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2. Мы помним ... художники, искусствоведы-участники Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг.: энциклопедия / Гл. ред. Ю.И. Нехорошев. -М.: Юный художник, 2000. - 332 с.: с порт.
3. Ставрополье № 14: литературно-художественный альманах. - Ставрополь: Краевое книжное издательство, 1956. - 202 с.
4. Мир вашему дому. 50-летию Великой Победы посвящается: каталог / автор текста и составитель Н.А. Киракозова. - Ставрополь. 1995. - 43 с.
5. Республиканская художественная выставка «Советская Россия»: каталог. - М., 1960. - 263 с.
6. СКМИИ. Научный архив. Фонд мемориальных персоналий. Д. 12. Л. 40.
7. СКМИИ. Научный архив. Фонд мемориальных персоналий. Д. 61. Л. 38.
THE TRAGEDY OF ARAL SEA AND ITS NEGATIVE EFFECTS (1950-1990)
© Kornilov O.K.*
Andizhan State University, Uzbekistan, Andizhan
In this article has been analyzed the tragedy of Aral Sea and its negative consequences by the historical literatures and archive materials. Besides, in this research showed three main directions in ecological policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Nowadays, there are a lot of catastrophic problems in the world. Everyone knows that one of the worst global issues is the tragedy of Aral Sea. The amount of water is decreasing year by year. In recent 20-25 years as the result of intensive development of irrigated farming, industry and everyday services the inflow of river water into the Aral Sea sharply decreased. Water level reduced by 14 metres, and salinity increased 3 times. The sea was divided into two reservoirs - the big and small one - and lost its fishing and transportation value. The former bottom of the sea (about 30 thousands sq km) requires urgent measures on soil stabilizations, otherwise it becomes the object of intensive wind erosion and salt spreading. That is why the people who are living in the nearby of Aral Sea they are suffering from incurable illnesses. For example, cancer and different kind of diseases.
The Aral Sea is also one of the largest internal water non-dischargeable reservoirs in the world which was formed as the result of inflow of two large rivers of Central Asia-Amudarya and Syrdarya. In former times not less than 50-55 billion cubic metres of fresh water ran into it, that is why salt content of water was only 9-
Assistant professor, candidate of history of the chair «History of Uzbekistan».
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10 gm per litre [1]. As the result, it was rich in fish including fresh-water fish. Being located between two Central Asian deserts - the Karakum and the Kizilkum - it played the role of stabilizer preventing the formation of new deserts. In addition, it played definite role in land reclamation being a natural reservoir for salt transported by river and collector-drainage effluent from all irrigated land.
Such ecological problems as a disastrous situation in the Aral Sea and adjacent regions; high anthropogenic load on environment in Tashkent region and the Fergana valley; shortage of potable water; degeneration of pastures; salinization and erosion of irrigated land; soil contamination with pesticides; etc. are the problems to be eliminated urgently.
If we look in the past this tragedy began in 1960. The main reasons of decreasing Aral Sea are works of irrigation and land reclamation in virgin lands and found a lot of cotton state farms. In 1960-1990 water sources were used in the cotton fields. Therefore, cotton-growing in this period was developed. Development of cotton growing depended on increasing irrigation. That’s why lots of irrigation structures were constructed in the Republic. «In 1951-1955 irrigation structures were constructed on the basins of the Syrdarya, Kashkadarya, Zaraf-shan rivers, in the territory of Central Ferghana, on the banks of Surkhandarya and Amudarya. 183 km long Eski Angar canal was constructed which pours water from the Zarafshan river into the Kashkadarya river». And the construction of Uchkizil water reservoir, Surkhandarya water reservoir with a huge riverbed, Tuyabugiz water reservoir on the Ohangaran river was quickened [2]. Basing on the decree № 718 «on the measures of enlarging irrigation areas and improving irrigation system techniques in Samarkand, Bukhara and Kashkadarya provinces, increasing provision of irrigation areas with water» by the CP CC of Uzbekistan and the Ministers’ Council of Uzbekistan SSR on December 21, 1964, the Irrigation Ministry of Uzbekistan SSR proclaimed order №3 on January 6, 1965.
According to it, the Ministry of production and preparation of agricultural products of Uzbekistan SSR, the Ministry of Irrigation of Uzbekistan SSR accepted the proposal of the executive committees of Samarkand, Bukhara and Kashkadarya provinces on the reclamation of 94 thousand hectares of virgin and new lands in 1965-1970, as well as, it was arranged to enlarge Kattakurgan water reservoir for 27 thousand hectares as the construction of the Amu-Karakul canal in 15 thousand hectares and the Amu-Bukhara canal in 24 thousand hectares and the construction of the Chimkurgan, Pachkamar and Kalkamin water reservoir in 28 thousand hectares-in the suggested provinces [3].
Irrigation in Uzbekistan was developed in the period of 1950-1990. Because of the irrigation construction in the Republic in 1981-1990, the number of working water reservoirs reached 23. The construction of 15 of them continued, and projecting 6 of them ran [4].
To solve ecological problems the «Complex Scientific-and-Technical Program for Environment Protection in the Republic of Uzbekistan» has been developed. In
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1986-1990 a number of republican programs and laws on environment protection have been adopted and the Republican State Committee on environment protection has been set up; all sources of harmful effluents have been registered [5].
There are three main directions in ecological policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The first is satisfaction of increasing demand in raw materials. The main approaches are: exploration of raw materials; reduction of land alienation to towns; efficient use of water resources and etc.
The second - reduction of environment contamination, neutralization of harmful effect of waste products effluent on environment and human being. Here the following problem should be solved; purification of industrial-domestic waste and gas effluent, introduction of closed production cycles.
The third - preservation of nature dynamic balance, covering all its elements. This can be achieved by using the first two directions and special measures -protection of forests, creation of preserves, as well as carrying out erosion and mudflow prevention [6].
In 1990 water of Aral is abated to 39 meters (The height of Aral Sea reduced to 39 meters)[7]. The trouble of preservation of the Aral Sea became not only the internal Central Asian trouble but international as well. UNESCO and other international organizations and charitable societies got interested in this issue. For a long time the scientists from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan carefully study the problem. At present, a single conception is being developed. The idea is to preserve the Aral Sea or at least to decrease to the maximum the negative effects of drying out.
At present time some world countries are helping in this troubles. Today there is a committee called «Save Aral Sea». Unfortunately this global problem is not ending. What can we do to keep Aral Sea? Or how can we solve this problem so fast? Many scientists say that we must do following in order to save our poor Aral Sea.
1. Flowing rain and snow waters into Aral.
2. Turning of the mountain waters into Aral Sea.
As a conclusion it is fair to emphasize that in 50-80 of the XX century irrigation developed in Uzbekistan. The development of irrigation in the Republic caused to lots of critical aspects. As irrigation-land-reclamation developed highly at the result of cotton growing in the republic the land began to lose its fertility, deficiency of water resources increased year by year. As well as, at the result of reclaiming virgin lands, organization of many districts, state farms specialized to cotton growing, enlarging cotton fields and irrigating them improperly, not using water resources incorrectly there occurred serious problems like water deficiency. The irrigation structures built to develop cotton growing together with its positive sides caused some critic aspects. Improper use of water resources, irrigating large sowing areas incorrectly, reclamation of virgin lands, organization of districts and state farms in those areas, at last, caused to water deficiency as well as to the Aral tragedy.
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Bibliography:
1. Independent Uzbekistan today. -Tashkent: UZBEKISTON, 1993. - P. 66.
2. Abdullayev A. Cotton monopoly: results and experiences (1917-1991). -Tashkent: Istiklal, 2006. - P.70.
3. Central State archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, fund-R.2483, list 1, case 1993. - P. 141.
4. Akramov Z.M., Rafikov A.A. The Past, Present and Future of the Aral Sea. -Tashkent: Mekhnat, 1989. - P. 129.
5. Independent Uzbekistan today. - Tashkent: UZBEKISTON, 1993. - P. 63.
6. Independent Uzbekistan today... - P.64.
7. http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/.
ПРОЦЕССЫ ОСВОЕНИЯ И ОРОШЕНИЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ФЕРГАНЕ В 50-60 ГОДАХ XX ВЕКА
© Муминов Х.М.*
Андижанский государственный университет,
Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан
В статье на основе первичных источников описываются процессы освоения и орошения земель в Центральной Фергане, а также подвергаются анализу факторы расширения объёмов доставки хлопка в Центр и их отрицательные последствия.
Ключевые слова сельское хозяйство, хлопковая отрасль, освоение земель, орошение земель, целинные земли, залежные земли, ирригация, мелиорация.
Известно, что 50-70 годах XX века в Узбекистане развивалось сельское хозяйство, в том числе хлопководство. В целях дальнейшего развития выращивания и приумножения объёмов сдаваемого хлопка в республике советское правительство уделяло большое внимание углублению данного процесса на территории Ферганской долины, которая считалась самым удобным регионом для поливного земледелия. Ввиду этого в пятом пятилетнем (1951-1955 гг.) плане, а также в резолюциях IX съезда КП (б) Узбекистана (1952 г.) как первоочередная задача было отмечено дальнейшее развитие хлопководства, а также расширение объёма орошаемых земель в Ферганской долине и освоение целинных земель.
Как было указано выше, в целях исполнения постановлений Совета Министров СССР 16 сентября 1952 года было принято совместное постановление Центрального Комитета КП (б) Узбекистана и правительства республики. В нём наметилось осуществление первой и второй очередей освоения земель Ферганской долины, а также намечены практические задачи в облас-
Старший преподаватель кафедры «История Узбекистана».
