Ю.П., Кобзаренко В.И. Агрохимия / под. ред. Б.А. Ягодина. - М.: Колос, 2002. - 584 с.
THE USE OF BIOPREPARATION FOR ARTIFICIAL MYCORHIZATION SEEDLINGS OF FOREST TREE SPECIES IN NORTH - EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN
Sarsekova D.N.
S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro technical University, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor,
Nur-Sultan Nurlabi A.E.
S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro technical University, doctoral student,
Nur-Sultan
Сарсекова Д.Н.
Казахский Агротехнический университет им. С. Сейфуллина,
доктор с.х.н., доцент, г.Нур-Султан Нурлаби А.Е.
Казахский Агротехнический университет им. С. Сейфулина,
докторант, г.Нур-Султан
ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of research carried out on the use of artificial mycorization of seedlings of forest tree species. The aim of the work is to study the mycotrophy of pinus sylvestris L. and betula pendula Roth. in forest ecosystems of North-Eastern Kazakhstan and mycorization of seedlings in open ground conditions. Experiments were made on 1160 seedlings of betula pendula Roth.and 1000 seedlings of pinus sylvestris L. in open ground conditions in the Shaldai branch of SFNRErtisormany " of Pavlodar region. In experimental seedlings, the survival rate in 2019 was 83.3% for betula pendula Roth., 55.2% for pinus sylvestris L., in 2020 it was 81.4% for betula pendula Roth., and 53.3% for pinus sylvestris L.
The need to study mycorrhizal formation in coniferous seedlings in forest nurseries in Kazakhstan is caused as a way to improve the quality of planting material.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье представлены результаты проведенных исследований по применению искусственной микоризации сеянцев лесных древесных пород. Целью работы является изучение микотрофность pinus sylvestris L. и betula pendula Roth. in лесные экосистемы Северо-Восточного Казахстана и микоризация сеянцев в условиях открытого грунта. Опыты были проведены на 1160 сеянцах betula pendula Roth^ 1000 саженцев pinus sylvestris L. В условиях открытого грунта в Шалдайском филиале ГЛПР Ертю орманы Павлодарской области. У опытных сеянцев приживаемость в 2019 году составила 83,3% для betula pendula Roth., 55,2% для pinus sylvestris L., в 2020 году она составила 81,4% для betula pendula Roth., и 53,3% для pinus sylvestris L.
Необходимость изучения микоризообразования у сеянцев хвойных пород в лесных питомниках Казахстана обусловлена как способ повышения качества посадочного материала.
Key words: North-Eastern Kazakhstan, mycotrophy, ectomycorrhiza, seedlings, Pinus sylvestris L., Betula pendula Roth., mycorization.
Ключевые слова: Северо-Восточный Казахстан, микотрофность, эктомикориза, сеянцы, pinus sylvestris L., betula pendula Roth., микоризация.
Introduction. The degree of michurinist of major forest forming species of the Earth is one of the most important indicators of prosperous as 8000 species of higher plants and 7000-10000 species of fungi on the planet form ectomycorrhiza (EcM) involved in the nutrient cycle, optimization of plant metabolism, enhancing mineral nutrition, induction of resistance to drought, salinity, heavy metals, pathogens [1].
There is no more interesting form of relationship between organisms than symbiotic relationships. The most important of the symbioses between plants and fungi is mycorrhiza. It is believed that about 80 % of higher plants have mycorrhizal formations on their roots.
The preservation of environmentally friendly human conditions in various regions of the world depends directly on the rational and careful use of forest resources. The forest ecosystems of Central and NorthEastern Kazakhstan are one of the most important components of the Earth's biosphere that support ecological balance on the entire planet. Ectomycorrhiza plays a leading role in forest biogeocenoses, since it is determined on the roots of dominant tree species [2,3].
Interest in the phenomenon of symbiosis of plant roots with fungi-macromycetes has not faded since
Frank described almost all types of ectomycorrhizas in 1885 [4,5].
The term "mycorrhiza" refers to all forms of cohabitation of fungi with the root systems of higher plants. This term was introduced into the special literature by B. Frank [6].
There are more than 5,000 known species of fungi that form ectomycorrhizae, and several different types of ectomycorrhizae have been recorded. The hyphae of most mycorrhizal fungi are distributed in the litter horizon, but some prefer the upper mineral horizons of the soil.
A number of plant, fungi form above-ground fruiting bodies, which are suitable for human consumption. Most species of woody plants growing in the boreal zone form ectomycorrhiza [7].
The goal is to develop a technology for growing coniferous seedlings on substrates of mycorrhizal macromycetes during reforestation of technogenic disturbed territories of North-Eastern Kazakhstan in order to reproduce the natural symbiosis of coniferous roots with fungi to increase survival, stimulate growth, endurance, and improve the decorative qualities of coniferous and deciduous plants.
Tasks: research activities included:
- planting seedlings and seedlings on prepared substrates. Conducting biological screening of coniferous plants.
- monitoring of seasonal dynamics of mycorrhizalmacromycetes development on the main forest-forming rocks, isolation of macromycete strains.
- conducting morphometric studies of collected samples.
- study of mycorrhizal activity of strains on seedlings of tree species.
Methodology: the material was collected in the Central and North-Eastern part of Kazakhstan. In the course of the work, we used route and stationary research methods pinus sylvestris L., betula pendula Roth.,
On a permanent trial area of 0.11 ha, 2-year-old seedlings of pinus sylvestris L.and 2-3-year-old seedlings of betula pendula Roth.,were planted in the pre-prepared soil in late April and early may 2019. The total amount of planting material is 2160: of these, ordinary pine - 1000 pieces, hanging birch-1160 pieces. Suillus bovinus culture was introduced under pine seedlings, and Boletus edulis culture was introduced under birch using the following technology:
1. For pinus sylvestris L mycorrhiza was introduced into the root system at the same time as planting. The sample of pine seedlings was 1000 pieces.Planting has 3 repetitions with mycorrhiza-750 PCs, and 1 control - 250 PCs. without mycorrhiza. The rate of application to the soil at the height of seedlings: up to 0.5 meters 50-100 ml. Planting scheme: 1x0. 75 m, with drip irrigation.
2. Mycorrhiza was introduced in the spring in the unfrozen warmed soil. Before planting, the damaged roots were cut off and the root system was renewed or shortened to 20-25 cm. After pruning, the roots were dipped in a chatterbox consisting of a liquid mixture of humus with earth and mycorrhizal mycelium. In order for the planted plants to have the earth firmly attached to their roots, they were trampled. This technique made it possible to avoid voids and bends of the roots. Seedlings were planted 1-2 cm deeper than the root neck .
In the future, the main agrotechnical care was carried out: loosening the soil, destroying weeds, fertilizing plants, watering, protection from diseases and pests.
The second object was a deciduous species, betula pendula Roth., hanging birch. In the warm days of may 9-11, 2019, 1160 seedlings of this species were planted: three repetitions with mycorrhiza - 880 pieces, and one control 280 pieces - without mycorrhiza. Landing scheme:1x0,75 m. Type of irrigation-drip irrigation. Ways to infect the root: "chatterbox containing live
mycelium of the fungus, with 2-3 - fold immersion of the seedling root.
To maintain the identity of the calculations, groups of 250 plants were formed in each group: 1 group-control (without adding a substrate), 3 groups (3 repetitions) - experimental with the introduction of a mycorrhizal substrate.
The area of the experimental field is 0.11 ha.
Mycorrhiza was introduced in the spring in the unfrozen warmed soil. Before planting, the damaged roots were cut off and the root system was renewed or shortened to 20-25 cm. After pruning, the roots were dipped in a chatterbox consisting of a liquid mixture of humus with earth and mycorrhizal mycelium. In planted plants, the ground was trampled to fit snugly to the roots. At the same time, without allowing voids and bends of the roots. Seedlings were planted 1-2 cm deeper than the root neck.
In the future, the main agrotechnical care was carried out:loosening the soil, destroying weeds, fertilizing plants, watering, protection from diseases and pests.
Location of the object: State forest nature reserve "Ertis ormany" is located in the Eastern part of Pavlodar region on the right Bank of the Irtysh river and is located in the coordinates: North latitude 510 23' - 52 015', East longitude 78 001' - 79 0 21. The area of the reserve is 277961 ha. It is located on the territory of Shcherbaktinsky district (117565 ha) and lebyazhinsky district (160396 ha) [8].
Figure 1. Location of the Shaldai nursery (Google Earth)
Discussion of the main results: Monitoring of seasonal dynamics of development of seedlings of
pinus sylvestris L. and betula pendula Roth.
Table 1
Biometric indicators of seedlings of pinus sylvestris L. and betula pendula Roth. by variants of the laid _experiments as of 25.06. 2020___
Name Average height,cm Crown Average diameter,cm increment
lengthwise crosswise
Pinus sylvestris L. with mycorrhiza 26,3±1,0 19,2±0,6 17,4±0,5 1,2±0,5 15,0±1,2
Pinus sylvestris L. without mycorrhiza 16,0±1,0 13,0±0,5 12,1±1,0 0,8±0,2 11,0±0,5
The difference between the two samples is determined using a number of criteria: t > 3 t = 6,4 7,9 4,7 0,8 3,1
Betula pendula Roth.with mycorrhiza 95,0±0,5 - - 1,4±0,3 -
Betula pendula Roth.without mycorrhiza 71,5±1,0 - - 1,2±0,6 -
The difference between the two samples is determined using a number of criteria: t > 3 t = 20,9 - - - -
The data shown in table 4 indicate that mycorrhiza had a positive effect on the growth of both coniferous and deciduous plants. In pinus sylvestris L., the differences in height, crown diameter along and across the row, and the current increase in comparison with the
Figure 2,3,4. Measurement of biometric parameters of pinus sylvestris L. and betula pendula Roth.
Table 2
Biometric indicators of seedlings of pinus sylvestris L. and betula pendula Roth. by variants _of the laid experiments as of 20.08. 2020 _
Name Average height,cm Crown Average diameter,cm Increment
lengthwise lengthwise
Pinus sylvestris L. with mycorrhiza 30,4±18 20,2±0,6 18,4±0,2 1,4±0,1 16,7±1,2
Pinus sylvestris L. without mycorrhiza 18,0±1,0 15,0±0,5 14,1±1,0 0,9±0,2 14,0±0,5
Betula pendula Roth.with mycorrhiza 126±0,2 - - 1,7±0,1 -
Betula pendula Roth. without mycorrhiza 83,1±1,0 - - 1,4±0,4 -
control are significant, more than three, and equal, respectively: 6,4; 7,9; 4,7; 3,1. The diameter of the root neck does not differ significantly - 0.8.
Significant differences in height were observed in the betula pendula Roth.: t = 20.9.
Average height of pine with mycorrhiza 30.4 cm, diameter 1.4 cm, growth 16.7 cm, without mycorrhiza height 18.0 cm, diameter 0.9 cm, growth 14.0 cm. The data shown in table 4 indicate that with mycorrhiza,
the biometric indicators of the birch were average height 126 cm, average diameter, cm 1.7, without mycorrhiza average height 83.1 cm, average diameter 1.4 cm.
Table 3.
Survival ability of seedlings of common pine and hanging birch by variants of laid experiments
as of spring 2020
Planting spring 2019 2020
Pinus sylvestris L. Betula pendula Roth.
Planted seedlings, pieces 750
780
Healthy, PCs.
414
650
Survival,
%
55.2
83.3
Healthy, PCs.
400 635
Survival, %
53.3
81.4
and 81.4% for betula pendula Roth.and 53.3% for pinus sylvestris L., in 2020.
We have studied changes in the physical and chemical properties of chestnut soils of forest nurseries of the Karaganda and Pavlodar regions under seedlings of tree crops when applying mycorrhizal biologics. Studies have shown that when applying this preparation to the soil under seedlings, there were small changes in the amount of absorbed bases and the reaction of the soil solution (table 4).
Table 4
Changes in the physical and chemical properties of chestnut soils under tree seedlings after __the introduction of mycorrhizal biopreparation._
The depth of sampling, cm рН Absoibed bases, mg-EQ per 100 g of soil Absorbed bases, in % of the amount or capacity
Ca2+ Mg2+ the amount Ca2+ Mg2+
Option Pinus sylvestris L. without making a biological product, Pavlodar region
0-20 7,1 5,60 1,60 7,20 77,78 22,22
Option Pinus sylvestris L. with making a biological product, Pavlodar region
0-20 7,0 5,7 1,55 7,25 78,62 21,38
A variant of the Betula pendula Roth.without any biological product, Pavlodar region
0-20 7,15 5,50 1,50 7,00 78,57 21,43
A variant of the Betula pendula Roth. introduction a biological product into the soil, Pavlodar region
0-20 7,1 5,60 1,50 7,10 78,87 21,13
Studies on the effect of artificial mycorrhiza on the growth of seedlings of common pine and hanging birch in the first year of growth in the conditions of the nursery SFNR "Ertis ormany" showed a positive effect on survival, growth in height and diameter.
In the first year of growth, mycorrhiza had a more effective influence on survival on deciduous trees than on coniferous trees. Survival rate in 2019 was 83.3% for betula pendula Roth., 55.2% for pinus sylvestris L.,
The studied chestnut soils of forest nurseries have a neutral, weakly alkaline reaction of the upper horizons. As a result of the research, it was found that the pH of the soil varies slightly in all the studied variants. The soils where mycorrhizal biologics were introduced under the seedlings of tree crops led to a very weak decrease in the reaction of the soil solution in the studied depths. It is shown that mycorrhiza reduces the pH in the rhizosphere due to the selective absorption of ammonium NH+ ions and the release of h+ ions [9.10].
It is also observed in the indicator of the amount of absorbed bases of chestnut soil of the forest nursery of the Pavlodar region, where the amount of exchange cations increased by 0.25 mg-EQ per 100 g of soil under the seedlings of ordinary pine and slightly lower by 0.10 mg-EQ per 100 g of soil under the seedlings of hanging birch compared to the control variants. The share of calcium cation in the soil-absorbing complex when using the biopreparation is 78.62% under pine
seedlings, 78.87% under birch seedlings, these indicators are higher by 0.84% and 0.30%, respectively, compared to the controls.
The free mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi contributes to the aggregation of soil particles and modifies the soil structure, which affects the overall physical properties of the soil. Hyphae of mycobionts are involved in the stabilization of soil micro aggregates by binding soil particles and accumulating organic compounds. Aggregation allows you to maintain a porous but stable soil structure and prevent erosion. One of the most important compounds secreted by fungal hyphae is glomalin glycoprotein [11].
Conclusion: Specific characteristics of sapling development parameters depend on the type of plant and age: the average current growth of the the betula pendula Roth.was higher than of the pinus sylvestris L.
Studies on the effect of artificial mycorrhiza on the growth of seedlings of pinus sylvestris L.and betula pendula Roth.in the first year of growth in the
conditions of the nursery SFNR "Ertis ormany" showed a positive effect on survival, growth in height and diameter.
In the first year and second year of growth in 20192020, mycorrhiza had a more effective influence on survival on deciduous trees than on coniferous trees. The survival rate of betula pendula Roth.was 83.3%, and pinus sylvestris L. 55.2%.
When conducting research on mycorization of seedlings during planting, a positive effect of mycorrhiza on the growth of both coniferous and deciduous plants was noted. In common pine, the differences in height, crown diameter along and across the row, and the current increase in comparison with the control are significant, more than three, and equal, respectively: 6,4; 7,9; 4,7; 3,1. The diameter of the root neck does not differ significantly - 0.8.
Significant differences in height were observed in the hanging birch: t = 20.9.
The need to study mycorrhizal formation in coniferous seedlings in forest nurseries in Kazakhstan is caused as a way to improve the quality of planting material.
Further research should be directed to expanding the range of nurseries studied to make a reasonable judgment about the relationship between soil characteristics and the technologies used for growing planting material with the success of mycorization; to study possible correlative (or functional) relationships between the development of ectomycorrhizas and the success of seedling development at the nursery level as a whole and at the level of individual correlations.
Refences:
1 Rossietal M.S. Effect ofaqueous extracts ofgarlic on the morphology and infectivity ofavenezuelan isolateoftrypanosoma evansi // Acta Microscopica. - 2013. - Vol. 22 (1). -P. 69-78.
2 Smith S.E., Read D.J. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. -London: Academic Press, 2008. - 678 p.
3 Agerer R. Colour Atlas of ectomycorrhizae: With Glossary. - Einhorn-Verlag, Schwabisch, Germany, 1988. - 341 p.
4 Polenov A. B. Mushrooms. Edible and inedible: The most complete and up-to-date determinant Atlas. -Ed. AST "polygon", - 2013. -162 p.
5 Shubin V. I. Macromycetes of forest phytocenoses of the taiga zone and their use. - L.: Nauka, 1990. - 197 p.
6 Frank B. On the nutritional dependence of certain trees on the root symbiosis with belowground fungi (an English transformation of A. B.Frank's classic paper of 1885) // Mycorrhiza. - 2005. - № 15. -P. 267 - 275.
7 Shubin V. I. Mycotrophy of wood species in the conditions of the North and its significance in reforestation // Scientific notes. Mycorrhiza Perm: Ministry of education of the RSFSR. Perm state pedagogical Institute, 1975, Vol. 150, Pp. 139-147.
8 information About the research work of the Department of information science and monitoring OF the glpr "Ertis ormany" for 2015// https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/kz/kz-nr-05-ru.pdf. 22.04.2019.
9 Eremin D. I., Popova O. N. Agroecological characteristics of micromycetes living in soil // Bulletin of the Northern TRANS-Ural state UNIVERSITY. -2016. -№1 (32).- Pp. 12-18.
10 effectiveness and attractiveness of mycorrhizae // https://agroserver.ru/user/126028/articles/2464/. 15.04.2019.
11 Rillig M.C., Steinberg P.D.Glomalin production by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus: A mechanism of habitat modification // Soil Biology and Biochemistry. -2002. - no. 34. - P. 1371-1374.
12 Singer R. Sur les genres Ixocomus, Boletinus, Phylloporus, Gyrodon et Gomphidius // Revue de Mycologie (in French). -1938. Vol.3. -P. 157-172.
13 Peterson R.L., Melville L.H. Mycorrhizas: Anatomy and Cell Biology,NRC Research Press, Ottawa/CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 2004. -173 p.
15 Lofgren L. A., Nguyen N.H., KennedyP. Ectomycorrhizal host specificity in a changing world: Can legacy effects explain anomalous current associations? // New Phytologist. - 2018. - Vol. 220 (4). -P. 1273-1284.
