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Original article / Оригинальная статья УДК 614.8
DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2021-3-127-141
The use of a risk-orientated approach in comprehensive assessment of natural and technogenic emergency situations in the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region, Russia
Tatyana V. Ovchinnikova, Nikolay D. Razinkov, Pavel S. Kuprienko, Tatyana V. Ashikhmina, Anastasia V. Shmygol, Anastasia A. Pavlenko
Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh, Russia
Principal contact
Tatyana V. Ovchinnikova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Technosphere Safety and Fire Safety, Voronezh State Technical University; 84, 20-letiya Oktyabrya St, Voronezh, Russia 394006. Tel. +79204669695 Email tvo0104@mail.ru
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7780-1231
How to cite this article
Ovchinnikova T.V., Razinkov N.D., Kuprienko P.S., Ashikhmina T.V., Shmygol A.V., Pavlenko A.A. The use of a risk-orientated approach in comprehensive assessment of natural and technogenic emergency situations in the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region, Russia. South of Russia: ecology, development. 2021, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 127-141. DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2021-3-127-141
Received 14 August 2020 Revised 21 December 2020 Accepted 26 April 2021
Abstract
The article reviews methodological approaches to risk assessment based on a comprehensive analysis of the frequency of natural and technological hazards in the territory of the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region.
Aim. The purpose of this article is to assess and calculate the risks of emergency situations, based on a comprehensive analysis of the frequency of occurrence of natural and technological hazards in the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region, Russia.
Methods. The risk assessment methods employed were based on the combined characteristics of damage and frequency of occurrence of negative environmental or man-caused processes or hazardous events. Events associated with certain losses or people impacted upon by dangers were considered as negative processes.
Results. The Kashirsky Municipal District is exposed to high risks of flooding, wildfires, biological and social processes, hazards associated with certain housing and communal service regimes and transportation accidents. There are also hydraulic structures and potentially hazardous facilities which increase risks of property damage in the area. Conclusion. It is necessary to reduce the level of social risk by carrying out preventive activities aimed at minimizing casualties. All scheduled maintenance requirements should be complied with in order to prevent a rise of risk of accident in life sustaining systems and infrastructures. The development of governmental departmental emergency monitoring systems, quarantine procedures and timely observational measures are recommended with the objective of reducing potential biological and social emergencies.
Key Words
Risk, measures, flood, construction, system, warning, erosion, accident, quarantine.
© 2021 The authors. South of Russia: ecology, development. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Использование риск-ориентированного подхода в комплексной оценке природных и техногенных чрезвычайных ситуаций на территории Каширского муниципального района Воронежской области
Татьяна В. Овчинникова, Николай Д. Разиньков, Павел С. Куприенко, Татьяна В. Ашихмина, Анастасия В. Шмыголь, Анастасия А. Павленко
Воронежский государственный технический университет, Воронеж, Россия
Контактное лицо
Татьяна В. Овчинникова, кандидат биологических наук, доцент, кафедра техносферной и пожарной безопасности, Воронежский государственный технический университет; 394006 Россия, г. Воронеж, ул. 20-летия Октября, 84. Тел. +79204669695 Email tvo0104@mail.ru
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7780-1231
Формат цитирования
Овчинникова Т.В., Разиньков Н.Д., Куприенко П.С., Ашихмина Т.В., Шмыголь А.В., Павленко А.А. Использование риск-ориентированного подхода в комплексной оценке природных и техногенных чрезвычайных ситуацийна территории Каширского муниципального района Воронежской области // Юг России: экология, развитие. 2021. Т.16, N 3. C. 127-141. DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2021-3-127-141
Получена 14 августа 2020 г.
Прошла рецензирование 21 декабря 2020 г.
Принята 26 апреля 2021 г.
Резюме
В статье рассматриваются методологические подходы оценки рисков, которые основаны на комплексном анализе частоты развития природных и техногенных опасностей на территории Каширского муниципального района Воронежской области.
Цель. Дать оценку и рассчитать риски чрезвычайных ситуаций (ЧС), которые основаны на комплексном анализе частоты развития природных и техногенных опасностей на территории Каширского муниципального района Воронежской области.
Методы. В основу методов оценки природного и техногенного риска положена комбинированная характеристика ущерба и частоты негативного природного или техногенного процесса или события. В качестве негативных процессов рассматриваются события, связанные с определёнными потерями (отказами) или реципиентами опасности. Результаты. Территория Каширского района подвержена рискам, связанным с половодьем, природными пожарами, биолого-социальными процессами, в системах ЖКХ и транспорте. На территории района имеются гидротехнические сооружения и потенциально опасные объекты с повышенными рисками материальных ущербов.
Заключение. Для снижения уровня социального риска необходимо проводить превентивные мероприятия, направленные на уменьшение потерь. С целью недопущения роста риска аварий на системах жизнеобеспечения следует проводить все виды планового ремонта. С целью уменьшения биолого-социальных ЧС рекомендуется развивать ведомственные системы мониторинга ЧС, своевременно вводить карантинные и обсервационные мероприятия.
Ключевые слова
Риск, мероприятие, половодье, сооружение, система, оповещение, эрозия, авария, карантин.
© 2021 Авторы. Юг России: экология, развитие. Это статья открытого доступа в соответствии с условиями Creative Commons Attribution License, которая разрешает использование, распространение и воспроизведение на любом носителе при условии правильного цитирования оригинальной работы.
INTRODUCTION
The major hazards in the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region are:
1. Natural: exogenous - gully formation and upland erosion; hydrospheric - spring flooding; weather extremes (strong winds, downpours, hailstorms, snowdrifts, frosts and dry spells with associated wildfires).
2. Technological: anthropogenic - hydrodynamic accidents in waterwork systems; accidents in housing and communal services facilities (water supply network, electric power and heating systems); accidents at hazardous industrial facilities and traffic accidents (road and rail).
3. Biological and social: epidemics, epizootics and epiphytotics.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Kashirsky Municipal Distict of the Voronezh Region was the object of this research. Its located in the Oka-Don Lowland with a total area is 1,060.20 sq. km. It is distinguished by incised river valleys and a less pronounced dissection of the ravine-beam network relative to other areas of the region in the Russian Plain and Kalach Upland. The district's hydrographic network is represented mainly by the Don and Hvorostan Rivers. Relief does not exceed 170 m above sea level. Suffusion depressions are often found, with the largest forms being more than 100 m with depths of 1.5 -f 2 m.
The district has a mostly temperate continental climate. Maximum annual relative humidity is 80-85%. Average annual rainfall is 571 mm. Westerly winds are dominant (22%) throughout the year but southerly wind changes are also very typical (14%) [1].
Surface and underground waters are characterized by low water availability, the district occupying an intermediate position according to the volume of water resources in the region per head of population. Local surface water runoff resources are more than 50 thousand m3 per km, while the operational resources of fresh groundwater are 70-90 thousand m3/ day.
The Kashirsky District has floodplain meadows and forests in the basins of the Don and Hvorostan Rivers. In its western part there are pine and broad-leaved-pine forests which pose a threat of large wildfires during forest fire seasons [2; 3].
A comprehensive assessment of environmental and technogenic emergencies investigated in the district included: statistics of emergency accidents at objects of the same type as has occurred in the past; a graphoanalytical study of the causal relationships of factors leading to accidents; expert assessments of hazardous environmental and technogenic processes; results of express analysis of observed parameters of functioning objects; "hazard indices" (specially designed hazard scales for potentially hazardous substances and relevant quantities) and risk assessments of regional and federal governmental departments, in particular emergency situations of a biological and social nature.
Operational forecasting methods of Russian EMERCOM were used in predicting the parameters of damaging impacts and their territorial distribution.
Approved methods and scientific work carried out under the supervision of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian EMERCOM and the Russian Scientific Society for Risk Analysis were used to determine different types of damages [4].
Industrial facilities zoning and facilities separation based on acceptable risk criteria was carried out using methodological approaches developed by the Russian Scientific Society for Risk Analysis and normative documents of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations [1; 5]. The acceptable level for risk of emergencies in the Voronezh Region is considered to be 5.72-10-6 1/year [6]. The maximum allowable value of social risk in terms of the "victim" indicator was adopted as 10-4 cases per year in relation to an expected less than 10 number of victims [7].
Natural and man-made risk assessment methods for the Kashirsky District were based on the combined characteristics of the damage and the frequency of negative natural or man-caused processes or accidents. Only those events that are associated with certain losses (failures) of the hazard recipient were considered in negative key.
In order to assess environmental risks, the physical risk of damage in the territory was assessed. It should be noted that this group of risk is crucial for calculating other types of risk, in particular the economic risk of land reduction as a result of exogenous processes. This is expressed by a function [8]:
Re (H) = Rf(H)de, (1) where - Rf(H) is the physical risk of land loss (m /year, ha/year, km2/ year and etc.);
de is the distribution of material value (cost of material distribution) (rub./ m2, rub./ha, rub./ km2 and etc.).
In order to found a new indicator of the social risk, de can be replaced with population density dp (inhabitants per square km or inhabitants per hectare) in the formula above:
Rp(H)=Rf(H)dp, (2) This type of risk determines the ability of processes (one or more) to be in the zone of catastrophic development during a certain period of time and, accordingly, economic, material and physical losses, including fatal consequences.
In cases when social and other types of risk are mapped from hazardous natural and technogenic processes which are isolated in the field of fixing losses, their specific indicators which directly characterise the possible damage are used. Accordingly, the individual risk of affecting the population with a certain result, which determines the probability of being an injured member of the risk group in the zone of possible damage, is a specific indicator and criterion for ranking the territory. This type of risk is expressed as the formula below:
Rj(H) = Rf(H)dpP(I) = dp (H)P(I), (3) where d p is the population density (inhabitants per square km or inhabitants per hectare);
P(I) = 1/m means the probability that one in the risk zone will be injured (unit fraction);
m is the size of the group (members); Rs(H) is the total social risk of injured population (member/year).
More detailed information about risk assessment in different backgrounds is connected with an additional account of the vulnerability of individual objects of the economy, population and biocenoses which are under the influence of dangerous natural and technogenic processes of a certain intensity and phenomena, destructive power and duration of exposure.
The mathematical risk models considered are used to assess elementary negative effects from dangers of certain genesis, intensity (destructive force) and duration
of effect on homogeneous objects (territories, structures, population groups, etc.). The sum of the elementary danger events for all possible cases of risks, which differ in frequency of occurrence, intensity or rate of development and negative consequences, expresses the full differentiated (private) risk from this danger as inside one as inside all objects in the affected area. The sum of the differentiated risks from all genetic types of hazards affecting an object (s) determines the integral (total) risk of direct losses in the physical, economic, social or environmental spheres of their occurrence.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Risk assessment of environmental emergency The risk of exogenous processes. The Kashirsky Municipal District is subject to ravine erosion and medium-intensity karst development (Fig. 1). The results of monitoring studies in this regard were produced by TC Voronezhgeomonitoring AO Centralnoe PGO.
According to actual data obtained about the types of exogenous process, by analogy and extrapolation with known values, data obtained (with an allowable error of ± 0.5%) is shown below in Table 1.
800,00 700,00 600,00 500,00 400,00 300,00 200,00 100,00 0,00
Schedule of maximum and minimum values of gully erosion and karst Максимальная и минимальная величины овражной эрозии и карста
685,00
312,00
150,00
Total area of affected High, km2
territory, km2 Сильная, км2
Площадь пораженной территории, км2
68,50
15,00 25,50 550
Medium, km2 Low, km3
Средняя, км2 Слабая, км2
Figure 1. Schedule of maximum and minimum values of gully erosion and karst Рисунок 1. График максимальной и минимальной величины овражной эрозии и карста
Table 1. The Exogenous Processes of the Kashirsky Municipal District Таблица 1. Экзогенные процессы Каширского муниципального района
Form of exogenous processes
Вид экзогенного процесса
Total area of affected territory, km2
Площадь пораженной
2
территории, км
Range of influence on the territory
Степень пораженное™ территории
High, km2 (%)
Medium, km2 (%)
Сильная, км (%) Средняя, км (%)
Low, km2(%)
Слабая, км2 (%)
Gully erosion
Овражная эрозия
685
312 (45,5%)
68,5 (10%)
25,5 (3,7%)
Karst
Карст
150
68,25 (45,5%)
15(10%)
5,5 (3,7%)
a) The methodology developed in "Assessment and Management of Natural Risks" [8] and SNiP 22-01-95 "Geophysics of Hazard Natural Processes" were used to assess the risk of gully erosion. In accordance with this SNiP, the range of gully erosion was assessed as low (100 m2/km2). Therefore, the actual risk of loss of the territory as a result of erosion will be:
Rfj(C) = Rfs(C)Sj= 100. 312 = 31200 m2/km2 (3,110-2 m2/km2)
Accordingly, full ravine erosion and specific economic risks of losses in the district will be: Rc(C) = Rfj(C)dc= 3,110-2. 1. 1,12 = 34 thousand rub/year; Rcs(C) = Re(C)/Sj= 34/312 =109 rub/km2 year
b) Karst risk is calculated using the above cited methodology [8]. The area intensity of karst deformations for the middle category of karst hazard is Rfs(C) =0,016 m2/km2 year and the density of the natural-technical system is equal to 1.12 million rub/km2.
The karst risk of loss of territory is: Rfj(C) = Rfs(C) Sj= 0,01615= 0,24 m2/km2 year.
The final values of the social and individual karst risks for the population of the Kashirsky Municipal District are defined as a medium range risk.
c) Flood risk. A number of settlements in the Kashirsky District periodically fall into the flood zone (Table 2).
The amount of compensation payments was taken according to real payments for the year 2018 based on possible flooding ranges (expert assessment).
In order to assess social and material damages for appropriate flood protection, the method of aggregate indicators was applied [8]. It is considered advisable to use this method in the absence of detailed data about the situation in areas affected by accidents and sufficient data in geographic information systems. In accordance with this method, the average statistical data of object characteristics and the population density of the territory under consideration are used.
Table 2. Number of Flooded Buildings Таблица 2. Количество затапливаемых домов
No
Location
Населенный пункт
Bodies of water
Водные объекты
The number of buildings flooded at the highestwater level P %
Количество домов, затапливаемых наивысшим уровнем воды с вероятностью превышения P%
1 5 10 25 50
1. Biryuchenskoye Hvorostan 19 16 11 2 0
Бирюченское Хворостань
2. Mosalskoe Hvorostan 47 41 8 0 0
Мосальское Хворостань
Total Всего 66 57 19 2 0
Compensation payments, million rubles Компенсационные выплаты, млн руб. 1,76 1,52 0,52 0,04 0
Assessment of social and material damages were carried out in accordance with local regulatory requirements [6].
As a result of plans established for each area, the locations of Buryachenko (11 buildings), Mosalskoe (9 buildings) were found as points inside the zone with average flood impact.
d) Calculation of risks associated with weather extremes such as strong winds, heavy rain, hail, snow drifts, frosts and droughts are based on a statistical method. The statistical information was taken from the existing database of the territorial centre for monitoring and forecasting emergencies. Social and individual risks for this type of emergency were not considered. Frequencies of accidents that turn into emergencies are taken from available statistics for the past 10 years.
Over the past 10 years, the recorded number of emergencies of these types of environmental events was 18. The number of registered municipalities in the region is 34 (31 municipal regions and 3 urban districts).
Thus, the frequency of the types of noted emergencies: Fwind.; F^all.; Fhailstorm; Fsd; Ffrost; Fd., where Fwind. is 1,8-1/34 = 1,8-2,9410-2 = 5,310-2 1/year. If the emergency level for the district is considered as municipal, therefore, economic damage for assessing financial risk is taken as the equivalent of 500 minimum wages [9], which means 5.640 million rubles for the year 2019. The amount of financial risk is calculated as:
Rg = 1,8-2,9410-2 . 5,640 = 0,3 million rub./year.
e) Risk assessment of wild fires. Statistical data from the existing database of the territorial centre for monitoring and forecasting emergencies was utilised in calculating risk associated with forest fires. The frequency of wildfires is determined based on statistics of the last 10 years. The social and individual risks for this type of emergency were not considered.
To assess this type of emergency risk, it is incorrect to employ overall statistics for the region, because forest cover of municipal districts varies significantly and significant differences are also observed in forest structure. There are some fragments of pine and broad-leaved forest in the western part of the region. A forest fire has been recorded once (local scale) in the last 10 years.
Thus, the frequency of this type of emergency of the municipal area is Fforest = 110-1 1/year. The emergency level for the area was considered as local, therefore, economic damage to assess financial risk is taken to be the
equivalent of 500 minimum wages. The amount of financial risk is:
Rg = 1. 10-1 5,640 = 0,564 million rub./year.
Risk assessment of man-made emergencies a) Hydro-technical installations accident risks.
There are two potentially dangerous waterworks in the Kashirsky Municipal District:
1) The Moskovsky Pond (reservoir) in the Kondrashkin Log Ravine, 0.5 km to the east of the M-4 road. The hydro-technical installation is federal property of the Federal State Budget Institution, Voronezhmeliovodkhoz. In 2018, the structure was repaired and the waterworks are in a satisfactory condition.
Should dam destruction occur, the M-4 federal road is located along the hydrodynamic flow path. Thus the roadway could be damaged on the reservoir side, requiring repair work (Fig. 2);
2) The Mosalsky Pond (reservoir) in the municipal ownership of the Kashirsky District administration (although it is located closer to Mosalkoye which is at a distance of 0.75 km to the northeast).
The Mosalskoye settlement is located inside a zone of potential danger; 9 houses of Nine Yanvarya Street could be damaged by the influence of a potential breakout wave (the first level, in the destruction zone, 3 buildings and on the second, in the flooding zone, 6 buildings. Currently, the hydro-technical installation requires repair (Fig. 3).
To determine the hydrodynamic accident indicators of this hydro-technical installation, programme modules Volna OOO NPP Titan-Optima were used, the results being shown in Tables 3 and 4.
The frequency of emergencies in Table 3 are taken on the basis that the hydraulic facility state is in a balance and, based on the assigned service life of the established relevant class, accident frequency assessment corresponds to an acceptable level of risk for a hydraulic facility of class IV.
b) Risk of accidents at hazardous industrial facilities in the Kashirsky Municipal District.
There are two potentially dangerous facilities in the Kashirsky Municipal District located at Kolodezniy:
1) Solvent-extraction plant manufacturer - Branch of OOO BUNGE SNG (Safety Data Sheet dated 2015);
2) Prom-Neft-Service Petroleum Products Company (Safety Data Sheet dated 2013) [10].
ihe Kundri'fchfcin Lo(rl p. fob-lpillEVh Лог
The pond "Moskcirskiy"
iAiEEOEEElii Г-РУД
Figure 2. Locational plan of the M-4 road, 0.5 km from the Moskovsky Pond (M 1: 10 000) Рисунок 2. Ситуационный план трассы М-4 на 0,5 км от пруда «Московский» (М 1: 10 000)
Figure 3. Locational plan of the Mosalskoye settlement, 0.75 km from the Mosalskiy Pond (M 1: 10 000) Рисунок 3. Ситуационный план с. Мосальское на 0,75 км от пруда «Мосальский» (М 1: 10 000)
The main indicators characterizing the safety of these industrial installations are summarised in Table 4 (Fig. 4). c) Risk of emergency at housing and public utilities.
Emergencies related to housing and communal services are considered as a daily possibility of violating the living conditions of the population of the Kashirsky Municipal District.
Calculations of the emergency risk assessment of housing and utilities services are based on statistical methodology. Statistics were taken from the database of the territorial centre for monitoring and forecasting emergency situations and the Department of Housing, Utilities Services and Energy of the Voronezh Region. Data
about frequency of accidents has been determined from statistics of the last 10 years. Social and individual risks for these types of accidents have not been considered.
1. The frequency of emergency situations of the electric power system of the Kashirsky Municipal District is Feps = 210-1 1/year. The emergency level is classed as of the municipal type. Economic damage for assessing financial risk is taken to be the equivalent of 500 minimum wages. The amount of financial risk is calculated as:
Rg = 2 10-1 5,640 = 1,128 10 million rub./year.
2. There has been no emergency in the water supply systems during the last ten years.
Table 3. Accidents at hydraulic structures Таблица 3. Риск ЧС на ГТС_
Name of Hydraulic Facilities
Наименование ГТС
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£ 12 it -С о
S Ц .о 5
Moskovsky Pond 110" " 5,64 5,64
Пруд Московский
Mosalsky Pond Пруд Мосальский 110" 2 " 9 1 2 5,4 2,2 7,6
Table 4. Accidents at hazardous industrial facilities
Таблица 4. Риск ЧС на ОПО
Name of industrial facility Название опасного производственного объекта Emergency scenario Сценарий ЧС Emergency frequency, 1/year Частота ЧС, 1/год Death toll Погибших, чел. Number of victims Постра" давших, чел. Total harm, million rubles Ущерб, млн руб.
Branch of ООО BUNGE SNG in Kolodezniy Филиал ООО «БУНГЕ СНГ» в Колодезном Worst Наихудший 3,М0"10 3 " 10,012
Most probable Наиболее вероятный 2,76-10"3 " " 2,016
ООО Prom-Neft-Service ООО «Пром-Нефть-Сервис» Worst Наихудший 3,23-10"6 4 5 96,859
Most probable Наиболее вероятный 5,28-10"4 " 1 1,638
7,5
1 £
1,5
1
0,5 U
Accidents at industria hazardousfacllities Аварии на ПОО по вероятному сценарию
,00276
0,000528
Branch of ООО "BU MGE SM G" in OOO'Prom-Neft-Service'/OOO Kuludeiniy/Филиал ООО «БУНГЕ «Пром-Нь!ф|ь-Серви(.»
Cl 1Г» в Колодезном
TuLal haiin, million rubles/ Машриальный ущерб, млн.руб.
0,003
0,0025
0,002
0,0015
0,001
0,0005
О
'Emergency fraqiency, L/ year/ Частота событий, ед.в год
Figure 4. Risk indicators for accidents at industrial hazardous facilities in the Kashirsky Municipal District according to the most probable scenario
Рисунок 4. Аварии на ПОО в Каширском муниципальном районе по вероятному сценарию
3. Regional statistics of heating systems of the Voronezh Region as a whole have been used because there is no statistical data for the Kashirsky Municipal District as an entity. Boiler rooms with their heating system are taken as an object (housing and communal services) to be studied (there are 2,088 in the Voronezh Region). Nevertheless, according to the statistical data regarding incidents involving heating equipment in the Kashirsky Municipal District, there were 11 emergencies.
Thus, the frequency of the study object emergency, including the heating system of the region is calculated as being:
Fheat = 1,1 . 1/2088 = 5,3 . 10"4 1/year (Fig. 5).
According to the information available, there are 58 such objects in the region. Therefore, the total risk indicator will be:
Fheat = 5,310-458 = 3,1-10-2 1/year.
Economic damage in the assessment of financial risk is taken as the equivalent of 500 minimum wages, because the emergency level is classed as of a municipal type. The amount of financial risk is;
Rg = 3,1. 10-25,640 = 1,75 10-1 million rub./year.
d) Risk of transport accidents (Fig. 6).
1. Road traffic accident risk assessment. The result was obtained with reference to the statistical data of the traffic police of the Kashirsky Municipal District. The frequency of emergency is Froad= 210-1 1/year. The emergency level is local and of municipal type. The economic damage for assessing financial risk is taken as the equivalent of 500 minimum wages. The amount of financial risk is;
Froad= 2 . 10"1. 5,640 = 1,128 100 million rub./year.
If the average annual number of deaths from road traffic accidents is 8 people (over the past 10 years), then the individual risk of an accident will be:
Rroadt = 8/23802 = 3.36-10"4 1/year.
2. Railway accident risk assessment. There is no information about emergency statistics relating to railroad accidents in the Kashirsky District during the past 10 years. Thus, calculations were based on regional statistics of the number of emergencies of the Voronezh Region over the past 10 years: i.e. 1 territorial emergency, 4 local and 4 community emergencies. Municipalities in the region with railways number 28. Accordingly, frequencies of railway transport incidents in the municipal area are calculated as:
- for the worst type of scenario
Frailway = 1'10"1,1/28 = 3,6-10-2 1/year;
- for the most probably type of scenario
Frailway = 8'10-1,1/28 = 2,9'10-1 1/year.
The worst type of emergency is at the regional level, while the most probably type of scenario is at the municipal level. Therefore, the economic damage through financial risk assessment is taken to be in the amount of 247,5 million-ruble as an average criterion for a regional type of emergency [11] and the equivalent of 500 minimum wages is taken as the most probably type of scenario (Fig. 7). Accordingly, the amount of financial risk is:
- for the worst type of scenario
Rg = 3,6. 10-2247,5 = 8,9110 million rub./year;
- for the most probably type of scenario
Rg = 2,910-15,640 = 1,6410° million rub./year.
Social and individual risks of railway accidents were not calculated due to the lack of statistics.
1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0
Accident at housing a rid communal services Аварии на объектахЖКХ
1Д28
0,2 \
\ 0,1748
^- 0,00053
Electrosupply/ Электроснабжение
Water supply/ Водоснабжение
Heat supply/ Теплоснабжение
Total harm, million rubles/ Материальный ущерб, млн.руб. -Emergency frequency, 1/уеаг/ Частота событий, ед.в год
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
О
Figure 5. Dependence graph of financial damage of an accident occurring with housing and communal services Рисунок 5. График зависимости финансового ущерба при наступлении аварии на объектах ЖКХ
1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0
Transport accidents / Аварии на транспорте
1,64
1,128
0,2
0,29
Road transport/ Автомоби/ьный транспорт
Railway transport/Железнодорожный транспорт
Total harm, million rubles/ Материальный ущерб, млн.руб. -Emergency frequency, 1/уеаг/ Частота событий, ед.в год
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
О
Figure 6. Graph of financial damage of an accident according to different modes of transport Рисунок 6. График зависимости финансового ущерба при наступлении аварии
Tecbnogenic emergencies / ЧС техногенного характера
0,49
0,20053
2,768
1,3028
0,6 0,Ь 0,4 0,3 0,2 ОД
33288
Accidents at hydraulic Accidents at industrial Accident at housing and Transport accidents/Ч С striJctures/ЧСна ГТС hazardousfacilities/ЧС communal services/ЧС натранспорте наОПО на ЖКХ
Total harm, million rubles/ Материальный ущерб, млн.руб. Emergency frequency, 1/уеаг/ Частота событий, ед.в год
Figure 7. General assessment of the risk of material damage to technogenic emergencies Рисунок 7. Общая оценка риска материального ущерба техногенных ЧС
Risk assessment of socio-biological emergencies a) Risk of epidemics. Regional statistics were used to assess the risk of emergencies in the territory of the Kashirsky Municipal District, because there were no emergencies with an extremely high index of the incidence or mortality rate in this area (i.e. exceeding the average annual by more than 3) [11].
The municipal level of emergency epidemic situations has been registered once in the Voronezh Region over a 10 year period. Based on the information that the Kashirsky Municipal consists of 32 territories, the frequency of this type of emergency is calculated as: F social. = 1' 10-1-1/32 = 3,1-10-3 1/year.
The economic damage for assessing financial risk is taken as the equivalent of 500 minimum wages, because the type of emergency on the area is considered as municipal.
In this case, the amount of financial risk is: Rsocial. = 3,1' 10-3, 5,640 = 1,75 ' 10-2 million rub./year. b) Risk of epizootics. There are no cattle farms and pig farms in the Kashirsky Municipal District. Consequently, statistics of the animal incidence of the Voronezh Region as a whole were used to assess the risk of emergencies in the Kashirsky Municipal District.
Emergency situations of epizootics have been registered once on a municipal level in the Voronezh Region (32 municipal districts) for the last ten years. Thus, the frequency of this type of emergency (taking into account the absence of pig farms in the municipal district) is calculated as:
Fanimals. = 1' 10-1-1/32 = 3,M0-3 1/year. The emergency level of epizootics in the Kashirsky District is classed as of municipal type. The economic damage for assessing financial risk is taken as the
equivalent of 500 minimum wages.
The amount of financial risk is calculated as: Rg = 3,1'10-3'5,640 = 1,75'10-2 million rub./year.
c) Risk of epiphytotics. The prevailing hazardous pests and diseases of crops and forests are considered in the territory of the Kashirsky Municipal District:
Pests affecting crops:
• Rodents - these occur annually during the springsummer or autumn-winter periods when there are favorable weather conditions in most of the area.
• Locusts - a local population which has no economic value.
• Moths - 1-2 times during the season over a period of 6-12 years. Pest outbreaks with increased density may occur if weather conditions have been favourable in May-June for two consecutive years (i.e. T = 20-25°C and humidity of more than 75 %). It is possible that moths migrate from adjacent territories that provide natural habitat foci.
• Bugs - approximately every 10 years, individual foci occur with high numbers. If weather conditions are favourable in the spring-summer period with the earth to 20°C, the insect begins to move in active searching pf winter cereal crops.
• Colorado beetle - outbreaks occur every year, insecticide treatments being used against the larvae of the pest's first generation, while treatment of 30-50% of the entire sown area of potato is required against larvae of the second generation [12].
2. Crop diseases:
• Septoria leaf spot - occurs every two years when there is a combination of favourable weather conditions (wet) a month before crops starting to sprout;
• Brown leaf rust - occurs every two to three years, its progression being based on a relatively warm winter, rainfall in the first half of the growing season and cool, humid weather in August and September. Treatments are carried out when the disease occurs, during tillering and exit into the tube.
Regional statistics were used to assess the risk of crops succumbing to diseases and pests in the territory of the Kashirsky Municipal District.
The territorial level of emergency situation has been registered once in the Voronezh Region during last 10 years. 32 municipalities in the region were taken into consideration. Thus, the recurrence of the risk of crops death from diseases and pests is calculated as:
Fc = 1' 10-14/32 = 3,1-10-3 1/year.
The emergency level is classed as of the municipal type. The economic damage for assessing financial risk is taken as the equivalent of 500 minimum wages. The amount of financial risk is calculated as:
Rg = 3,1'10-3'5,640 = 1,75'10-2 million rub/year; d) Pests and diseases of the forest.
1. Forest pests: Forest cockchafer - a local population which has no economic value.
2. Forest diseases: Heterobasidion annosum -extensive foci of this disease require radical control measures. It is the principal cause of drying of pines over large areas. Regional statistics of the Voronezh Region were used because there is no statistical data about the Kashirsky Municipal District specifically. Conifers constitute 24% of the total forest value of the Voronezh Region (118.5 thousand ha). Environmental reports of the territorial administration of Rosprirodnadzor indicate that radical measures for the control of Heterobasidion annosum require annual processing of about 9 thousand hectares (Fig. 8) [13].
0,05 0,045 0,04 0,035 0,03 0,025 0,02 0,015 0,01 0,005 0
Biological and social emergencies'' Биолого-социальные ЧС
00174Я
0,0031
0,;'174E
0,0031
0,0174E4
0,0031
0,00fi
0,0451
Risk of epidemics/ Risk-of epizootics/ Crop diseases/ Forest diseases/ Риск эпидемий Рискэпиюотий Бапеши с/х культур Болезни леев
0,009 0,008 0,007 0,006 0,005 0,004 0,003 0,002 0,001 О
Total harm, million rubles/ Материальный ущерб, мл и. руб. ■ Emergencyfrequency, 1/year/ Частота событий, еда год
Figure 8, General assessment of the material damage risk of biological and social emergencies
Рисунок 8. Общая оценка риска материального ущерба биолого-социальных ЧС
The area of coniferous forest in the district is 3.58 Fforest= (9/118,5)-3,58-1/34 = 8Д10-3 1/year.
thousand ha and the risk of coniferous forest disease is The emergency level is classed as of the municipal
determined as follows: type and the economic damage for assessing financial risk
is taken as the equivalent of 500 minimum wages. The amount of financial risk is calculated as:
: 810-35,640 =
4,5110" million rub/year.
Analysis of risk assessment results
The frequency of the most possible risks of emergencies in the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region is presented in Table 5.
Table 5. The main possible risks of an emergency on the territory of the Kashirsky municipal district of the Voronezh region Таблица 5. Основные возможные риски возникновения ЧС на территории Каширского муниципального района Воронежской области
Risk
Риск
Risk indicator - frequency of accident, 1/year
Показатель риска - частота реализации события, 1/год
Specific of manifestations
Конкретные проявления
Environmental emergency / Природные ЧС
Gully erosion Овражная эрозия
0.06
Occupies 64.6% within the territory of the municipal area
Занимает 64,6% в пределах территории муниципального района_
Karst
Суффозионные процессы (карсты)
0.02
Occupies 0,10% within the territory of the municipal area
Занимает 0,10% в пределах территории муниципального района
ro о
ryd рол
Spring flood on the river Hvorostan
Весеннее половодье на р. Хворостань
0.04
Floods the settlement Biryuchenskoye Подвержен затоплению населённый пункт Бирюченское
0.03
Floods the settlement Mosalskoe Подвержен затоплению населённый пункт Мосальское
Strong wind Сильный ветер
0.04
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района
Rainfall Ливни
0.04
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района_
Hail Град
0.03
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района_
Snow drifts Снежные заносы
0.03
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района_
Frost
Замороски
0.04
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района
Drought Засуха
0.03
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района
f ж
Forest Лесные
0.04
Areas of pine and broad-leaved forests are located in the Western part of the region В западной части района расположены фрагменты соснового и широколиственного леса
Technogenic emergencies / Техногенные ЧС
Hydrotechnical facilities closer to the Kondrashkin Log ravine ГТС в балке Кондрашкин Лог
0.06
The pond "Moskovskiy" is placed 0.5 kilometers to the east of the M-4 route Восточнее от трассы М-4 на 0,5 км -расположен пруд «Московский»_
^ S
Hydrotechnical facilities near the Mosalskoye countryside ГТС у с. Мосалькое
0.04
The pond "Mosalskiy" is placed at a distance of 0.75 km to the Northeast На удалении 0,75 км на северо-восток -расположен пруд «Мосальский»
- 3
Branch of ООО "BUNGE SNG" in Kolodezniy
Филиал ООО «БУНГЕ СНГ» в Колодезном
0.04
The territory of Kolodezniy п. Колодезный
ООО "Prom-Neft-Service" ООО «Пром-Нефть-Сервис»
0.06
The territory of Kolodezniy п. Колодезный
R
G
Electro-power systems Системы электроснабжения
0.03
On electro-power systems within the territory of a municipal area
На электро-энергетических системах в пределах территории муниципального района_
5« ï
Water systems Водоснабжение
0.03
Water systems within the territory of a municipal area
Системы водоснабжения в пределах территории муниципального района
Heating systems Теплоснабжение
0.04
Heat supply systems within the territory of a municipal area
Системы теплоснабжения в пределах территории муниципального района
Road
Автомобильные
0.14
Railway
Железнодорожные
0.06
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района
Sociobiological emergencies / Биолого-социальные ЧС
ic и
mi и
The result was obtained from the average statistical data of the Voronezh region Результат получен по ср. стат. данным по Воронежской обл.
0.02
Within the territory of the municipal area В пределах территории муниципального района
s ci The result was obtained from the
o ии т average statistical data of the Within the territory of the municipal area
o оо з Voronezh region 0.02 В пределах территории муниципального
& и эп Результат получен по ср. стат. района
данным по Воронежской обл.
s ic и Crop pests; Crop diseases; forest
О £ ти о pests; forest diseases Within the territory of the municipal area
.С т и Вредители с./к. культур; 0.06 В пределах территории муниципального
"ö. e и п болезни с./к. культур; района
э вредители леса;болезни леса
The principal output of the risk assessment for the territory of the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region was the construction of the following diagrams of social risk and risks of damage to property (F / N-F / G-diagrams) (Figs. 9 & 10).
An analysis of Fig. 9 defines the social risk for the area as slightly higher than the maximum allowable. This is based, first of all, on the presence of 11 zones of inundation from flooding and from 2 ponds (reservoirs) which pose a direct threat to population.
tL 1 и ■
10-1-1
J.O-1-
10J
10 *
I<J~-
IÙO
mkmi person /чел.
Reference designation:
1 - accidents et industrial hazardous facilities;
accidenta at hydraulic structures: h - Iranaport acddfints
> г iihljulh' WII MIII'II'IIHM;
- gno:
- mc :
-ДТП.
Figure 9. Social risk Рисунок 9. Социальный риск
F
id 1
Ifrf-
ic1
1С '
10'-
й? о
I0T-
U
too
1(И»
fi, mill ion гъЫ«.'' штжру^.
Reference desiqnalion
- ruiural wnefqert its;
о - ЭССкМ-Ш huuirirg jnd i.«nrnu"jl iHVii Ei,;
* juidMii л hjiJrjuiiL iimciur«:
* - jLtrdcfid Jl imluilnjl hLiiJidoui fjiililies.
* - [ijii^poiT Jitiiertli;
* ■ t№bgiCdl jraJ SACUl tmsrtfentiei
Figure 10. Risks of damage to property Рисунок 10. Риск материального ущерба
yr.iekliiiir l.'Ll II kltsn 'IV14 Hit I
Q - ицнрпдррисЧС;
о -НС ил жкх; о ■ чс "4 пс;
*■ ЧСнвОНО;
а - ЧС на т|1анСПи|)тс:
+ — Кнплогп С4ЦН4НЫШб ЧС
Based on analysis of Fig. 10, the following conclusions can be drawn: the territory of the Kashirsky District is subject to dangers from floods, the presence of potentially dangerous hydraulic facilities, wildfires, biological and social dangers; moreover, there are risks of accidents from housing and communal systems and with transport. The risks of property damage are high enough for emergencies within potentially dangerous situations, but, nevertheless, they can occur.
Potentially hazardous facilities with worst type of scenarios are in the zone of acceptable risk of emergency. According to the most probably type of scenarios, the level of regulatory acceptability is exceeded [8].
CONCLUSION
Recommendations for reducing the risk of emergency So as to minimise the levels of social risk, preventive measures aimed at reducing losses caused by floods must be achieved by:
- bringing hydraulic structures into compliance with safety level requirements of regulatory documents and developing measures to alert populations at a time of threat - which should significantly reduce potential mortality.
- clearing riverbeds to increase the flow capacity of flood waters, considering the question of possible dam construction in certain areas and conducting other related engineering activities.
It is advisable to increase the reliability of safety regimes of hazardous facilities and of hydraulic structures operations to minimise the consequences of emergencies. In these cases, procedures should be implemented to accelerate operational services' response time, to improve emergency equipment and to develop warning systems for populations located in areas of potential risk.
In order to reduce the risk of forest fires and mitigate their consequences during the fire hazard period,
it is necessary to restrict access to forests and to prepare and equip voluntary units to extinguish forest fires.
Recommendations for reduction of the negative impact of exogenous processes on the Kashirsky Municipal District and its economy through stabilization and protection of vulnerable lands include 2 groups of approaches:
- for gully erosion: embankments and afforestation of developing ravines; planting of bottom plantations for sludge filtration (poplar, willow) in order to reduce bottom erosion; limitation of water-retaining capacity shafts on slopes to reduce soil erosion; meadow formation for side ravines in places of pipeline incision together with strengthening with stones.
- for karst processes: regional planning which involves filling fissures with clay, backfilling of funnels, water-collecting plumbing systems with channels to drain rain and melt water.
In order to prevent the risk of a rise in accidents to life sustaining systems of housing and communal services, scheduled repair compliance, gas system and electricity monitoring and a review of water payment protocols are recommended. This is because any disconnection which arises from malfunction places the life support system and infrastructure at risk.
Based strictly on the objective of reducing potential biological and social emergencies, it is recommended that government departmental emergency monitoring systems be developed whose units will be located in the territories where dangers may occur. Moreover, their equipment, quarantine and observational measures must be improved.
REFERENCES
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БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
1. Овчинникова Т.В., Куприенко П.С., Смольянинов В.М. и др. Шаги решения концепции «Безопасный регион». Воронеж: «Цифровая полиграфия», 2018. 333 с.
2. Управление рисками техногенных катастроф и стихийных бедствий (пособие для руководителей организаций). Под общ. ред. Фалеева М.И. Москва: ФГБУ ВНИИ ГОЧС (ФЦ), 2016. 270 с.
3. Постановление Правительства РФ от 17.08.2016 N 806 «О применении рискориентированного подхода при организации отдельных видов государственного контроля (надзора) и внесения изменений в некоторые акты.
4. Приказ Ростехнадзора от 11.04.2016 N 144 «Об утверждении руководства по безопасности «Методические основы по проведению анализа опасностей и оценки риска аварий на опасных производственных объектах».
5. ГОСТ Р 55059-2012 БЧС. Менеджмент риска чрезвычайной ситуации. Термины и определения. М.: Стандартинформ, 2018. 13 с.
6. ГОСТ Р 22.10.02-2016 БЧС. Менеджмент риска чрезвычайной ситуации. Допустимый риск чрезвычайной ситуации. М.: Стандартинформ, 2019. 18 с.
7. Методики оценки рисков чрезвычайных ситуаций и нормативы приемлемого риска чрезвычайных ситуаций. Утв. первым заместителем Министра Российской Федерации по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликивдации последствий стихийных бедствий Р.Х. Цаликовым 9.01.2008 N 1-4-60-9.
8. Оценка и управление природными рисками. Тематический том. Под ред. Рагозина А.Л. Москва: «КРУК», 2003. 320 с.
9. Приказ МЧС России от 08.07.2004 N 329 «Об утверждении критериев информации о чрезвычайных ситуациях».
10. Приказ МЧС России от 04.11.2004 N 506 «Об утверждении типового паспорта безопасности опасного объекта» (зарег. в Минюсте РФ 22.12.2004 N 6218).
11. Приказ Ростехнадзора от 29.03.2016 N 120 «Об утверждении Методики определения размера вреда, который может быть причинен жизни, здоровью физических лиц, имуществу физических и юридических лиц в результате аварии гидротехнического сооружения (за исключением судоходных и портовых гидротехнических сооружений)».
12. Федеральный закон от 27.12.2002 N 184-ФЗ (ред. от 29.07.2017) «О техническом регулировании».
13. Федеральный закон от 22.07.2008 N 123-ФЗ (ред. от 29.07.2017) «Технический регламент о требованиях пожарной безопасности».
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Tatyana V. Ovchinnikova and Nikolay D. Razinkov collected data on natural and technical risks and wrote a manuscript. Pavel S. Kuprienko, Tatyana V. Ashikhmina, Anastasia V. Shmygol and Anastasia A. Pavlenko analyzed the data and calculated the results obtained, participated in writing the manuscript. All authors are equally responsible for plagiarism, self-plagiarism or other ethical transgressions.
КРИТЕРИИ АВТОРСТВА
Татьяна В. Овчинникова и Николай Д. Разиньков собрали данные по природно-техническим рискам, написали рукопись. Павел С. Куприенко, Татьянна В. Ашихмина, Анастасия В. Шмыголь, Анастасия А. Павленко проанализировали данные и проводили расчеты полученных результатов, участвовали в написании рукописи. Все авторы в равной степени несут ответственность при обнаружении плагиата, самоплагиата или других неэтических проблем.
NO CONFLICT OF INTEREST DECLARATION КОНФЛИКТ ИНТЕРЕСОВ
The authors declare no conflict of interest. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
ORCID
Татьяна В. Овчинникова / Tatyana V. Ovchinnikova https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7780-1231 Николай Д. Разиньков / Nikolay D. Razinkov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-1029 Павел С. Куприенко / Pavel S. Kuprienko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7430-8118 Татьяна В. Ашихмина / Tatyana V. Ashikhmina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-2321 Анастасия В. Шмыголь / Anastasia V. Shmygol https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4885-9394 Анастасия А. Павленко / Anastasia A. Pavlenko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8943-227X
