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11Трансформация экосистем Ecosystem Transformation
ISSN 2619-0931 Online www.ecosysttrans.com
DOI 10.23859/estr-230606
EDN VYQBFG
UDC 581.9:574 (1-924.8)
Article
The Trans-Siberian Flora at the border of continents (section Perm - Kungur)
Maria A. Galkina1 , Yulia K. Vinogradova1 , Aleksandra V. Stogova1* , Valeriy K. Tokhtar2 , Viktoria N. Zelenkova2 , Mikhail Yu. Tretyakov2 , Andrey Yu. Kurskoy2
1 N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow, 127276 Russia
2 Belgorod State National Research University, ul. Pobedy 8, Belgorod, 85308015 Russia *[email protected]
Abstract. The Trans-Siberian Railway connects Europe and Asia making the flora at this intersection of particular interest. When studying five railway stations and several spans of Perm Krai, 134 species of vascular (19 woody and 115 herbaceous) plants were identified. For comparison of local floras of the regions located along the Trans-Siberian Railway and adjacent to Perm Krai, we used the S0rensen's similarity coefficient. The Perm section (Perm - Kungur) showed the best flora similarity with the European one and by the aboriginal fraction - with the West Siberian site.
Keywords: S0rensen similarity, local flora, Perm Krai, alien species, invasive species
Funding. The work was carried out as the State Task of the Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, RAS "Invasive plants of Russia: inventory, biomorphological features and effective methods to control dissemination" (No. 122042600141-3) and with support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of the Collective Use Center "Herbarium of MBG RAS", grant No. 075-15-2021-678.
ORCID:
M.A. Galkina, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3707-1473 Yu.K. Vinogradova, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3353-1230 A.V. Stogova, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-1224 V.K. Tokhtar, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7417-4893 V.N. Zelenkova, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-7359 M.Yu. Tretyakov, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-8060 A.Yu. Kurskoy, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8400-0694
To cite this article: Galkina, M.A. et al., 2023. The Trans-Siberian Flora at the border of continents (section Perm - Kungur). Ecosystem Transformation 6 (5), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.23859/estr-230606
Received: 06.06.2023 Accepted: 09.08.2023 Published online: 01.12.2023
DOI 10.23859/estr-230606
EDN VYQBFG
УДК 581.9:574 (1-924.8)
Научная статья
Флора Транссибирской железнодорожной магистрали на границе частей света (участок Пермь - Кунгур)
М.А. Галкина1 , Ю.К. Виноградова1 , A.B. Стогова1* , В.К. Тохтарь2 , В.Н. Зеленкова2 , М.Ю. Третьяков2 , А.Ю. Курской2
1 Главный ботанический сад им. Н.В. Цицина РАН, 127276, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Ботаническая, д. 4
2 Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 308015, Россия, г. Белгород, ул. Победы, д. 85
Аннотация. Транссибирская магистраль соединяет Европу и Азию, и особенный интерес представляет флора ее участка на стыке этих континентов. В ходе проведенных исследований пяти железнодорожных станций и нескольких перегонов Пермского края отмечено 134 вида сосудистых растений: 19 древесных и 115 травянистых. Выполнено сравнение локальных флор соседних с Пермским краем регионов на протяжении Транссибирской магистрали с помощью коэффициента сходства Съеренсена. Максимальное сходство флоры пермского участка наблюдается с европейским участком Транссибирской магистрали. Однако сравнение аборигенных фракций флоры показало, что наибольшим сходством обладают пермский и западносибирский участки.
Ключевые слова: сходство по Съеренсену, локальные флоры, Пермский край, чужеродные виды, инвазионные виды
Финансирование. Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ГБС РАН «Инвазионные растения России: инвентаризация, биоморфологические особенности и эффективные методы контроля расселения» (№ 122042600141-3), а также при поддержке Минобрнауки России ЦКП «Гербарий ГБС РАН», грант № 075-15-2021-678.
ОКОЮ:
М.А. Галкина, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3707-1473 Ю.К. Виноградова, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3353-1230
A.В. Стогова, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-1224
B.К. Тохтарь, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7417-4893 В.Н. Зеленкова, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-7359 М.Ю. Третьяков, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-8060 А.Ю. Курской, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8400-0694
Для цитирования: Галкина, М.А. и др., 2023. Флора Транссибирской железнодорожной магистрали на границе частей света (участок Пермь - Кунгур). Трансформация экосистем 6 (5), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.23859/estr-230606
Поступила в редакцию: 06.06.2023 Принята к печати: 09.08.2023 Опубликована онлайн: 01.12.2023
Introduction
Having no natural analogues, trunk-railways are technogenic ecotopes characterized by the expected high proportion of alien plants in the flora (Ballesteros et al., 2021; Dubyna et al., 2021; Kotenko et al., 2022; Lozhnikova et al. 2023; Nikolin et al., 2022; Pysek and Hulme, 2005; Pollock et al., 2017; Senator et al., 2016).
The Trans-Siberian Railway is one of the world's largest transport arteries and the unique study site connecting two continents with a diverse range of native species. Previously, we have studied the "railway" flora of the European, Ural and West Siberian sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway (Tokhtar et al., 2022; Vinogradova et al., 2020). For regional biodiversity, railways have a dual significance. On the one hand, they provide plant dissemination over long distances, and on the other - serve as "donor" foci, from which unintentionally introduced alien species spread into the nearby phytocenoses (Christen and Matlack, 2006; Galkina et al., 2021; Hansen and Clevenger, 2005; Rashid et al., 2021; Wagner et al., 2021).
Perm Krai is a floristically interesting region with the natural border (the Ural Mountains) between the continents. The geographic location of the Urals with the plentiful industrial enterprises has contributed to the railway transport development and the formation of a developed system of railway tracks with a length of more than three thousand kilometers (Tretyakova, 2010).
The purpose of this study is to inventory alien plants of the flora of the Ural-West Siberian section of the Trans-Siberian Railway and to analyze their similarity with those from other railway sites.
Materials and methods
A vegetation cover was studied at the Komsomolskaya, Perm-1, Perm-2, Lipovaya Gora and Kungur stations, as well as at several stages of Perm Krai (Fig. 1). Geo-botanical descriptions were carried out on 21 sample areas in accordance with the standard methods (Abramova et al., 2011). Photographs of some species were posted on the iNaturalist platform (Seregin, 2020).
The study section of the Trans-Siberian Railway is located in the Cis-Ural southern taiga biome. The European section mainly passes through the Ladoga-Vychegda southern taiga biome. Beyond the Urals, the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses several biomes with forest-steppe vegetation, which differ markedly by sets of native species (Map "Biomes of Russia", 2018).
Using the Sjorensen Index, we compared the floras of the Trans-Siberian section located in Perm Krai with European, Ural (Sverdlovsk oblast) and Western Siberian (from Tyumen to Novosibirsk) ones.
Results and discussion
In the studied sites, we identified 134 species of vascular (19 woody and 115 herbaceous) plants (Table 1) from 37 families, among which Asteraceae (29 species), Poaceae (20 species) and Rosaceae (13 species) were most widely represented. The studied Perm and European (which unites the northern (Moscow - Yaroslavl - Kostroma - Kirov) and central (Moscow - Vladimir - Nizhny Novgorod) parts of the Railway) sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway demonstrate the highest similarity (Table 2). At the same time, the situation a bit changes if the native and non-native fractions of the flora are considered separately. For instance, the native flora consists of 34 families. Amaranthaceae, Oleaceae and Balsaminaceae are represented exclusively by alien plants (1-3 species per family) from 12 families, 9 of which include the native flora representatives as well. In terms of alien species (including invasive ones), the similarity of the Perm and European sites is much higher than that with the Urals and Western Siberia sections (37% versus 22 and 21%, respectively). As for the native flora, the best similarity (up to 50%) was established between the Perm and Western Siberia sections (Table 2).
At the Perm section of the Trans-Siberian Railway, 20 alien species were identified (Table 1). Among alien species (being invasive throughout the Trans-Siberian RR and included in the list of the Top 100
Fig. 1. Study sites at the Perm - Kungur section of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
European section Perm section Ural section West Siberian section
- European species - Asian species
| - Mediterranian species - Nortn American - East Asian species
- North Caucasian species ■ - North- Central American species
Fig. 2. The origin of invasive and alien species in different sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
most aggressive invasive species in Russia (Dgebuadze et al., 2018)), the species of North American origin (Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Amaranthus retroflexus, Epilobium adenocaulon, Erigeron canadensis, Hordeum jubatum, Oenothera biennis), one species of North Caucasian (Heracleum sosnowskyi) and one of Central Asian origin (Impatiens parviflora) predominated. When moving to the east, the share of European alien species increased, whereas the species with natural North and Central American, Asian, Mediterranean and Caucasian ranges appeared approximately in equal proportions (Fig. 2). This is, probably, due to the fact that the species native to the European area but alien for the Urals and Siberia were found in the synanthropic habitats and along railways, through which, apparently, they still continue dispersion to the east.
The "escaped" from cultivation European species of lilac Syringa vulgaris and S. josikaea were noted growing not in plantings but on railway or steep city slopes. Another shrub - Caragana arborescens, was also referred to alien species of introduced origin (Tretyakova, 2011).
In recent decades, the range of Lactuca serriola has expanded to the east. In the Urals, this species is alien (Tretyakova, 2011). We also consider as alien species Bunias orientalis, Cichorium intybus,
Table 1. Plant species identified along the Trans-Siberian Railway at the Perm - Kungur section. "+" - species present at the specified sections, * - alien species, # - species included in the Top 100 invasive species of Russia.
Plant species
Occurrence at the European section of the Trans-Siberian RR
Occurrence at the Ural section of the Trans-Siberian RR
Occurrence at the West Siberian
section of the Trans-Siberian RR
Acernegundo L.*# A. platanoides L. Betula pubescens Ehrh. B. verrucosa Ehrh. Caragana arborescens Lam.* Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall** Picea obovata Ledeb. Populus nigra L. Prunus padus L. Ribes rubrum L. Rosa majalis Herrm. Salix aurita L. S. caprea L. Sambucus racemosa L. Sorbus aucuparia L.
Syringa josikaea J. Jacq. ex Reichenb.*
S. vulgaris L.* Tilia cordata Mill. Ulmus glabra Huds.
Tree layer
+*#
+*#
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Herbaceous-suffruticous layer
Achillea millefolium L. Aegopodium podagraria L. Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Agrostis canina L. A. gigantea Roth A. tenuis Sibth. Alchemilla vulgaris L. Amaranthus retroflexus L. *# Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. Arctium lappa L. A. minus (Hill) Bernh. A. tomentosum Mill.
+ + +
+ +
+
+*#
+*#
+*# + +
+ +
+*#
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Plant species Occurrence at the European section of the Trans-Siberian RR Occurrence at the Ural section of the Trans-Siberian RR Occurrence at the West Siberian section of the Trans-Siberian RR
Artemisia absinthium L. +* +*
A. sieversiana Willd. +* +*
A. vulgaris L. + +
Asparagus officinalis L.
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
Atriplex sagittata Borkh.
A. tatarica L. +*
Avena sativa L.
Berteroa incana (L.) DC + +* +*
Brassica napus L. +* +*
Bromus inermis Leyss. + + +
Bunias orientalis L.* + +* +*
Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth + + +
Сapsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. + +
Carduus crispus L. + + +
Centaurea scabiosa L. + + +
Cerastium arvense L. +
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh.) Rydb. + + + +
Chelidonium majus L. + +* +*
Chenopodium album L. + +* +*
Cichorium intybus L.* + +* +*
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. + + +
C. vulgare (Savi) Ten + +
^nvolvulus arvensis L. + +*
Crepis tectorum L. + +
Dactylis glomerata L. + + +
Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski + + +
Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn.** +*# +*#
Equisetum arvense L. + + +
E. pratense Ehrh. +
Erigeron canadensis L. *# +*# +*# +*#
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench + +* Festuca ovina L.
F. pratensis Huds. + +
Plant species
Occurrence at the European section of the Trans-Siberian RR
Occurrence at the Ural section of the Trans-Siberian RR
Occurrence at the West Siberian
section of the Trans-Siberian RR
F. rubra L. Fragaria moschata Duchesne Galeobdolon luteum Huds. Galeopsis bifida Boenn. Galium mollugo L. G. rivale (Sibth. & Sm.) Griseb. Geranium sibiricum L.
Geum urbanum L. Glechoma hederacea L. Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden**
Hieracium umbellatum L. Hierochlöe repens (Host.) P. Beauv. Hordeum jubatum L. ** Hyoscyamus niger L. Impatiens parviflora DC.**
Lactuca serriola L.* L. tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Lathyrus pratensis L.
Lemna minor L. Leontodon hispidus L. Leonurus villosus Desf. ex D'Urv. Lepidium ruderale L. * Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Malva pusilla Sm.* Medicago falcata L. M. lupulina L. Melilotus albus Medik. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Nardus stricta L. Oenothera biennis L.** Phleum pratense L. Plantago major L.
Poa annua L. P. compressa L.
+ + + + + +*# + +*# +*# + + + +
+ +* + + + + + + +*# + + +
+*# +*# +* +* +* +
+
+*
+ +
+
+*#
+*#
+* +* +* +
+ + +* + +*
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Plant species Occurrence at the European section of the Trans-Siberian RR Occurrence at the Ural section of the Trans-Siberian RR Occurrence at the West Siberian section of the Trans-Siberian RR
P. palustris L.
P. pratensis L. + + +
Polygonum aviculare L. + + +
P. bistorta L.
Potentilla anserina L. + + +
P. argentea L. + + +
P. intermedia L.
P. recta L. +
P. supina L.* + +* +*
Ranunculus cassubicus L.
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser +
Senecio vulgaris L. + + +*
Seseli libanotis (L.) W.D.J. Koch +
Silene alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause + + +
Sinapis arvensis L.
Solanum dulcamara L. + +
Stellaria graminea L. + +
S. media (L.) Vill. + +
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom*
Tanacetum vulgare L. + + +
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. + + +
Trifolium hybridum L. + + +
T. repens L. + + +
Triplerospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. + + +
Triticum aestivum L. +* +*
Tussilago farfara L. + + +
Typha latifolia L. +
Urtica dioica L. + + +
Veronica officinalis L.
V. persica Poir. ex Lam.*
Vicia cracca L. + + +
Viola arvensis Murray + +
Table 2. S0rensen similarity of local floras for different sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The S0rensen coefficients for alien species (including the invasive fraction) are highlighted in red and for native - in green, black font indicates coefficients for the total flora without regard for natural ranges of species.
European section
Perm section
Ural section
West Siberian section
European section
45% 37%
39% 25%
40% 28%
Perm section
46%
41% 22%
50% 21%
Ural section
38%
43%
52% 49%
West Siberian section
51%
41%
52%
Malva pusilla and Potentilla supina, which are native to the European part but recognized as alien in the Urals and Western Siberia (Tretyakova, 2011).
In addition, three alien plant species - Veronica persica, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii and Lepidium ruderale, are invasive throughout the central European part of Russia (Mayevsky, 2014), but not widely introduced into natural phytocenoses and not included in the regional Black Books.
Differences in the species composition of the alien and native fractions of local floras can be explained by the fact that in Siberia (and partly in the Urals) a number of species (native to the European part) have been included in the flora as alien only in recent decades (archaeophytes are not considered as invasive and alien plants). For instance, alien species beyond the Urals are native to Middle Russia: Artemisia absinthium, Atriplex tatarica, Berteroa incana, Chelidonium majus, Convolvulus arvensis, Fagopyrum esculentum, Lactuca tatarica, Lappula squarrosa, Medicago falcata, Melilotus albus, Senecio vulgaris, Sorbus aucuparia, Triticum aestivum (Table 1). When calculating the S0rensen coefficient (Table 2), these species have been included in the sample of native and alien species for the European and West Siberian sections, respectively.
Conclusion
The "railway" flora of Perm Krai is European in nature that is evidenced by the highest Sj0rensen similarity coefficient (46%) for the set of species of the European and Perm sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway. As for the aboriginal flora fraction, the maximum similarity is noted between the Perm and West Siberian sections. The presence and spread of alien plant species from west to east are responsible for the "railway" flora transformation in Perm Krai.
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