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THE TRIPARTITE PILLARS OF COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM INITIATIVES: DE-RADICALIZATION, DISENGAGEMENT, AND REINTEGRATION
DR. AYAZ KHAN
Chief Coordination Officer, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Centre of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism,
Pakistan
Email: [email protected] DR. MUHAMMAD QASIM Director General, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Centre of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism, Pakistan
Email: [email protected] MR. FAROOQ
Manager Enforcement, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Centre of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism, Pakistan
Email: [email protected] MR. FAZAL WADOOD
Manager MIS, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Centre of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism, Pakistan
Email: [email protected] MR. SHAHIN SHAH HASHMI Enforcement Officer, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Centre of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism, Pakistan
Email: [email protected]
Abstract-This study examines the lack of consensus among experts regarding the precise definition of de-radicalization. However, it highlights the identification of various factors that have been identified as potentially beneficial in the process of de-radicalization. This study examines the various factors that contribute to the well-being and recovery of individuals who have experienced trauma. Specifically, the focus is on education, familial and community connections, post-trauma employment assistance, and psychosocial support for trauma victims. By analysing these factors, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted elements that influence the successful rehabilitation and reintegration of individuals following traumatic experiences. This study examines the prevailing findings from a multitude of studies on counter-radicalization efforts, revealing a consensus that effective interventions necessitate a multifaceted approach. Specifically, this research underscores the significance of community reintegration as a pivotal component in preventing individuals from becoming radicalised. This study examines the diverse range of strategies and programs implemented by various nations in their efforts to facilitate the disengagement of radicals from extremist ideologies and violent behaviors. By analysing the approaches employed, this research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the global landscape of counter-radicalization initiatives. The findings shed light on the multifaceted nature of these interventions, highlighting the diverse methods employed by different countries to address radicalization. By synthesizing existing literature and empirical evidence, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the effectiveness and limitations of various strategies in promoting deradicalization and countering violent extremism. This study examines the limited understanding surrounding the indirect impacts of humanitarian programs on the process of de-radicalization. While existing evidence suggests that the promotion of humanitarian values can potentially serve as a deterrent to violent extremist ideologies and offer armed groups an alternative value system, the specific mechanisms through which humanitarian initiatives contribute to de-radicalization remain largely unexplored. By addressing this research gap, this study aims to shed light on the potential indirect effects of humanitarian programs on countering violent extremism and fostering de-radicalization processes. This study examines the efficacy of existing programs aimed at assisting individuals, highlighting the prevailing circumstances surrounding their effectiveness. This article provides potentially valuable insights for professionals operating within similar contexts. This research article examines the efforts to
combat violent extremism in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, with a specific focus on the process of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) of former members of armed groups. The study explores the multifaceted strategies employed to facilitate the transition of these individuals from military engagement to civilian life. By analysing the challenges and successes encountered during this reintegration process, the article sheds light on the complex dynamics involved in countering violent extremism and fostering social reintegration in Pakistan. This study examines the relationship between the reduction of aid and the propensity of individuals to join radical groups. Drawing upon existing research, the analysis highlights the potential consequences of cutting aid on radicalization. The findings suggest that there exists a positive correlation between the reduction of aid and the likelihood of individuals joining radical groups. This research contributes to the understanding of the complex dynamics between aid policies and radicalization, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches to address the potential unintended consequences of aid reduction. This study examines the impact of long-term refugee camps on individuals' psychological well-being and their sense of social significance, with a particular focus on the potential relationship between these factors and radicalization tendencies. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and empirical evidence, this research highlights the adverse effects of prolonged stay in refugee camps, including decreased levels of happiness and a diminished sense of personal worth. Moreover, this investigation explores the potential correlation between these negative experiences and the likelihood of individuals adopting radical ideologies. By adopting a scholarly approach, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the complex interplay between refugee camp conditions, psychological well-being, and radicalization, thereby shedding light on the multifaceted dynamics that shape the lives of displaced populations. This research paper examines the apprehensions individuals harbor regarding peace negotiations following a conflict, relinquishing aggressive strategies, and assuming financial responsibility for reparations. This research thesis examines the intricate relationship between radicals and society, focusing on the premise that effective communication devoid of violence necessitates a sequential process encompassing reconciliation, negotiation, and ultimately, de-radicalization. By exploring the interplay between these key stages, this study aims to shed light on the fundamental mechanisms that facilitate peaceful dialogue between radicals and society. This study examines the factors contributing to effective group disengagement among offenders, with a specific focus on victim-centered transitional justice instruments. By comparing the disengagement processes of offenders with the implementation of victim-centered transitional justice mechanisms, this research aims to identify the key factors that facilitate successful disengagement. This study examines the potential impact of restorative justice techniques, specifically public apologies and conversations, on the pursuit of justice for victims. While these techniques have shown promise in enhancing the restoration of justice, there is a concern that they may impede the process of radicalization reduction. The study aims to explore the dual effects of restorative justice techniques on justice outcomes and the pace of radicalization reduction. By analysing existing literature and empirical evidence, this research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with the implementation of restorative justice techniques in the pursuit of justice for victims.
Keywords: violent extremism; programs; de-radicalization; disengagement; reconciliation;
LEARNING THE CONCEPT
The user provided a citation for a publication by Mühlhausen in 2017. A comprehensive explanation was provided regarding the goals of Conflict Management, Transitional Justice, and De-radicalization, highlighting both their similarities and differences. Following the conclusion of the "war on terror," there was an increase in the number of individuals who expressed the belief that members of terrorist organizations should be held accountable and face legal consequences for their actions. The idea emerged when individuals recognized that former terrorists could potentially play a role in preventing extremist groups from recruiting new members (Bjorgo & Horgan, 2009: 1; Clubb, 2014, 2016). The study will primarily examine the dynamic relationship
between de-engagement and de-radicalization processes at both individual and societal levels, despite the significance of the topic. From this perspective, it is evident that by embracing reconciliation, engaging in negotiations, and distancing oneself from the conflict, it becomes possible to restore peaceful communication and transform the way this violent exchange is utilized. Furthermore, it is important to note that there is a possibility of reverting to a state of peaceful communication and transform this harmful exchange into a more constructive and beneficial interaction. The working paper proposes a set of steps, namely reconciliation, negotiation, and disengagement, to reconnect with violent Islamist groups. The purpose of these steps is to assist you in achieving the goal that I previously mentioned. The essay serves as a connection between studies on de-involvement and de-radicalization, as well as research on terrorism and conflict. The objective of research on disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) is to facilitate the successful transition of former combatants into state structures and civil society (Knight & Zerdem, 2004; Phayal et al., 2004). The studies on disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) adopt a similar approach, aiming to reintegrate individuals who were previously involved in combat into both governmental institutions and the wider community. The article has a significant issue that requires attention: it lacks a section specifically addressing detachment and restoration. The upcoming chapters will analyze and highlight the distinctions and similarities among the three ideas, as well as their respective objectives. To begin, I would like to provide you with a broad overview of the concepts of negotiation, disengagement, and deradicalization. The intervention of reconciliation
Despite the long-standing awareness of the flaws within the commission, extensive research on transitional justice has been conducted since the 1990s. This increased interest can be attributed, at least in part, to the establishment of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). The reason why truth and reconciliation commissions (TRCs) were initially named as such is because people held great expectations for their outcomes. Over time, people's optimism for a brighter future began to diminish, leading to the increased usage of the term "transitional justice" in everyday conversations. According to Buckley-Zistel and Oettler (2011: 25), the initial emphasis on justice in the change process expanded to encompass atonement and the pursuit of truth. There is a growing trend of increased activity and collaboration between the International Criminal Court and local as well as international courts. The reason for their slowdown in the late 1990s was due to a lack of political tools. However, they have since experienced a resurgence and are currently on the rise once again. Transitional justice has undergone significant changes, exemplified by the healing process following a civil war and the transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic government. Although these two processes are distinct, they are interconnected and cannot be isolated from each other. Restorative justice is a perspective on justice that differs from traditional approaches by placing greater emphasis on repairing social relationships and reconciling society following a conflict, rather than solely punishing the offender. In the context of restorative justice, the process of "reconciliation" aims to repair the harm caused by an offence to the relationships involved. Restorative justice and reconciliation share the belief that all parties involved in a conflict, including the offender, victim, and community, bear responsibility for resolving the situation. Norms for transitional justice and reconciliation are established during periods marked by civil war, regime change, and state terror. Reconciliation efforts aim to support formerly violent groups in transitioning to nonviolent means of reintegrating into society, while also addressing the needs of individuals who have experienced unfair treatment. Bringing the terrorist to the table talks
Engagement can be considered as a "soft power" approach that aims to alleviate tense situations and gradually instill a sense of adherence to rules among individuals. Exposing dissatisfied rising powers, rogue nations that break international law, and regimes that violate the human rights of their own people to a set of norms that encourages violence can be advantageous for them. The reason for this is that regimes that are western, democratic, and liberal are more prone to allowing violence to occur. In academic literature, there are at least three distinct theoretical frameworks that present conflicting arguments regarding the feasibility or plausibility of talks. The first
perspective is commonly known as "conventional wisdom." It suggests that it is advisable to avoid any form of engagement with terrorist organizations, particularly those involved in the "war on terror." In contrast, the second one primarily emphasizes Islamist terrorism over other forms of terrorism. When terrorists engage in acts of violence, it often has the effect of strengthening the cohesion within their group. Additionally, it may create an opportunity for dialogue with both their supporters and those they perceive as their adversaries. The central question in both negotiation and reconciliation processes is whether violence is necessary or if it can be avoided altogether. This question examines whether violence is used as a bargaining tool or if peaceful means can be employed instead. When reading books and articles about negotiating with violent groups, several recurring themes consistently emerge. Some of the challenges that can arise in this situation are related to trust and dependability. There may also be concerns about the high costs involved and the potential for disruptions in the process. Before we delve into the specifics of the proposal, would you mind allowing me a few minutes to discuss the significance of trust and negotiation in a relationship? According to F. Ghosn (2010), the mentioned short-sighted calculations can be seen as instances of "deceiving negotiations." These negotiations aim to undermine efforts towards peaceful resolutions and ultimately lead to the failure of the entire process. Please provide a citation for the information mentioned. Please provide a citation for the information mentioned. There are several challenges that need to be addressed, such as identifying violent groups and ensuring that they are provided with suitable accommodations (Pruitt 2006; Wanis-St. For democratic governments to maintain their power, it is essential to incorporate peaceful groups and gain public support. The Systematic Analysis of Disengagement and De-radicalization
This is the final part of our discussion regarding the process of Islamist de-engagement. In this discussion, we will explore the subject matter, provide clear definitions for important concepts such as de-engagement and de-radicalization, and delve into the various levels associated with these concepts. According to the statement, the process of deradicalization and disengagement can only occur once an extremist identity has been effectively restructured. It emphasizes the importance of factors such as identity, identity strength, and identity change at both personal and social levels in facilitating these transformations. The initial step in the process of group de-radicalization is the individual's disengagement and de-radicalization. This step typically occurs in a prison following the intervention or apprehension of a violent group. De-radicalizing a group involves taking the initial step. According to Rabasa et al., their study suggests that collective de-radicalization is the most effective approach to simultaneously change the behavior and beliefs of a significant number of militants, ultimately discrediting extremist ideology. While it is possible to deradicalize and prevent Islamist extremists from engaging in harmful activities, it remains crucial to address both their beliefs and actions to have a significant impact. The example of the Egyptian Islamic group highlights that disengagement has proven to be more effective in combating extremism compared to deradicalization. Deradicalization encompasses various aspects beyond an individual's political beliefs, including their perspectives on democracy, women, and other related matters. However, these views remain relatively consistent and do not undergo significant changes. Treatment at a rehabilitation centre has the potential to help certain individuals who hold extremist beliefs within the Islamic faith to reconsider and move away from their extremist ideologies. In the Middle East, having access to information is a significant factor that contributes to the difficulty of disengaging and ceasing radical behavior. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the number of programs currently running and their functioning, it is essential to have at least this information. Conducting a scientific study is challenging due to several factors. Firstly, the absence of control groups makes it difficult to compare and analyze the effectiveness of different approaches. Additionally, there is limited available information on existing programs, which hinders the ability to build upon previous research. Moreover, the eligibility criteria for participation in these programs are unclear, raising concerns that individuals with extremist ideologies could potentially qualify. According to John Horgan, there is a need for further research to determine the effectiveness of programs aimed at deradicalizing individuals and preventing radicalization.
There can be no withdrawal without mending fences indeed, no disengagement without reconciliation
The example of the Egyptian Islamic group illustrates that de-radicalization may not be as effective as completely abandoning a radical ideology. During the process of deradicalization, discussions are held to address concepts related to democracy and women's rights. However, these ideas remain relatively consistent and do not undergo significant changes. There is a possibility for individuals who have been radicalised by Islam to undergo a process of rehabilitation and potentially experience a transformation. One major challenge in disengaging and deradicalizing individuals is the lack of easily accessible information. It is difficult to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the various programs available and their functioning. The Middle East is known for having various types of barriers. The lack of sufficient control groups, limited information on existing programs, and unclear eligibility criteria make it extremely challenging to conduct scientific research on the topic of terrorist sympathizers and hardliners. John Horgan raises an important argument that emphasizes the necessity for further research to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of disengagement or de-radicalization programs. When addressing the issue of involving younger and more vulnerable individuals in efforts to prevent radicalization, it has been observed that former combatants possess certain advantages over external non-government organizations or government actors. This advantage stems from the legitimacy and credibility they hold within their networks. This observation is supported by studies conducted by Alonso in 2011, Alonso and Bada in 2016, and Clubb in 2016, who provide examples such as the ETA and the Irish Republican Army. Veterans who have experienced violent wars draw upon their own personal experiences to challenge the notion that violence is an inherent characteristic within certain subcultures of young individuals. According to Ferguson (2016: 12), individuals who hold the belief that violence is not a solution to any problem tend to disapprove of the celebration of violence.
Finding a solution to the conundrum of definitional questions
While words like "reconciliation," "disengagement," and "deradicalization" are commonly known, there is often a lack of consensus regarding their precise definitions and interpretations. The point being discussed becomes even more significant when considering topics such as terrorism, radicalization, disengagement, and deradicalization. Is the violence typically associated with terrorism distinct from the violence typically associated with other forms of violence, or is it merely a term used to categorize specific political groups? Schmid's research revolves around the notion that governments often overlook the needs and concerns of victims and their families in discussions about the impact of terrorism. This is primarily due to the limited attention given to victims and victimhood when addressing the consequences of terrorist acts. He is making this statement based on the knowledge he gained from his research or studies. Terrorist violence is distinct from other forms of physical violence because it always involves three key parties: the perpetrator, the victim, and the intended victim. Even if the victim belongs to the group that is the primary target of the attack, they are still considered a secondary target. In restorative and conciliatory justice, the perspectives of the victims, offenders, and the community are all taken into consideration to determine the appropriate outcome. This approach ensures that the final decision aligns with the opinions and beliefs of all parties involved. Many terrorists perceive themselves as victims and use this perception to justify their actions, arguing that their cause requires further victims. In cases where there is no universally accepted definition of the term "terrorism," it can be challenging to determine how to classify individuals who have been affected by acts of terrorist violence, particularly in legal contexts. Nevertheless, the term "terrorism" is commonly associated with acts of political violence. Radicalization consists of three key components: endpoints, context, and normative issues. Depending on the context, each of these factors can contribute to the process of radicalization in various ways. It is unclear whether the focus of this issue is on intellectual extremism or behavioral extremism. Furthermore, the concept of thinking or acting in a radical manner becomes unclear when it is juxtaposed with the violent actions carried out by terrorists. The content of what is considered standard fare is influenced by
factors such as culture, population, and historical periods. As a result, it undergoes shifts and changes over time. Behavior does matter
Based on various research studies conducted by Dalgaard-Nielsen (2013), Barelle (2015), and Horgan et al., it has been found that measuring concepts such as forgiveness, reconciliation, and the process of becoming less radical is extremely challenging, if not entirely impossible. While altering one's behavior may facilitate the demonstration of disengagement, it does not provide any insight into the extent to which one's opinion or belief has been modified. According to her, transitioning from extremism to mainstream society is the most effective method for an extremist to transform their identity, as she believes that our identity is fundamentally integral to our being. The reason for this statement is that the act of abandoning extremism is deeply ingrained in our identity. Personal growth can be likened to a street that has two lanes. In each lane, you have the option to move in either a forward or backward direction. Both Rabasa et al. and Horgan and Braddock highlight the common misconception that individuals have acquired knowledge from programs that fail to alter their thought processes. Both groups are advising against making this mistake. Given the significance of trust in negotiations, it is understandable to approach this topic with skepticism. This is particularly true because it can be challenging to assess the negotiating stances of individuals who have previously been involved in conflicts. It is difficult to determine whether a group is genuinely indicating their willingness to compromise and relinquish their position, or if they are simply using this as a tactic to buy time and rearm themselves. The course examines various approaches, including radical and moderate methods, to address significant problems on a large scale. Research involving former or current combatants is not feasible due to legal restrictions. According to Altier et al., researchers have limited opportunities to communicate with inmates beyond the confines of their facilities.
The contrast
Disengagement and reconciliation are psychological processes that can be compared to negotiations. However, they are relatively uncommon, to the extent that the term "negotiations" is not typically associated with them. Like how the resolution process was customized for the previous conflict, the reconciliation process for the current conflict should also be adapted to suit the unique characteristics of the conflict and the cultures of the parties involved. Furthermore, each society that emerges from a period of war possesses its own distinct concept of justice. According to sociologist John Rawls, the process of establishing justice is influenced by various factors such as the requirements, overall nature, and the capacity of a specific society to comprehend and implement a particular approach. According to Bjorgo and Horgan, it is necessary to approach the disbandment of terrorist groups individually, as each group possesses its own distinct history, current structure, and other distinguishing characteristics. The question of whether it is possible to generalize about the formation and dissolution of violent groups, or if each process of disengagement is unique, has not been answered yet (Bj rgo & Horgan 2009: 2; Cronin 2009). According to Rabasa et al. (2011) and Neumann (2013), the processes of reconciliation, de-radicalization, and disengagement are time-consuming, making it difficult for researchers to have a significant impact on external factors. Is it more crucial to prioritize the establishment of transitional justice mechanisms such as courts and truth commissions, or should we focus on the passage of time and the creation of new institutions? The cultural and national background of an individual significantly influences their ability to achieve reconciliation and disengagement/deradicalization. 2011: xxii). Amnesties are unwelcome interventions
Efforts towards reconciliation in various regions of Asia and Africa have demonstrated that prioritizing harmonious relationships and collaborative efforts holds greater significance than rigid adherence to legal frameworks. Additionally, the level of organization and stability within a society also plays a significant role in determining various outcomes. It is not surprising that there seems to be a lack of concern regarding holding the individuals accountable for the prolonged civil war in
Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, a society composed of various clans and tribes, it is believed that subjecting criminals to a defensive position during their trials further diminishes their popularity within the community. According to studies examining the factors behind people's decision to leave a group, amnesty programs are identified as one of the most significant reasons for their departure. Humphrey expressed a different perspective, stating that the amnesty programs implemented in Algeria following the civil war were intended to support Bouteflika's government and foster national unity. In Algeria, there is a legal prohibition against discussing or expressing criticism of the amnesty in public. If individuals continue to believe that resorting to political violence is the sole means of advocating for their cause or asserting their rights, those who choose to depart from this approach may be perceived as unsuccessful or disloyal. It is important to consider that psychologists Alonso and Bada caution against placing excessive emphasis on victims during the reconciliation process. Algeria is making efforts to suppress discussions related to the civil war, as well as debates surrounding the interpretation of Islam and its adaptation to contemporary circumstances. The potential consequence of this is that it may further contribute to people's unhappiness and potentially result in the emergence of additional radical groups. Schmid cautions that governments may sometimes prioritize peace over justice, potentially compromising the pursuit of justice. This situation may result in former terrorists or individuals who support them being appointed to significant public positions instead of facing legal consequences for their actions. However, there are instances where finding a fair and peaceful resolution is challenging due to factors such as short-term Realpolitik considerations, limited resources, or a lack of political influence. He believes that following terrorist attacks, it is important for the voices of the victims to be acknowledged and considered in public discussions. Their perspectives on countering violent extremism should be given due attention. This is because it is important for their opinions to be included and considered in the public debate that takes place following terrorist attacks. Mullins shares the same perspective. The person believes that deradicalization initiatives and the pursuit of justice, particularly for individuals affected by terrorist acts, are closely interconnected. This is a reason that supports the validity of the viewpoint. According to the authors, by meeting the needs of victims, there is an increased likelihood of each person experiencing improvement. Please provide a citation for the information mentioned. Making amends for past mistakes can play a crucial role in the process of repairing a relationship. However, I have demonstrated that granting amnesties or implementing lenient punishments play a crucial role in peace agreements, disengagement efforts, and initiatives aimed at preventing individuals and groups from becoming radicalised.
Choosing the options for victims
The public debate of the Egyptian Islamic Group has the potential to provide valuable insights into restorative justice. The individuals who responded were inquired about their willingness to consider amnesty according to their personal notions of justice, as well as their openness to exploring alternatives to incarceration. The results of the survey were thoroughly examined. After receiving significant media coverage, he discovered that the amount of financial aid provided to victims of the 9/11 attacks was considerably higher compared to the assistance given to victims of the Oklahoma City bombing. Restorative justice aims to repair the broken lines of communication among offenders, victims, and the communities in which they reside. In addition, it encompasses various forms of justice by incorporating a wide range of tools that are classified as "restorative justice." Next, I will discuss two methods that can empower victims, allowing them to have greater control over their situation and increasing the likelihood of obtaining justice. The user proposes several measures to empower victim groups, including increasing their strength, providing them with greater attention and recognition in the media, and, notably, granting them the ability to actively participate in the procedures of the criminal justice system. The victim impact statement could be relevant to this situation. The article explains that a statement made by a survivor, or the family of a victim serves the purpose of expressing to both the individuals accused of terrorism and the public, both inside and outside the courtroom, the extent of the harm caused and the unjust nature of the victimization. The information can be shared in both the courtroom and outside of it.
Restorative justice practices, which involve direct communication between the individuals involved, have the potential to enhance the traditional justice system in various ways. In a restorative justice process, it is typical for the victim, the offender, and their respective supporters to come together in a face-to-face meeting. The terrorist is confronted by the individuals he has harmed, providing an opportunity for the public to express their disapproval of the wrongdoing and the violation of societal norms. Alonso is uncertain about the effectiveness of these conferences in benefiting both victims and offenders, despite the positive portrayal of them in the media and the endorsement they have received from political parties.
According to Gibson's studies, it has been found that victims experience happiness when justice is served. Additionally, these studies indicate that victims express their happiness through positive means. Advocates of restorative justice argue that victims often express greater satisfaction with restorative processes compared to traditional court procedures. This is attributed to the opportunity for victims to engage in dialogue with the individuals who caused harm, receive an apology, and actively participate in determining the actions offenders must take to address the harm caused. " According to advocates of restorative justice, victims often express greater satisfaction with restorative processes compared to traditional ones. This is attributed to the opportunity for victims to engage in dialogue with the person who caused harm, receive an apology, and actively participate in the resolution process. According to Schmid and Mullins, they propose a process called "catharsis" where individuals who have committed violent offences express remorse by apologizing to their victims and seeking forgiveness for the harm they have caused. Gromet and Darley serve as excellent examples that highlight the significance of community involvement in the successful implementation of a restorative justice program. Many times, victims find themselves in a situation where they must choose between prioritizing their own needs or considering the needs of society. Despite their decision to move on, they maintain the belief that the punishment was justified and essential in ensuring the safety of everyone involved. Like the individuals interviewed in Alonso's study, the participants involved in Barrile's research program also engaged in conversations with criminals and derived their findings from the information provided by these criminals. The authors argue that the interactions between offenders and survivors challenge the commonly held belief that their relationship is typically anonymous and hostile. This allows the survivors to assess the level of sincerity in the offender's apology. These interactions present a counterargument to the commonly held belief that anonymous offenders and victims typically have a negative relationship with one another. According to Barrile, individuals often struggle to align their personal emotions with the societal expectations or norms established by mainstream culture. Individuals who have experienced the tragic loss of a loved one due to murder often exhibit emotional detachment and tend to have complex thoughts and perspectives regarding the death penalty. According to a survey, 85% of the individuals who support the death penalty are satisfied with its implementation. Some people claim that the severity of the crime and the emotional pain of losing loved ones contribute to their sense of satisfaction or contentment. While most individuals believed that the execution was just and expressed their support for it prior to its occurrence, it is crucial to acknowledge that there were individuals who held the viewpoint that the manner in which the execution was carried out resulted in the offender experiencing less suffering compared to the victim. The reason for this is that the killer was executed using a method that differed from the one used to kill the victim.
However, it is not as frequent for individuals to exhibit kindness and forgiveness towards others. The death penalty can be similarly discussed in relation to the topic. Like the death penalty, only 25% of the survivors are uncertain about their stance on it. Please provide a citation for the information mentioned. Barrile's conclusion is that even if victims felt sorry for or forgave their abusers, they did not show mercy towards them. During the restorative justice process, an individual's decisions and emotions can be influenced by their social environment. When the death penalty is a factor, it becomes challenging to implement restorative justice, especially if the survivors are willing to engage in a dialogue facilitated by mediation. According to the authors of
the study, they found that having a "forgive but die" attitude does not hinder the process of mediation when it comes to restorative justice.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of this paper was to consolidate various discussions on deradicalization, negotiation, and reconciliation, focusing specifically on acts of terrorism carried out in the name of Islam. When you combine these three ideas, they demonstrate the significance of having transparent communication, trust between parties, and a synchronized approach that incorporates both motivation and rewards for all individuals participating. The investigation explored how amnesties can have polarizing effects. It concluded that incorporating aspects of both restorative and retributive justice does not contradict the objectives of examining past events, providing justice to victims, and motivating individuals to participate in rehabilitation programs. Based on case studies, it has been demonstrated that engaging in negotiations with violent groups, achieving peace, and facilitating the process of leaving or de-radicalizing are all challenging endeavors that require a significant amount of time and may potentially pose risks. Further research is required in all three domains to gain a comprehensive understanding of how individuals who exhibit violent behaviour can and do undergo transformation, adjust their perspectives, and reintegrate into society. As a result, it appears that both perspectives suggest the initiation of further acts of violence. Regardless of whether individuals were taught to be violent, they bear full responsibility for their own actions and should be held accountable to the highest degree for those actions.
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