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93
m/s2; h - scale reading at measuring; h0 - starting scale reading, mm; a - tilt angle of the pipe relative to the horizon, degree. Dynamic pressure is determined by the formula:
W2
H,=-P.
Pa
Hence air speed is:
У =
2H
P
m / с
And average speed along the route is
m / с
YV
(6)
(7)
(8)
where: n - is a number of measurements.
In case of the deviation from standard conditions it is necessary to introduce a correction factor.
In fact, the power consumption P can be determined by a direct measurement:
s ■U ■ I ■ cos^
P = -
1000
(9)
- the definition by the formula (2) of annual energy consumption taking into account the use factor;
- the determination of the demand factor of power K :
l сп
P„
Кп = , (11)
факт
where Ррач - is a design (required) power of electric motor, kW; Рфкт - actual (installed) power of electric motor, kW.
Excess expenditure may be determined using the notion of "specific consumption" - an amount of energy consumed from the circuit referred to each kW/h of effective work: Ксп +a(l-nntt)/ Kr
AW = -
К n
сп I n
(12)
where U - is a mains voltage, B; I - an actual current in ventilator electric motor, A.
Then, rated power use is compared with actual one:
AW = Wnp - Wp, (10)
where Wnp - is an actual power consumption at project capacity of electric motor; Wp - power use at rated power consumption of electric motor.
In case of overstating the power capacity of electric motor, excess expenditure may be determined without the readings along the route. The procedure for calculation is as follows:
- the definition of actually required power of electric motor;
References:
where a = 0,7 4 0,9 - is a factor depending on the design of electric motor; n„p - efficiency of ventilator with account of efficiency of transmission and electric motor:
n„ep = ne 'tfn 'tfs; KT - a rate of working hours use. In case of machine maximum use:
i + «(i-n)/KT 1-n „
' nep
a AW
Relationship p ——-determines the value of power loss.
AW =-
(13)
AW
According to:
AW, = P, 0 (14)
where T - is an operating time ofventilator during the year, h.
Thus, according to above expressions the energy-saving parameters of operated pneumatic transport units at raw cotton transportation to ginning factories are defined.
1. Guide on primary processing of cotton. Book 1. Tashkent, "Mehnat" - 1994 -574 p.
2. Guide on primary processing of cotton. Book 2. Tashkent, "Mehnat", - 1995. - 395 p.
3. Hashimov F. A. Optimization of energy use in textile industry. - Tashkent; Fan. - 2005-250 p.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-195-198
Musurmonov Azzam Turdievich, Samarkand Agricultural Institute, the Republic of Uzbekistan,
E-mail: azzam61@mail.ru.
The substantiation of energy-saving technology and field tests of universal machines for tilling the soil in interrows of gardens
Abstract: In the article there are analysed the technologies of tilling the soil in interrows of gardens. Studying the existing constructions of machines, the authors proposed a new construction of the machine, which carries out all the operations on tilling the soil in interrows of gardens.
There were carried out experimental works under field conditions, determined the optimum depth of loosening the soil at the unit speed of 1,48...1,60 m/s, there was revealed the parabolic dependence of the change of the traction resistance.
Keywords: garden, row, device, flatcutler, cultibation.
The ploughing of the soil in a main agrotechnical method, which creates favourable conditions for the grouth of fruit trees, forms and loosens the layer of the soil, contribute to the retention thaw waters, accumulation of moisture in the soil, the distraction of weeds. During the ploughing organic and mineral fertilirers are sealed, and a part of pests is destroyed [1; 2; 3].
The soils in the gardens of the Republic are mainly grey-soils, low-powered, chiefly stony and in some places-pebblesto-
ny. As a result of repeated watering under conditions of mountain gardening the precipitations lead to formation of cemented layer in the dedth of 20-60 sm, which the roots of trees can hardly force-Besides, the crust, formed on the surface of the arable layer negatively influences water-air and food regime of the soil [4; 5; 6].
The main task of tilling the soil in interrows of gardens and vineyards is to supply a good fruit-bearning of trees, ovaring and normal
growth of fruits, yearly development of daughter shoots with taking garden buds, and also a good preparing the plants for the winter.
Proceeding from this, the system of upkeeping the soil in inter-rows is composed on the base of black fallow, a possible summer planting of cyderates on green fertilizer, introduction of fertilizers, snow retention and many other operations.
A proper cultivation of the soil in interrows of garden plants achieves the accumulation and conservation the moisture in the soil during all the vegetation period, creation of favourable thermal and air regimes, intensification of activity of soil microorganisms, the improvement of nitritive regime and liquidation of weeds, pests and plant diseases, nowadays the technology of tilling the soil, traditional for the majority of countries, engaged in hortic ultureand viticulture includes such basic operations as:
— autumn ploughing of interrows on the depth of 25-30 sm
— spring loosening of interrows and tree trunk circles
— spring-summer cultivation 6-8 times during the vegetation period, along with loosening of tree trunk circles on the depth of 6-12 sm.
The main autumn ploughing of the soil in interrows contribute to the accumulation of moisture, sealing of fertilizers and extermination of pests, inhabiting in the arable layer.
The ploughing is carried out up to the depth of the accurrence of main mass of roots for every garden area depending on the soil-climatic conditions of the region, the variety composition etc.
The determining factor in carrying out of any operation in the interrows of the garden on tilling the soil or taking care of plants is a closed space, characterired by the width of the interrow.
In the concept of development of mechanization of agricultural production in the Republic ofUzbekistan till 2020 there is foreseen the creationofbroadcapturing machines with combined working organs.
As a result of the researches, there was ascertained that at creation of soilcultivating machine, combining the basic tilling with auxiliary methods such as: intrasoil local introduction of fertilizers and tree trunk tilling, which gives energy-saving, resource-saving and moisture-accumulation effects [8; 9]
We propose the improvement of new technology of the construction technical devices for tilling the soil in interrows and rows of gardens, which ensures the reduction of energy comsumption, material and labour and increase the moisture-accumulation in comparison with basic technology.
In the countries engaged in the cultivation of fruit crops, the particular differences in methods ofplanting trees are not observed. The gardens are located on the scheme, in which the row spacing varies from 5.0 to 10.0 m 3,0 to 8,0 m.
In the vineyards historically is formed the way of planting trees with the space of interrows from 1,5 to 3,0 m and the distance between the bushes in rows is 0,8-2,0 m. But for the past time there is observed the tendency to wide row culture of grapes with the width of interrows 3,0-3,5, rarely up to 4,0-4,5. the distance between bushes varies in the norm of 0,8-2,5, rarely up to 3,0 m.
The ploughing with turnover the layer is one of the most energy-intensive operations in cultivation of various crops, and its application in horticulture and viticulture is complicated by many factors and specific conditions, connected with limited space, the physiology of the growth and development of plants. In spite of the fact, that serious investigations in our country and abroad showed, that the mould-board ploughing with turnover of the layer is more effective, than long-term used mould boardless loosening.
The latter contributes to clogging of the fields, increases the dispersion of the upper horizons and redues water-resistance of the
structural units of the soil, leads to an increase in its volumetic mass density.
Particularly ineffective tilling of the soil without turnover of the layer namely in the gardens and vineyards, where the soil, under the influence of spring-summer operations on taking care of seedlings by autumn, considerably compresses: in the paints of passageways of travelling unit system on the same track, the density of dry soil increases up to 1,8 g/sm 3 (optimum figure of 1,12-1,24 g/sm 3) in the layer 0-22 sm and up to 12,6 g/sm 3 in the layer 22-29 sm. This soil will water inflow is almast fully air and waterproof;
For considering the matter on application of the technology of smooth ploughing in interrows of a garden, we should analyze the shortcomings of existing technology. In the first place we shall consider the agrotechnical standarts upon the ploughing the soil in interrows of gardens and vineyards;
— the ensuring the qualitative turnover of the layer and its crumbling with sealing of plants remains (the number of lumps are larger than 10 sm at ploughing the soil with optimum moisture must not exceed 20%);
— the levelling interrows (without formation of combs and furrows);
— the possibility of carrying out various depth tilling of the soil on the width of interrows (for orchards, where the minimum depth in the root zone of trees is required);
— the absence of damages of trees and bushes, providing the protective zone no less than 30-50 sm from each of the row;
— ensuring the solidity (without faults and fractures) adjacent passes of the unit width (the deviation shouldn't exceed 10% of the width of the plough.);
— the establishment of the required depth of tilling in the course of motion of the unit (the deviation of the average depth shouldn't exceed 2 sm);
— carrying out the ploughing in the required terms.
Materials and methods. Taking into consideration mentioned
above statements we proposed the scheme of a machine with combined working organs, which carries out a number of operations in orchards such as: a smooth ploughing, deep loosening and discing, cutting irrigation furrows, cultivates the soil in intertrunk and interbush strips (Figure 1).
The machine is meant for works in orchards and other zones, having similar soil-climatic conditions and agrotechnics of cultivation orchards and vineyards.
The universality of the machine is provided by a set of removable working organs and the possibility of different variants of their assembly on a single frame.
The machine can be used for carrying out the following processes of tilling the soil in orchards and vineyards:
— the cultivation of interrows and interbush strips;
— the loosening of interrows;
— the cutting irrigation furrows;
— the renewal of plantage (deep loosening);
— the introduction of fertilizers;
— the smooth ploughing of interrows.
The machine is mounted on caterpillar tractors of 30.. .40 KH class at the width of band 4,0 m and a device for tilling the soil of tree trunk strips with wridth of band 0,5 m.
For tilling the soil in interrows of gardens there was produced an experimental sample of the machine, which carries out different-depth (15-20-25 sm) smooth furrowless tilling with the help of removable working organs once 2-3years the deep loosening is carried out together with introduction, formation of furrows for water-
ing and surface tilling the soil in interrows and tree-trunks strips (Figure 2).
There were conducted field tests of the universal machines in orchards of Samarkand branch of Uz Sh I of V and H named after R. R. Shreder.
The results and analysis of data. The working organs are istalled depending on the operation bling carried out. For example, for loosening interrows a short ploughshare is fixed on the working organ. For the first motion the working organs are regulated to the width of band of 300 sm and the depth of tilling-16sm.
At the cultivation writh simultareous intertrunk tilling in is re-guired to regulate working organs properly. The flat-cutting working organs with the width band 0,45 m are installed in such way so that they mustcultivate a half of the protective zone. The working organ is
operated with hydroobserwing system. (Patent of the Republic of Uzbekistan № IAP 04654) (Figure2).
The cultivation of the soil with flatcutting working organs takes place in such way.under the influence ofblade the soil layer at first is copressed and then is cut. At cutting and displacesing the soil is in tense state, which is discarded by turning over and throwing down and the crumbling takes place.
The rescarchers on qualitative indexes of solid loosening of the soil in interrows was carried out with the help central and side universal working organs on which ploughshares.
At the motion of a tractor unit chisel, assembled on all the working organs, deepened into the soil and loosened it on the target depth of 16-17 sm along all the interrow, and the ploughshares semultaneously were cutting weeds and crumbling the soil.
Figure 1. The universal soil tilling machine
Figure 2. The working organ for tilling the soils of tree-trunk strups
The increase of the angle of the raise to more than 30 ° is not desirable, because on the loamy soil it will cause the sharp increase of its resistance and worsen the quality of crumbling the soil. Besides, it is possible hipping the soil in front of the working organ. It is also confirmed by indexes of combness, correspondingly increasing from 5,66 to 8,08 at the angle of the raise of the chisel to more than 30% the number of fractions of optimum size i. e. less than 25 mm-reduced from 70,84 to 48,99%.
The best indexes of stable width of band and protective zone were got for the angle of the raise of the chisel of working organs 28 ° correspondingly 3,408 m and 29,58 sm at admissible meanings
of average-squarical deviation, the coefficient ofvariations and the mistake of experiments.
The analysis of qualitative indexes of the work of loosening working organs of soil-tilling machine under concrete soil conditions confirms the theoretical premises about the optimum angle of the installantion of the chisel of loosener equals to 28-30 ° . In addition it insures high agrotechnical quality of loosening the soil, the steadyness of the depth of tilling and stability of the width band of working organs.
The technological process of cultivation of interrows is in principle similar to the process of solid loosening and differs from it only
that cutting weeds and loosening the soil is realized along all the in-terrow by working organs, provided with prolonged chisels and on the less depth 10-12 sm.
Owing to little depth of loosening at cultivation there appears the question whether there is the necessity of installation working organs of chisel on the side stanchions with the purpose of the better deepening of flatcutting chisels.
It should be marked, however, that at complete destruction of weeds with flat cutting chisels there are observed: some lowering of the crumbling the soil into optimum fractions: less than 10 mm from 68,6% to 53,64%; from 10 to 20 mm from 11,08% to 9,08% decrease of the working width of band from 3,453 to 3,399m; the raise of combines from 5,21 to 7,58 sm and increase of protective zone from 27,27 to 30,05 sm.
It is clearly seen in pic.4, where there is shown the profile of the surface of cultivation of interrows and also the sight of the surface of the soil after the motion of the unit and is confirmed by quite permissible meanings of deviation and mistakes of experiments. At
the same time the worsening of these indexes is not considerable at raising the angle of the raise of chisel up to 32 ° and it is obviously appreciable at 35 ° index.
The analysis of the results of experimental researches allows to make a conclusion, that for the surface cultivation of the soil on the depth of 10-12 sm the angle of the raise of chisel of cultivating working organs with prolonged flat cutting ploughshare must be in limits of28-32 °.
At cultivation inter trunk strips short flat cutting ploughshares are installed on the central loosener, and long ones are installed on the side universal working organs.
The greatest fullness of tilling the soil in orchards was achieved at the speed of inter-trunk tillage 1,48m/s totalled 98,75%. Besides (see table 1) the ratio of protective zone totalled 92,50%.
In pic.3 there is quoted the scheme of untilled protective zone of a punch after two motions of the unit in adjacent inter rows, showing the characteristic traj ectory of motion of turning universal working organ -in the form of winging line.
Figure 3. The scheme of untilled protective zone a round the punch after two motions of device for cultivation of inter trunk strips
These lines in their turn, characterize the existence of active zone of root-punch in the tilled layer of the soil in the row. The rest untilled zone around the punch is very small and almost does not require the manual additional work.
Conclusion.
1. At assembling combined soil tilling machine the tractor must shift strictly in the middle of the inter row, the permissible deviation from the centre-no more than 0,2..0,25 m.
2. On the base ofagro technical indexes there was ascertained, that optimum angle ofthe raise of chisel ofloosening working organ of combined soil tilling machine must be in limits of28-30 °. In this meaning of the angle of the raise of the chisel there is ensured a high quality of tilling at a solid loosening the uniformity ofthe motion depth and the stability of band width of working organs. The increase of the angle of the raise to more than 30 ° leads to self deepening of the chisel and worsens the quality of tilling owing to heaping the soil in front ofworking organs.
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9.
References:
Rubin S. S. The composition of the soil and fertilizers in intensive gardens. - M. Kolos, - 1983 - P. 272.
Djavakyants Yu.M Djavakyants G. L., Alekhin K. K. Root system of fruit varieties and grapes in Uzbekistan. - Tashkent: Fan, - 1981. Djavakyants Yu.m The technology of tilling the soil in mountainous gardens and wine yards of Uzbekistan. - Tashkent: Fan, - 2004. The problems of development of horticulture and viticulture. - Moscow - 1999-4 P. 2-5. Djavakyants Yu. M. Deep loosening of the soil on vineyards. G. Uzbekistan Agriculture.
Djavakyants Yu. M. The effectiveness of tilling the soil in the gardens of Uzbekistan. "Agriculture and viticulture" (Russia) - 2006 - № 6. Djavakyants Yu. M./The scientific basis of the technology of tilling the soil in the gardens and vineyards of Uzbekistan//Diss. In the form of a scientific report on the competition for the scientific degree of doctor of Agricultural sciences. - T., - 2008. P. 158. Berentshtain I. B. Musurmonov A. T. "Inventors and production-rationalizes for gardeners. Sympheropol "Tauria" Publishing house". -1989. - P. 200.
Patent of the Republic of Uzbekistan - № IAP 04654 "The device for interbush tilling the soil"./Musurmonov A. T., Niyozov T. B.//Of-ficial issue.
