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The Unattainable Standard — Zagreb Dialect Meets Standard Croatian Accentuation
Mate Kapovic
University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
Недосягаемая норма: на стыке диалектной загребской и литературной хорватской акцентуации
Мате Капович
Загребский университет Загреб, Хорватия
Abstract
The paper discusses the accentual accommodation by speakers of the urban dialect of Zagreb (the capital of Croatia), which has a dynamic free accent, to the Standard Croatian (Neo-Stokavian) pitch accent (with rising and falling tones). The accommodation occurs in formal settings—the basis of this research is the corpus of 16 one-hour interviews with native Zagreb dialect speakers (8 male, 8 female) from a TV show on Croatian national television (HRT). The Zagreb dialect speakers cannot fully reproduce the prescribed standard accentuation, so they only approximate it by inconsistently changing the place of stress. The level of accommodation varies among speakers. The prescribed Croatian standard accentuation is different than in languages like English, because it cannot be acquired fully by many speakers due mainly to reasons of phonetic complexity. The basics of the Zagreb dialect accentuation and its complex relation to the standard language accentuation (due to many innovations in the dialect and a range of conservative and innovative varieties) are also analyzed. This paper is the first to describe the phenomenon in detail, based on concrete data.
Keywords
Zagreb dialect, Croatian, accent, accentuation, standard language, accommodation
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Резюме
Статья освещает акцентное приспособление в речи носителей городского диалекта столицы Хорватии Загреба, имеющего разноместное силовое ударение, к литературному хорватскому (новоштокавскому) тональному ударению (с восходящими и нисходящими тонами). Приспособление происходит в формальной обстановке — эта работа основана на корпусе из 16 часовых интервью с носителями загребского диалекта (8 мужчин, 8 женщин) из передачи хорватского государственного телевидения (HRT) с массовой аудиторией. Загребчане не могут полностью воспроизвести нормативную акцентуацию, а лишь приближаются к ней, непоследовательно сдвигая ударение. Степень приспособления разнится от носителя к носителю. В данной работе это явление впервые подробно описано с учётом конкретных данных. Нормативная новоштокавская акцентуация отлична, например, от английской, в частности в том, что мало кто из хорватов-неновоштокавцев вполне овладевает акцентной нормой — прежде всего из-за её фонетической сложности. В работе также анализируются основы загребской акцентуации в её сложном отношении к нормативной (в связи с многочисленными инновациями в диалекте и наличием целого ряда более или менее архаичных и инновативных говоров).
Ключевые слова
загребский диалект, хорватский язык, ударение, акцентуация, литературный язык, приспособление
Standard Croatian is the official language of Croatia and a variety of Standard Stokavian (in official use, with regional differences, in neighboring Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro—commonly called Serbo-Croatian prior to 1990, nowadays also Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian, i.e. BCMS).1 Apart from the Stokavian dialect group (named for the interrogative/ relative pronoun sto 'what'), spoken in Croatia and the four neighboring post-Yugoslav countries, two large dialect groups are also present in Croatia—Kaj-kavian (named after kaj 'what') in the North-West continental Croatia and Cakavian (after ca 'what') on the coast. The capital and largest city of Croatia, Zagreb, is located on the traditional Kajkavian territory (although the dialect is nowadays heavily Stokavized), which creates an interesting sociolinguistic dynamics in Croatia. The aim of this article is to illustrate the phenomenon of unattainable standard norms on the basis of the curious relationship between the Zagreb dialect and Standard Croatian accentuation.
The Zagreb urban dialect is not unified—it is rather a continuum ranging from more conservative Kajkavian variety(ies) (the conservative vernacular of the old inner city was first described in [Magner 1966]) to an innovative
1 I would like to thank Marko Kapovic, Mislav Benic and an anonymous reviewer for reading carefully and commenting on the first draft of the paper, and also Mikhail Oslon for his help with technical issues.
vernacular morphologically and lexically very close to the Standard Croatian (for a wider look on the linguistic panorama of Zagreb cf. [Sojat et al. 1998]).2 Depending on the conservativeness of the speaker, there are a number of differences between the Zagreb dialect (ZgD) and Standard Croatian (SC)—e.g. the pronoun 'what' (ZgD kaj, used together with dialectal Stokavian sta and the SC/dialectal sto—the latter form used mainly when unstressed, i.e. when it is a relative pronoun), phonology (like the preservation of the final -l in words likeposel 'job' in more conservative ZgD, cf. SCposao and dialectal Stokavian and innovative ZgD poso), morphological differences (like the 3rd person present ideju 'they go' in a more conservative Zagreb dialect, unlike SC idu), lexical items (likeplac '(open) market' for SC trznica), etc.
The accentual systems of ZgD (i.e. the accentual system of a great majority of people born in Zagreb, no matter how conservative or innovative their ZgD variety is) and SC are rather different. The accentual system of SC (and of other varieties of Standard Stokavian) is based on the so-called Neo-Stoka-vian accentual system (used on a wide territory of former Yugoslavia). Neo-Stokavian (Neo-Stok.) has free pitch accent with falling and rising tones in stressed syllables,3 traditionally marked with four diacritics (accounting for both pitch and length jointly): slava [slaua] 'fame' (short falling), lada [la:dza] 'boat' (long falling), magla [miigla] 'fog' (short rising), tráva [tm:ua] 'grass' (long rising). Posttonic syllables can also be long, e.g. kokos [koko:J] 'hen'. The accent can change in paradigm in an unpredictable manner: e.g. rúka 'arm'— acc. sg. rüku but lúka 'port'—acc. sg. lúku. This is, with some minor differences, the accentual system employed in many local dialects as well—for instance, in all big cities in Slavonia (the eastern part of Croatia) and Dalmatia (the southern part near the coast), like Osijek and Split.4
Unlike SC accentuation, which is rather complex, Zagreb dialect accentuation is rather simple (similar to English or Russian accentuation)—it has a free dynamic accent with no pitch or length distinctions. All of the SC words
2 Unfortunately, no quantitative sociolinguistic research has ever been published on the Zagreb dialect (however, the author of this paper did do some preparatory fieldwork in Zagreb).
3 The pitch accent nature of Neo-Stokavian is sometimes underplayed (cf. [Lehiste, Ivic 1963: 20, 131-133]), but this is due to regional differences in Neo-Stokavian. In western Neo-Stokavian dialects (and thus in Standard Croatian), the distinction of falling and rising tones is indeed a pitch accent/tonal distinction (cf. also [Лехисте, ИвиЬ 1996: 288]).
4 Similar systems, with various phonetic realizations, exist in Old Stokavian, Kajkavian and Cakavian as well—e.g. the most archaic dialects (Stokavian/Kajkavian/Cakavian alike) will distinguish ruka (pretonic length and final accent)—acc. sg. rüku and luka—acc. sg. luki (the Neo-Stokavian rising accents originate in stress retraction). Non-Neo-Stokavian dialect may also exhibit various stress retractions, e.g. some Cakavian and most Kajkavian dialects have rüka/lüka (with the so-called "neo-acute" intonation, which is a slowly rising, level or slowly falling tone) instead of the older final accentuation (that corresponds to the final accentuation in, for instance, Russian).
adduced above are pronounced with the same accent—slava, magla, trava, etc. The (morphologically conditioned) accentual mobility is also greatly reduced, cf. ZgD kokos—gen. pl. kokosi—dat/loc/instr. pl. kokosima to SC kokos—gen. pl. kokosz—dat/loc/instr. pl. kokosima (though paradigmatic mobility can be reduced in some Neo-Stokavian dialects as well).5 However, words can still be distinguished by stress position, e.g. ZgD plakat 'to cry' (SCplakati, dial. Neo-Stok.plakat) butplakat 'poster, placard' (SCplakat), or morala 'she had to' (SC morala) and morala 'moral [gen. sg.]' (SC morala). More or less the same type of accentual system (a paradigmatically simplified dynamic accent system) appears in some other big cities like Rijeka or Pula on the north-west coast.
There are various conflicting prestige patterns when it comes to the accentual system. The SC accentual system is prestigious - being used (fully or in partial approximation) by TV and radio announcers, actors in classical plays, many educated speakers, etc. It is prestigious mostly in formal situations (e.g. on television, public speaking, in schools, when reading, etc.) and only when "de-localized", i.e. when the Neo-Stokavian accentual system is not interrelated with regional phonetic characteristics (and when the Neo-Stokavian accent is not too salient—e.g. when the lengths are not too long, tones too "exaggerated" and regional sounding, etc.). If paired with various regional characteristics (but sometimes also without it), Neo-Stokavian accent is paradoxically also often perceived as a "redneck accent" (Croatian seljacki naglasak '[lit.] peasant accent'), due to it being spoken in many rural areas6 and not being the accent of the capital. On the other hand, ZgD accent, though not standard, is also prestigious (especially in non-formal but sometimes in formal situations7), being the accent of the capital8 (and of many media workers, public officials, public intellectuals, etc. from Zagreb). This is demonstrated by the fact that some Neo-Stokavians (and other newcomers) partially or fully adapt to the ZgD accent—this also occurs with some journalists of Neo-Stokavian origin in the media.9 The ZgD accent (both its nature and stress position) is an important
5 Some of the existing cases of mobility in ZgD seem to be in the process of disappearing, e.g. ZgD gen. sg. imena—gen. pl. imena ('name', cf. SC gen. sg. 'imena—gen. pl. iména) is slowly neutralizing in gen. sg/pl. imena.
6 Though two of the largest four cities (Split and Osijek) also have Neo-Stokavian dialects.
7 Zagreb dialect speakers often perceive the Zagreb accent as "neutral" (meaning primarily the Zagreb phonology and prosody), and other speakers as "having an accent."
8 [Auer 2007: 111] mentions cases where the vernacular of the capital is closer to the standard variety than the dialect of newcomers. For Zagreb, this is true in some cases (e.g. for Zagreb morphology which is closer to the standard one than a morphology of some rural Kajkavian dialect), but not in the case of accentuation if the newcomer is Neo-Stokavian (though Zagreb accentuation is, considering stress positions, closer to the standard one if compared to rural Kajkavian dialectal accentuation).
9 Thus, for instance, an ex-journalist of the national Croatian radio-television (HRT) Hloverka Novak-Srzic, raised in the Neo-Stok. town of Makarska (later living and working in Zagreb), often partially accommodates to ZgD accent, at least when
and recognized feature of ZgD and a strong indicator of local identity—a non-ZgD accent is not very stigmatized socially among adults since almost half of Zagreb's population was born outside of Zagreb,10 but it is very stigmatized among elementary and high school children in Zagreb.
The question is—how do native speakers of the Zagreb dialect (with a simple dynamic stress) adapt to the complex pitch accent system of Standard Croatian? The fact is that the only speakers of SC that use a full-fledged (or near full-fledged) Neo-Stokavian accentual system (with the distinction of falling and rising tones), apart from very rare professionals (like some actors, media workers, philology university professors, etc.), are those that are native speakers of Neo-Stokavian (or are, less frequently, of Neo-Stokavian origin through parents). Non-Stokavian speakers generally cannot speak the standard dialect with the accentual system formally described in the SC grammar books and dictionaries (this goes for most non-Stokavian Croatian language experts as well). One of the tasks of this paper is to look at how speakers of the ZgD cope with SC accentuation.
It is a well-known fact that informants tend to speak differently when reading, shifting their pronunciation more toward the standard (cf. e.g. [La-bov 20062: 23, 150-151, 386, 394, 398; Bell 2007: 95]). This is also clear for many speakers of the ZgD. In 2010, the author of this paper interviewed a university-educated female speaker from Zagreb (born in 1944). In a one-
speaking publicly (obviously considering it as prestigious). Thus, even when being a guest in a show at the (Neo-Stokavian) Split based TV station (https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=G1R6Ixj6S1M; last access on 23.06.2018), instead of saying ponizi 'he humiliates' and ispricavam 'I apologize' (which would be the accent in SC and her native dialect) she pronounces these verbs at the opening of the show as ponizi and ispricavam in an approximation to ZgD pronunciation ponizi and ispricaivam (for many native speakers of Neo-Stokavian, it is difficult to eliminate tones and distinctive length when trying to speak ZgD so they just shift the stress position, while maintaining tone and stressed length distinctions intact). The host of the show Nedjeljom u dva Aleksandar Stankovic is also a good example—he is originally a Neo-Stokavian speaker living in Zagreb. When talking, he mixes his native dialect pronunciation (which is rather close to the officially prescribed norm) and approximations of ZgD accent (with which he is surrounded in everyday life and which he obviously regards as prestigious, though formally clashing with the official norm). Thus, for example, he says (4 April 2014) napraviti 'to do' (approximation of ZgD napmviti with dynamic stress), izvukli (2x) 'you took out' (approximation of ZgD izvUkli) but zauzimate 'you support/solicit' (no posttonic length in his dialect in this position),program (2x) (cf. SC napraviti, izvukli, zauzimate,program). Of course, in other cases he (and some other Neo-Stokavians in Zagreb) would also pronounce zauzimate and program (in approximation for ZgD zauzimate,program). It is much less frequent that original speakers of Neo-Stokavian adapt completely to ZgD accent and dynamic accent (and use it both privately in Zagreb and publicly), though such cases do exist as well.
10 According to the 2011 census (http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/results/ htm/h01_01_25/h01_01_25_zup21.html; last access on 23.06.2018), 406.598 of 790.017 Zagreb inhabitants were born in Zagreb. Also, many ZgD speakers have at least one parent, and many have both of them, born outside of Zagreb (many of those are Neo-Stokavian speakers), which certainly has significant linguistic consequences.
hour long sociolinguistic interview, she had no less than 100% of normal ZgD accents, when using her usual vernacular (the interviewer also spoke with ZgD accent during the interview). Thus, for instance, she produced sentences like ovaj rezis'er koi je topostavio, on to mozepostavit u kazalistu. . 1 'the director that made the play, he can make it in the theater. . .', with typical ZgD forms like rezis'er 'director', postivio 'made/put' andpostavit 'to make/put' (cf. SC reziser, postavio, postaviti). However, when reading a short written passage, she had 23.33% of SC stress positions (i.e. the stress position was shifted to the SC position in 7 of 30 words in the text in which the ZgD and SC had differing stress positions). Thus, she read sentences like podizu se javne zgrade i organizira se javni prjevos 'public buildings are erected and public transportation is being organized', with organizi rase 'it is being organized' with the ZgD accent but podizu 'they erect' with SC stress position (cf. SC podizu and the usual ZgD accent podizu). This is a common phenomenon in Zagreb. One must note here that what the speakers of the ZgD do is just shift the stress position (e.g. from podizu to podizu in imitation of the SC podizu), while ignoring the tones and lengths, which are impossible to pronounce for a ZgD speaker, because their native dialect has no distinctive pitch/length. Of course, the 23.33% given above is just one example, given as an illustration, and valid for one individual speaker of ZgD only. The exact percentage of adaption of ZgD speakers to SC accent position when reading a text cannot be ascertained without special empiric research—this probably varies a lot, depends on various social and linguistic variables (like education, occupation, perhaps gender, dialectal background), etc.
The change in stress position, in an approximation of the SC accentuation (for instance, ZgD speakers pronouncing kolac 'cake' in formal style instead of the usual ZgD kolac, using the SC form kolac as the model, but disregarding the short rising tone and posttonic length), has been noted in the literature ([Kapovic 2007: 71; Idem 2011a: 68; Idem 2015: 36 g], not only for Zagreb dialect speakers, but has never been empirically studied12. This is the aim of this paper—to see how this accommodation by the ZgD speakers to the SC accentuation occurs,13 how frequently it occurs, how many Zagreb
11 The accent is marked only on the forms relevant for our discussion here.
12 What prescriptive Croatian linguistics likes to do is to pretend that it is really important for everybody to learn the standard orthoepy, while completely disregarding the fact that it cannot be done, at least not in full, and that it is not done in practice. In any case, a partial accommodation to the Standard will be considered as "insufficient"
and unworthy of serious research (the "serious" researchers, of course, focusing on prescriptive pseudolinguistics or, in the best case scenario, on rural dialects, etc.).
13 The term accommodation is used here neither in the sense of interpersonal accommodation (convergence) to an interactant, nor to long-term dialect accommodation [Auer 2007: 109], but as accommodation to formal conditions (in this case appearing on national television) in which speakers are expected to speak in a formal (i.e. more standard) manner.
speakers exhibit it, and what theoretical conclusions one can draw from this phenomenon.
An average ZgD (and Croatian, more generally) speaker perceives the difference between SC and ZgD accent position as a simple rule that the SC accent is always to the left of the ZgD accent—as in some of the forms we have already seen (e.g. SC podizu and ZgD podizu, SC kolac and ZgD kolac). This is indeed true in many instances, but the real differences in stress position of SC and ZgD are actually more complex. Cf. also e.g. SC autobus 'bus' ~ ZgD autobus, SC zivotopis 'CV' ~ ZgD zivotopis, SCplemenit 'noble' ~ ZgDplemenit, or SC dalekozor/dalekozor 'binoculars' ~ ZgD dalekozor, etc. However, while certain more educated ZgD speakers do know that, for instance, the accent zivotopis (the ZgD approximation of the SC accent) is the standard one, the only sociolinguistically salient perception is that "the standard accent is often on the syllable preceding the stressed one in Zagreb dialect" (see below for the usual accommodation types), e.g. ZgD junik 'hero' ~ SCjunak (jutnak in ZgD approximation of SC), ZgD nalizit(i) 'to find' ~ SC nalaziti (nilaziti in ZgD approximation of SC),14 etc.
This research is based on the data provided by 16 native speakers of the Zagreb dialect that appeared from 2010 to 201615 in a popular show Nedjeljom u dva ('Sunday at two [o'clock]') on the Croatian Radio-Television (HRT—the national public broadcaster in Croatia).16 This show was chosen because it has one guest only, provides almost a full hour of data, and is probably one of the most formal situations in which a speaker can ever find himself—speaking on prime-time television17 (especially since the show is usually "serious", not just light entertainment). Thus, there is pressure on the speaker to talk as formally as possible, i.e. to adapt to viewers expecting a more formal variety of speech (cf. [Bell 1984: 172; Idem 2007: 97]).
The only conditions for a speaker to be randomly chosen for this research were that s/he was born and raised in Zagreb, that s/he was (if possible)
14 The historical origin of this relation is not always identical. In some cases, the Neo-Stokavian (SC) accent is to the left of the ZgD accent because ZgD preserves the older stress place (as injundk or nalaziti), while Neo-Stokavian experienced the so-called Neo-Stokavian stress retraction (junak > junak, nalaziti > nalaziti). In other cases, the reasons can be different—for instance, the relation of ZgD v(j)erovat(i) 'to trust' to SC vjerovati
is due to Neo-Stokavian preserving the old stress place, while the ZgD stress place is secondary (generalized) by analogy to verbs as ZgD bolovat(i) 'to be sick' (SC bolovati).
15 Most are from 2015 and 2016, but four older interviews had to be included (one from 2014, two from 2013, one from 2010) in order to take into account an equal number of female speakers (which are underrepresented in the show).
16 The shows are mostly easily accessible on the internet: http://www.hrt.hr/enz/ nedjeljom-u-2/; https://hrti.hrt.hr/#/search/term/nedjeljom%20u%20dva; last access on 23.06.2018 (however, HRT regularly takes off older shows). Some shows are available also elsewhere on the internet (www.youtube.com; http://www.dailymotion. com/; last access on 23.06.2018).
17 For sociolinguistic data from media broadcasts cf. [Milroy, Gordon 2003: 51].
a guest in the show in the last two years (the research was done in 2016), and that s/he spoke the Zagreb dialect (on which see below), while trying to get speakers of different age and sex (there are 8 males and 8 females in the sample). The problem with this type of data and sample is that it is not very heterogeneous—all interviewees in the sample are university educated (guests with only high-school education or less are rarely on the show), and most are middle class or even upper class. In the chosen random sample, 5 of the speakers are politicians (or were politicians at the time of the show), all of them highly positioned at one time during their careers, and most of the rest work in the entertainment industry (directors, actors, writers, singers):
Rajko Grlic (1947, male) —film director; Marijan Hanzekovic (1952, male) —a prominent lawyer and one of the wealthiest capitalists in Croatia; Vesna Pusic (1953, female) —former member of the government; Jadranka Slokovic (1953 or 1954, female) —one of the top lawyers in Croatia; Ivo Josipovic (1957, male) —ex-president of Croatia and a university professor of law; Vitomira Loncar (1959, female) —actress and theater director; Zeljka Markic (1964, female) —activist and business woman; Zoran Milanovic (1966, male) —exprime minister of Croatia; Milana Vukovic Runjic (1970, female) —writer and publisher; Mirela Holy (1971, female) —former member of the government; Ivan Goran Vitez (1975, male) —film director; Ivona Juka (1976, female)— film director; Boris Jokic (1976, male)—sociologist/pedagogue working at an institute and public intellectual; Dario Jurican (1976, male) —film director; Mirela Priselac (1979, female) —singer; Ivan Tepes (1980, male) —ex-vice president of the Croatian parliament.
Thus, the random sample taken from guests mostly in the last two years (with four older interviews due to gender diversity) is not socioeconomically diverse, which means that the results of the research can be taken as valid for educated, middle- and upper-class speakers only. It is possible that the results would be different in case of less educated people, but lower/working class people rarely get a chance to speak on such TV shows (at least not as the main guests). The speakers in the sample are also somewhat homogeneous generationally, since they are neither very young nor very old (for obvious reasons) —all were born between 1947 and 1980.
How do we establish who is a Zagreb dialect speaker? One criterion is that the person must be born and raised in Zagreb. In most cases, this means that s/he is a speaker of the ZgD dialect.18 The other criterion is that their dialect
18 This does not hold true in all cases. There are a number (but still a small minority) of cases where Zagreb born and raised children of Neo-Stokavian parents do speak Neo-Stokavian like their parents (either at home only or in general) and maintain the phonological and prosodical properties of Neo-Stokavian, like the full-fledged Neo-Stokavian pitch-accent system. Such cases sometimes appear not only in cases of individual speakers but in larger communities as well—for instance, in the
features mostly agree with what is expected of an average ZgD speaker—pri-marily that s/he has a dynamic accent (with the usual generalized stress positions), a phonological system that has no difference between c and c [te] (which are distinguished officially in SC and in many, usually rural or smalltown, dialects but not in Zagreb and most other big cities19), and a fricative [v] (this phoneme is the approximant [u] officially in SC and in many Stokavian dialects).
Many other traits of ZgD (both old and new) can occasionally be seen in our interviews as well (preserved in spite of the formal conditions of the speech act).20 For instance, realizing stressed /i/ as [i] (typical of some speakers of ZgD) like b[i]lo 'was [neut. sg.]', p[i]tam 'I ask', p[i]tate 'you ask [pl.]' (M. Holy, D. Jurican, J. Slokovic, I. Juka, Z. Markic); occasional final devoicing (e.g. ovok 'of this'—M. Hanzekovic, skim got 'with whomever'—V. Pusic, nàpret 'forward'—I .G. Vitez, mok 'my [gen. sg.]'—V. Loncar, bes 'without'—M. Holy; cf. SC ovog, s kîm god, nàprijëd, môg, bez); internal devoicing of v (acc. pl. nofce 'money'—V. Pusic, Sàfka [personal name]—R. Grlic, loc. sg. pràfcu 'direc-tion'—M. Holy; cf. SC nôvce, Sâvka, pravcu); Kajkavian vocalism in dve 'two [fem.]' (D. Jurican, M. Priselac; cf. SC dvije); Kajkavian syncope in vidli 'we saw', vidlo 'was seen' (D. Jurican, V. Loncar, I. G. Vitez, I. Tepes; M. Priselac; cf. SC vïdjeli, -o), veika 'big [fem.]' (M. Hanzekovic; cf. SC vëlikà), acc. sg. godnu 'year', gen. pl. godna 'of years' (V. Pusic, I. G. Vitez, I. Tepes; cf. SC godinu, godina, ZgD variant also godinu, -a), rnmrem 'I can't', rnmres 'you can't', nemre 's/he can't' (I. G. Vitez, M. Priselac, M. Hanzekovic; cf. SC ne mogu, nèmozes, nè mozé); Kajkavian apocope in ondk 'that way' (D. Jurican, I. G. Vitez, V. Pusic, M. Priselac; cf. SC onàko); colloquial (not only Zagreb) jel 'because'
neighborhood of Kozari Bok in Zagreb, where, due to a lot of recent, post-war Neo-Stokavian immigrants, many children tend to preserve a full-fledged Neo-Stokavian accentual system even in public (this should, however, be studied more carefully). Cf. [Auer 2007: 113] for such dense immigrant social networks that suppress linguistic accommodation to the dialect of the surrounding area. Such speakers would not be considered as ZgD speakers in this research and, in any case, do not appear in the sample. One may provisionally compare the coexistence of speakers of ZgD (which are the majority) and Zagreb-born Neo-Stokavian speakers (which are a tiny, though existing, minority) to, for instance, the coexistence of the local (mainly white working class) dialect of Chicago with African-American Vernacular English (spoken by many African Americans in Chicago). It would make no sense to research these different linguistic varieties as one and the same dialect just because the speakers of both were born and raised in the same town.
19 One of the speakers, Boris Jokic, however, seems to preserve the distinction, at least partly and not completely consistently (e.g. rea 'say': slucaju 'case', but takodzer instead of takoder 'also', and also Ilcic instead of Ilcic (surname)). It is not clear if this is artificial or, perhaps more likely, a residuum of his parental dialect acquired in early childhood. Still, due to his being born in Zagreb and other linguistic features, we have counted him here as a ZgD speaker.
20 The impression one gets is that specific Zagreb dialect characteristics appear more (or mainly) in the speech of those that do not have Neo-Stokavian parents.
(R. Grlic, Z. Markic, D. Jurican, I. Tepes; cf. SCjer); innovative gen. pl.pivi 'of beers' (D. Jurican; cf. SC piva, also neuter and not feminine gender); verbal forms dobimo 'we get', dobe 'they get' (Z. Markic, V. Loncar, M. Hanzekovic; cf. SC dobijemo, dobiju), etc.
Other colloquial traits, typical not only of Zagreb, occur as well: the loss of intervocalic consonants [Kapovic 2011b: 48] (e.g. treamo 'we need' — Z. Markic, I. Tepes; gle ajte 'look! [pl.]'—M. Hanzekovic, J. Slokovic, Z. Markic, Z. Milanovic, M. Holy, M. Vukovic Runjic; reatelji '(film) directors'—I. G. Vitez; viite 'you see [pl.]'—Z. Milanovic; neak(o) 'somehow'—I. G. Vitez, M. Priselac, neamo—J. Slokovic; cf. SC trebamo, gledajte, redatelji, vidite, nekako, nemamo); infinitives in-t/-c (e.g. radit 'to work'—V. Pusic, J. Slokovic, Z. Markic, M. Holy, napravit—R. Grlic, J. Slokovic, D. Jurican, I. G. Vitez, I. Tepes, M. Priselac, etc., rec 'to say'—J. Slokovic, V. Loncar, Z. Markic, M. Holy, M. Priselac, etc.; cf. SC -ti/-ci); sta 'what' (R. Grlic, V. Pusic, Z. Milanovic, I. Josipovic, etc.; cf. SC sto);21 etc.
These interviews provide us with good examples of how educated middle/ upper class inhabitants of Zagreb speak in the most formal situations. What we do not have, however, is a recording of the same speakers in non-formal situations. Considering the way they speak (e.g. having the dynamic accent and other traits of ZgD), it is quite safe to assume that (at least most of them) speak the usual ZgD at home and with their friends in informal situations—e.g., if they say both napravio and napravio 'done' on television that it would be just the expected ZgD naprav io in informal conditions, which is the only vernacular ZgD accent. However, it is not impossible that some of them, especially those with Neo-Stokavian parents and a high percentage of SC stress positions on TV (like I. Josipovic and B. Jokic—see below) exhibit such characteristics outside of formal conditions as well. While most people born in Zagreb speak the usual ZgD dialect (at least when it comes to stress and stress positions), it is not impossible that some have discrepancies due to the influence of their parents' dialects, or their social status (e.g. being a university professor), etc. Of course, more complex scenarios are also entirely possible—e.g. speakers talking one way to their Neo-Stokavian parents (or Neo-Stokavian grandparents outside of Zagreb), another way with their Zagreb friends, and in a different manner on television; or speakers speaking Neo-Stokavian as children, then switching to ZgD later, and later again partially accommodating to SC, etc. All of this has to be taken into account, though it would hardly change the bulk of the data or the results.
The aims of this paper and preliminary research are rather modest. One aim was to prove empirically that specific accentual accommodation to the
21 One guest (M. Priselac, a young singer—which is perhaps indicative) frequently used the dialectal ZgD kaj 'what' in the show—11x (including zakaj 'why', nekej 'something' and kaaznam 'I don't know what').
standard in formal situations does indeed occur. The other was to check if this phenomenon is typical of all or most Zagreb speakers or only some of them. Of course, this preliminary research can hardly plausibly answer all those questions (since the sample is small and only middle and upper-class speakers are represented) but it does offer us at least a glimpse of the problem. What this research also illuminates is the level of accommodation, i.e. how far a speaker of the ZgD accommodates to SC in formal situations. In spite of the small sample,22 as the results will show—the range of the level of accommodation seems to be quite large (from 0% to 82%). While the phenomenon of accentual accommodation is noted in the literature, as already noted, there were no empirical specifics nor any studies of the problem. Finally, the phenomenon of accentual accommodation will be theoretically discussed from a sociolinguistic and standardization point of view, which is perhaps the most important part of the paper. This research is not a detailed quantitative study of social variables in connection to linguistic variables. Due to a small and rather homogeneous sample (for reasons that are in large part technical as well23), it is not possible to plausibly check the relevance of age and gender on the phenomenon of accommodation.24 However, it does provide some general information about the phenomenon itself, which was previously not available.
The research was rather simple on the surface. One first had to find all forms in the hour-long interviews which had different stress positions in ZgD and SC, e.g. forms like unosim 'I take in' (ZgD unosim, SC unosim) or vojnik 'soldier' (ZgD vojnik, SC vojnik). Then lists were made of the forms pronounced with the ZgD accent (like unosim or vojnik) and of those with the accommodated SC stress place but with no tone/length distinctions (like Unosim or vojnik—which are the ZgD approximations of the SC accent). Then the exact percentage of the ZgD and approximated SC forms were calculated for each speaker. Most of the speakers had forms with both the ZgD accent and with the accommodated accent, often even in the same sentence—cf. for instances sentences (R. Grlic) pa ga neko osjeti i o njemu razmisli 'and somebody feels it and thinks about it'
22 The sample of 16 people is small if compared with traditional sociolinguistic quantitative research (cf. [Tagliamonte 2006: 32-33]) and if considered as a sample for the whole of Zagreb (790.017). However, as already said, only 406.598 residents of Zagreb were born in Zagreb (and most are speakers of ZgD) and only about a third of those are university educated (cf. http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2016/ SI-1582.pdf, page 204; last access on 23.06.2018). Nonetheless, provisional statistical results in this paper should be regarded as illustrative and not necessarily statistically representative for all college educated ZgD speakers. In any case, in phonetic research it is not uncommon to have even fewer informants.
23 Not all shows are available online, the number of female speakers from Zagreb in the show is rather limited (this is also true, to a smaller extent, for male speakers from Zagreb) and the greatest majority of guests are university educated.
24 In a way, this study concerns the "stylistic" axis of linguistic variation, not the "social" one (cf. [Bell 1984: 145]), though it deals with just one (formal) style.
and nesto ndpravi, ja to volim sam naprdvit'[. . .] does something, I like to do it myself', where one can see both forms with the ZgD accent (razmisli 'thinks about', naprdvit 'to do') and forms with the accent in stress positions typical of SC(osjeti 'feels', nipravi 'does'—cf. SC osjeti, ndpravi).25
While the task itself seems easy, it is not always easy to ascertain what the ZgD accent is. It is not a problem to determine what the accent was in its most archaic variety, but the dialect is now in fluctuation with many accentual variants appearing side by side. Sometimes, conservative speakers pronounce a word one way, more innovative ones the other; sometimes people pronounce both variants; sometimes speakers differ in the way they pronounce a form. Still, in many cases it is very simple to say what the ZgD accent is. For instance, it is easy to agree that vozdc 'driver' or prevodis 'you translate' are spontaneous vernacular ZgD forms, while the forms vozac and prevodis appear only sometimes in formal occasions as the result of partial accommodation to the SC stress position (cf. SC vozac, prevodis). The first two forms (vozdc, prevodis) are attested in the normal Zagreb vernacular and accepted as such by native speakers26, while the other two (vozac, prevodis) are not regarded as spontaneous vernacular forms27. However, with other forms, the situation is more complex—e.g. the original ZgD accent is nemora 's/he doesn't have to' (cf. SC ne mora), and it is the way some (especially more conservative) speakers still pronounce it. However, many speakers of ZgD now also say (either exclusively or as a variant) ne mora, with the shifted accent, presumably under the influence of SC (and Neo-Stokavians in the city) but perhaps also because of some inner-ZgD tendencies (the accent tends to shift to ne 'not' in the present tense of modal verbs, see below). So if a form like nemora is found
25 This kind of accommodation to the standard accentuation is a frequent phenomenon. For instance, most animated films are synchronized to Croatian in Zagreb by mostly Zagreb dialect speakers. Thus, one can hear instances like the following (from the short animated film Arthur, "RTL kockica" television, December 8 2016/January 6 2017): nemam otvàrac za konzerve 'I don't have a can opener'—nemas otvaràс za konzerve? 'you don't have a can opener?', where the first speaker uses the SC stress position in otvairac 'opener' (cf. SC otvàrac) and konzerve 'cans' (cf. SC konzerve), and the other (who at other occasions also accommodates to the SC stress positions, as in govoris 'you speak' instead of ZgD govoris) uses the forms with ZgD stress positions otvarnc, konzerve right after the first one.
26 Here I would like to thank Maja Milkovic, Daliborka Saric, Andel Starcevic and the rest of my numerous informants for the Zagreb dialect. The author himself is both a native speaker of the Zagreb dialect and, as a child of Neo-Stokavian parents born in Zagreb, of Neo-Stokavian (children of Neo-Stokavian parents in Zagreb that are able to speak Neo-Stokavian with all its tones are a minority, since the majority of such children use the Zagreb dialect accentuation only, but such heritage speakers do exist—the author of the paper is aware of at least a couple of dozen such cases in Zagreb).
27 Thus, the accentual accommodation phenomenon we are dealing with here occurs only in formal occasion—when trying to speak the standard language—it is not a feature of the vernacular (e.g. govorim 'I speak' is never heard in the normal Zagreb vernacular, only govo rim).
in an interview, this cannot be taken as an example of accommodation to the standard, since this is now also a vernacular form (at least as one possible variant) for many speakers of ZgD.
Some of the fluctuating forms,28 most of them seen in the interviews, are (oldest ZgD form—OZgD, younger ZgD version—YzgD):29
1) negative present of (mostly) modal verbs:30 YZgD ne moras 'you don't have to' (OZgD nemoras; SC ne moras), YZgD netreba 'it's not necessary (to)' (OZgD net^a; SC netreba), YZgD n^valja 'it's not good (to)' (OZgD neva lja; SC ne valja), YZgD n^volis 'you don't like (to)' (OZgD nevo lis; SC nevolis, dial. also ne volis), YZgD ne bude 'if it won't be' (OZgD ne bu de — but the original Kajkavian ZgD form is nebu; SC ne bude)
2) present tense (and imperative and l-participle) of prefixed -stanem, -stojim, -stajem verbs: YZgDprestanem 'I stop' (OZgDprestanem; SCprestanem), YZgD nastane 'it becomes' (OZgD nastane; SC nastane), etc.; YZgD postoji 'it exists' (OZgD postoji; SC postoji, dial. also postoji), etc.; YZgD prestajem 'I stop' (OZgD prestajem; SC prestajem); YZgD nestajala 'disappeared' (OZgD nestajala; SC nestajala), etc.
3) some infinitives and l-participles (of verbs with no vowel suffix before the infinitive -ti/-ci and participle -l-): YZgD pomoc(i) 'to help' (OZgD po-moc(i); SC pomoci),31 YZgD pomogo 'helped [m.]' (OZgD pomogo/pomogel; SC pomogao), YZgDpobjec(i) 'to run away' (OZgDpob(j)ec(i); SCpdbjeci),32 etc.
4) verbs in -ovati (infinitives and l-participles)33: YZgD dj^lovat(i) 'to act' (OZgD djelovat(i); SC djelovati); YZgD negodovat(i) 'to disapprove' (OZgD
28 In a quantitative study of the Zagreb vernacular, it would be possible to see the stratification of the newer and older forms, e.g. if younger speakers pronounce more forms like postoji (with the more innovative accent) rather thanpostoji (with the more conservative Zagreb accent).
29 In some loanwords, Neo-Stokavian speakers also vacillate, e.g. they use not only the SC form (with the retracted accent) element 'element', but also forms with no retraction: element. In cases like these, the author still decided to count forms like element as ZgD, because it is widely known that such forms in the formal standard have the retracted accent like element (i.e. element in ZgD approximation of SC).
30 The forms neznam 'I don't know', néjm(ij)em 'I mustn't', néjlam 'I am not giving', nebum 'I won't' are not relevant in this context since the base forms are monosyllabic, where ZgD always has the accent retracted to the negative particle ne (neznam functions prosodically just like the prefixed forms like sáznam 'I get to know'). Cf. also rural Kajkavian (in Turopolje, south of Zagreb) nebom [Sojat 1982: 410] and neznam [Kapovic 2015: 361]. The form némozes 'you can't' can only have this accent in Zagreb, due to the original (and still existing) Kajkavian form rnmres (cf. the accent ne mozes in Rijeka, which has the accentual system very similar to Zagreb—this accent does not occur in Zagreb).
31 Perhaps also in l-participlepomogla 'helped [fem.]' together withpomogla (SC pomogla).
32 Both of these have the -ne-present (ZgDpomognem 'I help',pob^gnem 'I run away'). In verbs with -e-presents there are no variant forms, cf. ZgD narást 'to grow'—narástem 'I grow' (there is no vernacular **narast in Zagreb, cf. SC narasti).
33 Most of these verbs are originally of literary nature.
negodovat(i); SC nègodovati); YZgD skolovat(i) 'to school' (OZgD skolovat(i); SC skolovati); YZgD stzvjetovat(i) 'to advize' (OZgD savjetovat(i); SC savjetovati; YZgD sùdjelovat(i) 'to be a part of'(OZgD sudjelovat(i); SC sùdjelovati), etc.34
5) feminine nouns with (usually) older internal stress:35 YZgD lopata 'shovel' (OZgD lopata; SC lopata); YZgD kosara 'basket' (OZgD kostzra; SC kosara); YZgD Pesc^nica 'a neighborhood in Zagreb' (OZgD Pescenica; SC Pescènica), etc.
6) individual "bookish" sounding words: YZgD istrazivacki 'research-' (OZgD istrazivacki — cf. ZgD istrazivcic 'researcher'; SC istrazivacki), YZgD odredeni [adj.] 'certain' (OZgD also odredeni but always odreden [part.] 'set'; SC àdrëdenî), YZgD okrugli stol 'round table' (but often okrùgli 'round' outside of the phrase; SC okrugli), etc.
The main types that show the change of the stress position in accommodation to SC are:
1) verbs (infinitive, present tense, past participle, passive participle, verbal nouns): e.g. ZgD izvdditi 'to take out' ^ izvaditi (cf. SC izvaditi), ZgD unosim 'I carry in' ^ unosim (cf. SC ùnosim), ZgD povùkla 'she pulled' ^ povukla (cf. SC povukla), ZgD podjeljen 'dealt out' ^ podjeljen (cf. SC podijëljeri), ZgD izvodenje 'performance' ^ izvodenje (cf. SC izvodenje)
2) some negated presents: e.g. ZgD ne jcùje 'doesn't hear' ^ nècuje (cf. SC nè cujë)
3) oxytonic and paroxytonic forms (nouns, adjectives, adverbs): e.g. ZgD dijalog 'dialogue' ^ dijalog (cf. SC dijàlog), ZgD cuvCr 'keeper' ^ cùvar (cf. SC cùvar), ZgD reforma 'reform' ^ reforma (cf. SC réforma), ZgD ujùtro 'in the morning' ^ ùjutro (cf. SC ùjutro)
4) some preposition + pronoun combinations: e.g. ZgD za mene 'for me' ^ za mene (cf. SC zà mene)
34 However, the frequent verb v(j)erovat(i) 'to believe, trust' still has just the older ZgD accent (though this accent is, diachronically speaking, secondary in comparison to SC vjërovati). In these words, SC preserves the old (Proto-Slavic) accentual distinction between verbs like ljëtovati 'to spend summer vacations' and bolovati 'to be ill', while OZgD generalizes the same accentual type in all cases (l(j)etovat like bolovat). In other words, while Stokavian can preserve the original accentual oppositions in verbs in -ovati (though secondary accent forms due to levelling, like bolovati, occur there as well), with some verbs having root accent and other suffix accent (due to different original accentuation of the root), ZgD never distinguishes the types vjërovati and kupovati 'to buy' in the infinitive (ZgD v(j)erovat(i), kupovat(i)—however, OZgD has verujem 'I belive' but kupijem 'I buy' in the present). ZgD can be superficially phonetically more archaic when it comes to preserving the older stress position (e.g. ZgD can preserve the old stress position in lopata 'shovel', while the accent is retracted in SC lopata), Neo-Stokavian (and SC) are always more archaic than ZgD when it comes to preservation of the old paradigmatic oppositions. Cf. also the following footnote for the case of the -ovina suffix.
35 In some cases, the historical origin is slightly different. Thus, older ("more vernacular") ZgD Hercegovim 'Herzegovina' is not the older accent in absolute sense but due to analogy to forms like imovina 'property', kupovina 'buying', etc., while younger ZgD Hercegovina is due to the influence of SC Hèrcegovind.
When the speakers of the ZgD accommodate to SC accentuation, sometimes hypercorrect forms occur. For instance, standard verbs like napraviti 'to make, do' (present napravim 'I do'), with the accent on the first syllable in all forms (napravljen 'done, made', napravio 'did', napravi! 'do!'), are approximated to napraviti—napravim, etc. (cf. ZgD napravit(i)—napravim with the fixed stem-stress in all forms). However, in verbs like the standard najaviti 'to announce' only the present tense (1sg najavim) and the participle najavljen 'announced [passive]' (cf. ZgD najavit(i)—naja vim—naja vljen with the fixed stress, just like in napraviti) have the shift (cf. najavio 'announced [active]', najavi! 'announce!'). Thus, by analogy to the approximated najavim—najavljen and napraviti—napravio—napravi!, it is easy for Zagreb dialect speakers to produce hypercorrect forms like najaviti (though Stokavian has najaviti). Since the speakers of ZgD do not have a distinction between praviti 'to make' andjaviti 'to let know' (" shifts to the preceding syllable in Neo-Stokavian but ' does not), and have to memorize that the accent shifts in najavim and napraviti but not in najaviti, it is relatively easy for them to produce hypercorrect forms like najaviti, which are then often scorned by Neo-Stokavians, who feel these forms as "made up" and "non-existent". Neo-Stokavians sometimes protest (for instance in social media, in letters to the traditional media, in listeners' calls, etc.) against the public (TV or radio) use of ZgD forms such napraviti— hypercorrect forms often cause even more protests. Such hypercorrect forms can, for instance, be produced by journalists from Zagreb (or Rijeka, etc.) trying to accommodate to SC, but making mistakes while doing so. It would perhaps be expected that such hypercorrections would feature highly in our sample of Zagreb speakers. However, somewhat surprisingly, there are almost no examples of it in our corpus—the only real example is gen. sg. odazivanja 'responding to' (J. Slokovic, cf. SC odazivanja, ZgD odazivanja).36 This is one of the surprising minor findings of the research. While one would have to research the accentual accommodation of journalists from Zagreb to make plausible conclusions (to see how many hypercorrections they exhibit), one can speculate that there are almost no examples of hypercorrection in our corpus because most of the speakers in question feel the need to accommodate to SC, but do not feel the pressure to get every (or most) SC stress positions right, as perhaps the journalists do (due to public speaking being their job).37 Thus,
36 There are other two possible instances, that are, however, slightly strange. The same speaker also says tjeskobe 'anguish [nom. pl.]' (cf. SC tjeskobe and ZgD tjesko be—this is a rather "bookish" word), but this would be an unusual hypercorrection. One other speaker (I. Tepes) pronounced postovati 'to honor' (2x) (cf. SC postovati and ZgD postovat(i)), which may be a hypercorrection, but it could also be due to the mentioned ZgD innovative tendency to shift the accent to the root in the verbs in -ovati (under the influence of Stokavian), for which see above.
37 Cf. e.g. the announcer (a native of Kajkavian Pitomaca) of the central informative show Dnevnik on HRT national television (December 21st 2016) saying the hypercorrect pozelio 'wished [m.]' (cf. ZgDpozelio and SCpozelio).
our speakers would accommodate to the SC accentuation only in instances when they are sure of the accent's position in SC and just leave the ZgD stress positions where they are not sure. There are perhaps some indications that would support this hypothesis. If we take a look at the five speakers that shift the accent in 20% or less of the instances, one can see that this occurs in some frequent and known verbs, where the speakers are sure the SC stress positions is different from the one in ZgD. These are forms like (various others could be listed as well):
1) the derivatives of -laziti like SC dolaziti 'to come', ùlaziti 'to come in' etc. (ZgD dolàzit(i), ul^zit(i)): prolaze 'they pass through' (2x), ùlaze 'they come in', odlaze 'they go out' (V. Pusic), dolaze 'they come' (V. Pusic—4x, M. Vukovic Runjic), odlazi 's/he goes away' (M. Vukovic Runjic), nalazimo 'we find' (Z. Markic), prolazi 's/he passes' (M. Priselac)
2) various forms of SC nàpraviti 'to make' (ZgD napr^vit(i)): nàpravit (2x), ndpravi 's/he makes', nàprave (2x) 'they make', nàpravio (2x) 'he made', napravilo 'made [sg. n.]' (Z. Markic), napraviti (Z. Markic—4x, M. Priselac), napravimo 'we make' (M. Priselac—2x), nàpravili 'made [pl. m.]' (3x), nàprav-ljeno 'made [sg. n.]' (V. Pusic)
3) negative presents of frequent verbs like nèmislim 'I don't think' (V. Pusic, Z. Markic 6x, M. Vukovic Runjic), n^vidim 'I don't see' (V. Pusic), n^vidi 's/he doesn't see' (Z. Markic), n^duje 's/he doesn't hear' (M. Priselac)
4) present tense derivatives of -stavljati like prèdstavlja 's/he introduces' (Z. Markic, cf. SC prèdstàvlja), postavlja 's/he places' (M. Priselac, cf. SC postedvlja)
5) forms of vjërovati 'to believe, trust' (ZgD v(j)erovat(i)): n^vjerujem 'I don't believe' (2x), n^vjeruju (Z. Markic, cf. ZgD ne v(j)^rujem, SC nèvje-rujëm), vjerovao 'he trusted' (M. Vukovic Runjic), vjerovali 'trusted [pl. m.] (M. Priselac)
6) some l-participle forms of verbs with the present in -e- (where the accent is always on the first syllable in SC) like otisla 'she went', porasli 'grew up [pl.]' (M. Hanzekovic, cf. ZgD otisla, por^li)
7) prepositional forms with taj—ta—to 'this one [m/f/n]' like SC nàto 'on this [n.]' : nàtaj 'on this' (V. Pusic), zàto 'for this' (2x) (Z. Markic—together with ZgD zato 2x), ùjo 'into this' (M. Hanzekovic)
8) various ZgD nominal disyllabic oxytones (where the SC always had barytones) like Jordan 'Jordan [country]' (V. Pusic), problem 'problem' (V. Pu-sic—6x, M. Vukovic Runjic—2x), pj^vac 'singer' (M. Priselac), Hàjduk (name of a football club), proces 'process' (M. Hanzekovic), horor 'horror', demon 'demon' (M. Vukovic Runjic)38
38 This type of shift is sometimes attested in the vernacular as well, as emphatic means, but very rarely and only in certain forms—e.g. sometimes the usual kreten 'idiot' is
The rounded percentages39 of the use of the standard variants for the speakers in the sample are:
Ivo Josipovic (1957) 82% (199 of 242) Zoran Milanovic (1966) 63% (111 of 176) Boris Jokic (1976) 60% (160 of 265) Rajko Grlic (1947) 53% (70 of 133) Vitomira Loncar (1959) 43% (113 of 263) Ivona Juka (1976) 30% (59 of 194) Ivan Tepes (1980) 27% (48 of 177) Jadranka Slokovic (1953) 25% (53 of 210) Vesna Pusic (1953) 20% (35 of 172) Zeljka Markic (1964) 18% (38 of 215) Mirela Priselac (1979) 12% (15 of 124) Marijan Hanzekovic (1952) 11% (14 of 132) Milana Vukovic Runjic (1970) 6% (11 of 179) Mirela Holy (1971) 0,5% (1 of 206) Dario Jurican (1976) 0% (0 of 166) Ivan Goran Vitez (1975) 0% (0 of 144)
As can be seen, the range is from 0% for two younger male film directors (for whom, due to their age and occupation it is not difficult to imagine that they would aspire to local prestige, even on public television) to the staggering 82% of the older university professor, politician, composer and ex-president of Croatia (again, not surprising, especially considering his Neo-Stokavian roots). The statistics for the stress accommodation to SC stress position that can be drawn from the results are: average accommodation: 28% average male accommodation: 37% average female accommodation: 19% average politicans' accommodation: 39% average non-politicans' accommodation: 23% average accommodation by speakers born before 1955: 27% average accommodation by speakers born between 1955 and 1969: 51% average accommodation by speakers born before 1969: 39% average accommodation by speakers born after 1970: 17% What can we deduce from such results? The obvious conclusion would be that (at least for university educated middle and upper-class speakers in the
pronounced emphatically as kreten (cf. SC/Neo-Stokavian kreten), as in on je bas kreten 'he is really an idiot'.
39 The percentages are rounded because the number of variables is rather small so giving two decimal places could impy an actually non-existing accuracy (i.e. 69/133 is 51,88%, 70/133 is 52,63%, and 71/133 is 53,38%). Thus, rounded percentages are enough in order to give a good impression of the differences among the speakers.
most formal of circumstances) the accommodation to standard stress position is a real and rather frequent phenomenon, averaging at slightly less than 30% (the results change only marginally even if we do not take into account the top and lowest percentages). It is reasonable to assume that a similar average percentage would be obtained with a larger sample as well. This shows that Standard Croatian accentuation does indeed have prestige for the majority of (university educated middle/upper class) Zagreb-born speakers. Only two out of sixteen (13%) exhibited a completely vernacular accent—three (19%) if we add the speaker with only 1 accommodated form (n^jiaje 'doesn't give' for ZgD nejiaje, cf. SC néjiájé). 75% of the speakers (12 of 16) show more than 10% of accommodated stress positions, 56% of the speakers (9 of 16) show more than 20% of it, 38% (6 of 16) show more than 30%, and 25% (4 of 16) show more than 50% of accommodation. Obviously, one cannot claim that these numbers are indeed statistically relevant and we provide them here more as an illustration of a phenomenon in question.
Other possible conclusions that can be drawn from these statistics are also obviously very tentative and provisional, due to the small sample. Because of this, they should be regarded as illustrative only and a basis for more thorough research in the future. In our sample, it seems that men talk much more formally than women (37% to 19%). This seems rather odd, though it may not contradict the general sociolinguistic finding that "Women conform more closely than men to sociolinguistic norms that are overtly prescribed. . ." [La-bov 2001: 293], since this is not an issue of a vernacular exhibiting both the prestige and colloquial forms (as in English -in/-ing or the like), but the question of accommodation to the norms of the standard dialect in very formal conditions. However, this result may just as well be due to pure chance and the small sample, because the top four results are by males with Neo-Stokavian parents. It is quite reasonable to expect that the home language, if it is Neo-Stokavian (i.e. very close to Standard Croatian), can influence public speech— if a speaker is more familiar with this type of accentuation, it will be easier for him/her to use it more when speaking publicly/formally40. Thus, the difference between males and females in our random sample can be completely coincidental (male speakers without the highest four scores are at a meager 9%). However, the problem with Neo-Stokavian heritage and influence of the parents' (or parent's) dialect is that for most speakers in our sample it is not possible to know where the speakers' parents are from.41 Even if it is known (as
40 The speaker with the highest percentage of SC stress position (Ivo Josipovic) sometimes, though very rarely and marginally, pronounces even the SC pitch-accent prosodemes. He is the only one in the sample that does even though his regular system is the ZgD dynamic accent.
41 In the TV show that was analyzed in this paper, in the case of one speaker (D. Jurican— who had 0% of SC stress positions) we do know how his mother talks, because she actually appeared in the show (she had a very salient ZgD dynamic accent).
it is, for instance, for the former president and prime minister), that may not mean much by itself because it is impossible to know how they spoke at home when their children were growing up42 (as already mentioned, there are some Neo-Stokavians that do adapt to the ZgD accent—this is not very frequent, but is not unattested43).
The tentative results also seem to show that politicians (five of them in the sample) speak more formally (with more accommodation to the standard stress position) than non-politicians: 39% to 23%. This is a result that may be confirmed with a larger sample as well and, in any case, seems logical—politicians, due to the nature of their work, do have to generally appeal to everybody (to people in all regions), which makes accommodation to the standard dialect a good choice. In the case of M. Holy, the politician with just 0,5% of accommodation (all others have more than 20%), it may not be a coincidence that in the show she claimed that her (left-liberal) party mostly aspires to young people and to the North/North-West "urban" parts of Croatia (where in a number of cities "Zagreb-like" urban dialects are spoken or aspired to44). This perhaps may have influenced the way she spoke in public. Her being relatively young (born 1971) may play a role as well—it is interesting to note that the other younger politician in the sample, I. Tepes (born 1980), had a significant percentage of accommodation to the SC stress position (27%). However, unlike the left-liberal urban base in the North/North-West of Croatia that M. Holy aspired to, I. Tepes's party is right-wing to hard right, which makes adhering
42 Even speakers' recollection on this are of little, if any, use.
43 For instance, the parents of Ivo Josipovic, the ex-president of Croatia (who has 82% of accommodation to SC accent position), are from the Neo-Stokavian town of Baska Voda on the southern coast of Croatia. It is reasonable to assume that they spoke with Neo-Stokavian accent at their Zagreb home (since most Neo-Stokavians living in Zagreb generally preserve their accentual system), which then may have influenced their son, at least when trying to speak formally. However, the fact that they come from a Neo-Stokavian region does not necessarily mean that they speak/spoke Neo-Stokavian, as already said. For instance, compare the case of the brothers Mate and Goran Granic, both highly positioned politicians in the 1990's that also grew up in Baska Voda—both of them are now living in Zagreb and speak, at least in public, with the ZgD dynamic accent. Another similar case is of Milorad Pupovac, a long-time politician stemming from a Neo-Stokavian region, who also adopted the ZgD dynamic accent (even though he is also a linguist). However, cases such as these are minority cases. An indicative example is the one of the long-time mayor of Zagreb Milan Bandic, born and raised
in Bosnia and Herzegovina (thus a Neo-Stokavian). Despite living most of his life in Zagreb, he cannot get rid of his Neo-Stokavian accent (which even still has a slight Herzegovina regional ring to it), although he constantly tries to speak in Zagreb dialect for political reasons (often to the ridicule of many native Zagreb speakers because he usually fails miserably in trying to imitate the dialect).
44 For instance, Rijeka, Karlovac and cities on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula all have an accentual system very similar to that of Zagreb. Likewise, people from rural areas (where rural Kajkavian and Cakavian dialects, usually with pitch accent, are spoken) gravitate to that kind of urban dialects (and accentual systems) when trying to sound more formal (cf. [Kapovic 2004]).
to SC accentual norms more useful, since many of the regions that vote for the right are Neo-Stokavian. Of course, while this speculation could perhaps be valid for these two (and perhaps some similar) cases, there is no indication that political ideology influences accent in formal occasions in general (the four highest percentages were by speakers that are very openly liberal).
The provisional results also seem to clearly show that there is a big difference between speakers born prior to 1969 (who have a 39% average accommodation) and those born after (who have a 17% average accommodation). That the younger generation speaks less formally and adheres less to the prescribed norms than the older one is not surprising, and research on larger samples would probably confirm these results. What one cannot tell is whether this is a permanent shift (in which younger generations generally do not consider SC as prestigious as do older ones) or whether this is some kind of age grading (i.e. that people tend to speak less formally when younger and more formally when they get older).
What the results do show is that the standard accentuation does have prestige. If it did not, there would be no accommodation to it. But—if it is prestigious, why is it then just partially accommodated to? Why do speakers of the Zagreb dialect adapt to it only by way of stress position (while ignoring tone and length) and only inconsistently (in approximately 30% of cases)? Why did 15 (out of 16) speakers use just the Stokavian/Standard pronoun sto 'what' (and its common colloquial variant sta) and not the typically Kajkavian (and Zagreb) pronoun kaj (only one speaker used it, but probably consciously) in contrast to accentuation?
The problem is that the Standard Croatian accentuation is not a normative fact of the same level as the standard form of the interrogative-relative pronoun. While it is relatively easy for anyone to learn that in SC one ought to say not kaj but sto (though it may be more difficult not to use the colloquial variant sta when speaking formally), or that one should not say ideju 'they go' (which is a more conservative ZgD form) but only idu 'they go', the same is not true in the case of the accentuation. Standard Croatian (Neo-Stokavian) accentuation is rather complex (being a pitch-accent system with distinctive length) and for the majority of speakers with a different (especially dynamic) accentual system it is practically impossible to learn.45 Standard accentuation is not taught (except very shortly in theoretical terms) in school—even if it were, it would take years for a non-Stokavian to learn it. And even if non-Stokavians were all to learn it—it would be useless. As the case of Zagreb shows—the language
45 This is not the case in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where all speakers are either Neo-Stokavian or, less frequently, Old Stokavian (but that still means that they have all the Neo-Stokavian prosodemes in their dialect). In Serbia and Montenegro, as in Croatia (but unlike Bosnia and Herzegovina), there are also dialects with dynamic accentuation and the situation is rather similar, mutatis mutandis, to the one in Croatia.
works just fine without pitch-accent.46 Average speakers of Croatian, if they are not native Stokavians, never learn Stokavian accentuation in full, with the tones, because they have no need to and there is no social or linguistic pressure or enticement to do so. Exceptions occur only in very special cases—e.g. in the case of some actors, some linguists, announcers in national television, some people of Neo-Stokavian heritage,47 etc.
As we have seen, speakers are not always consistent in their use of certain standard features and forms, even in the most formal of circumstances. For example, while it is clear that the standard has only infinitives ending in -ti/-ci (and everybody would always write it like that in formal circumstances), that does not mean that colloquial short forms -t/-c do not also appear. They do—and frequently. The reason for this is not that it is difficult to pronounce or remember that the formal form is imati 'to have' and not imat—it is just that most speakers find it difficult to completely monitor their own speech (or simply do not consider it necessary to use the standard forms in a completely consistent manner). Thus, certain colloquial traits are preserved. Furthermore, since such features are rarely noticed by the public and ostracized, there is no real motivation to wipe them out completely in public. On the other hand, while it is easy to pronounce imati or to write it (and sometimes even say it) consistently, for a speaker of the Zagreb dialect it is practically impossible to learn the full-fledged Standard Croatian accentuation. Even if it were actively taught in school (which it is not), it would be very difficult. As already illustrated, the standard accent is just too complex for a speaker to acquire as a full-fledged system if their native accentual system is too different from it. The closest one can usually get, if natively speaking a dynamic stress dialect, is to partially accommodate in stress position to the standard (as we have seen). For an average speaker of an urban dialect with dynamic accent (like Zagreb dialect) it is virtually impossible to memorize all the words with a correct SC accent (including the cases where the accent is not on the same syllable) and to be able to pronounce the tones and length properly.48
46 Similar to how a foreigner can speak Japanese or Mandarin without the proper native tones and still be understood (if fluent).
47 For instance, a ZgD speaker with Neo-Stokavian parents may use only ZgD dynamic accent in normal everyday speech and most situations. However, being exposed to Neo-Stokavian accent since early childhood (through his/her parents but perhaps also through regular visits to Neo-Stokavian regions, where his/her parents were born), the speaker can have a passive knowledge of the Neo-Stokavian stress system and may occasionally, often only partially, use it when speaking in formal situations (especially if the speaker is of public profession—e.g. a journalist, politician, etc.) or sometimes when in interaction with other Neo-Stokavian speakers. Such and similar examples do exist.
48 Neo-Stokavian rising prosodemes are notorious for their complex nature—due to not having just the rising intonation in the accented word (which can differ in different dialects) but also exhibiting a high tone in postaccentual syllable. Thus, kora 'crust' is HL, while kosa 'hair' is LH (the postaccentual -a is low after the short falling accent and high after the short rising accent).
This is what I call the unattainable standard in this paper. By that I mean a feature of a standard language that is formally prescribed in grammars (and other standard-language handbooks), but which in practice (due to its complex linguistic features) is not adopted fully in formal situations by speakers because of differing dialectal backgrounds (e.g. in the case of the Standard Croatian and the speakers of the Zagreb dialect). The only speakers that can master the standard fully in that regard are those whose native dialect is close to the standardized variety (except for the aforementioned actors,49 TV announcers, etc.). Thus, formally prescribed features are in practice not really expected to be attained (though language prescriptivists will not admit this openly, nor will they sometimes even notice the fact).
In this regard, the formally prescribed accentuation in Croatian is not of the same type as the one prescribed in languages like English or Russian. There, the standard accentuation is (phonetics-wise) fairly simple to learn50— what is needed is basically just to learn that certain forms have a different accentuation in the standard dialect (e.g. that the word police is stressed on the second and not the first syllable51). In Croatian, for speakers of dialects with accentual systems not close to the standard one (not just speakers from Zagreb but from most Kajkavian areas in the North-West and from North Cakavian areas on the northern coast of Croatia), that is not the case. It is not that the standard accentuation is unattainable because it is just difficult to memorize the standard stress position in all forms (which it is) and because the accommodation to the standard stress position is only partial (which it is, as we have seen), but also because for non-Stokavian speakers it is phonetically practically impossible to learn it as a second system (especially since there is no social pressure to do that).52 That task would be not unlike learning a complex accentual system of a foreign language (e.g., a native speaker of English learning Japanese), the only difference being that it is not a foreign language. The accomomodation is not consistent in the already mentioned case of the infinitive (i.e. the speakers usually use both the colloquial imat as well as the
49 However, what one should stress is that actors that are not native Neo-Stokavians but are able to imitate the Stokavian accent (in case they need it in one of their parts), still usually speak with dynamic accent when talking normally in formal occasions. Also, some actors of non-Neo-Stokavian origin use the same type of approximated standard accentuation even when acting in very old-fashioned classical plays, where a very formal standard usage would be more appropriate.
50 Of course, Russian accentuation is more complex than English since the accent is mobile (e.g. golová—accsggólovu 'head') and more variation is possible.
51 For instance, this English word has initial accent in the US South (and in African-American Vernacular English) but has final stress in General American (Standard English).
52 Even when speakers of the Zagreb dialect move to a Neo-Stokavian region (e.g. to Split), they usually maintain their native dynamic stress, though there are also examples of total dialectal accommodation as well. However, in those cases speakers are immersed in the other accentual system, which is not the case with the standard dialect.
formal imati 'to have' when speaking in formal circumstances—cf. the English -ing/-in in this regard), however in that case it is not phonetically impossible (nor very difficult) to learn how to pronounce imati—it is just that the formal form is not always used. In the case of the unattainable standard (like the SC accentuation), many speakers are just not able to imagine how something should "really" be pronounced in the standard dialect. Thus, the standard accentuation is just loosely approximated (e.g. cuvar 'keeper' for the official SC cuvar), which is realistically the best an average speaker can do (in spite of the official grammars and prescriptivists pretending that it is possible to fully learn the standard accentuation, to which they will always pay lip service53).
Of course, Croatia is not the only example of such a sociolinguistic situation. We have already mentioned the similar examples of Serbia and Montenegro (which also have a Neo-Stokavian standard dialect, but not all dialects are Neo-Stokavian)—and of Slovenia, where only 1/3 of the dialects have pitch accent, while the standard accentuation is optionally tonal [Cf. Toporisic 2004: 63-64; Kapovic 2015: 84-85]. One could also adduce the examples of Lithuania or Japan, which also have complex standard pitch-accent systems. In Lithuania, the standard dialect also has a rather complex pitch-accent system with three prosodemes and complex mobile accent (cf. [Girdenis 2014: 240-246; Young 2017: 492-494]). However, just as in Croatia, the speakers from the capital, Vilnius, have a dynamic accent.54 When speaking the standard dialect, they still maintain their dynamic accent, because it is not reasonable to expect that a complex pitch-accent system can be learned in school or that it would make sense to insist on it. Of course, just like in Croatia, there are no communication problems. In Japan, the standard accentuation is based on the Tokyo dialect accentuation (cf. [Shibatani 1990: 186] for the Tokyo dialect, "considered as the standard language"55). Since other Japanese dialects have different accentual systems (cf. [Ibid.: 177-184] for a short overview of some systems), the only people that can speak Standard Japanese with full-fledged standard accentuation are generally the native speakers of the Tokyo dialect. Thus, even professors of Japanese, if they originated from, let us say, Kyoto or Osaka, do not use the officially prescribed Japanese accentuation but their own dialectal one.56
53 Thus, a well-known Croatian prescriptivist (with poor linguistic skills), Marko Aleric, will publicly insist that it is very important to speak with the full-fledged standard accentuation, but in reality even he himself usually uses the Zagreb dynamic accent (him being a native of Zagreb) and only rarely pronounces the Neo-Stokavian prosodemes (which he is able to accomplish due to his Neo-Stokavian parents and to him being a university professor of Croatian).
54 However, in the Slovene capital of Ljubljana a tonal dialect is spoken—though the majority of Slovene dialects have lost tonal distinctions (cf. [Greenberg 2000: 159-161]).
55 For a short overview of the Tokyo accentual system cf. e.g. [Haraguchi 1999: 5-15].
56 Cf. [Shibatani 1990: 186-187] for the concept of kyotu-go 'common language' ("heavily influenced by the standard but retains dialectal traits, such as accentual features").
Similar situations can be found, mutatis mutandis, elsewhere (for instance, in Latvia, Vietnam and other countries with complex pitch-accent/tonal systems in standard language and dialects).
What we call here the unattainable standard is a sociolinguistic phenomenon that occurs when a feature (mostly phonological or prosodic) is officially prescribed in the grammar of the standard dialect, but in practice it is not really acquired or acquirable by large groups of native speakers, due to the phonetic complexity of the feature and the lack of realistic social pressure and conditions in which such a complex feature could even theoretically be apprehended. In this paper, we have tried to illustrate this phenomenon with the example of Zagreb-dialect and Standard Croatian accentuation.
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Mate Kapovic
Department of linguistics
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
University of Zagreb
Ivana Lucica 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
Received November 25, 2017
