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УДК 62
Хыдыров С.,
Преподаватель Гурбанмаммедова Ш., Преподаватель Исмаилов Б., Преподаватель Нурлыев Б., Студент
Научный руководитель: Мовламов Я.,
Институт Инженерно-технических и транспортных коммуникаций Туркменистана
THE SUBJECT, METHOD AND LIMITS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Keywords:
physical chemical phenomena, thermodynamics, heat.
As we know, physical chemistry studies the relationship between chemical and physical phenomena occurring in nature. Today, this field of chemistry, which is developing very rapidly, is located at the border between physics and chemistry. Using the theoretical and experimental methods of both sciences and their own methods, physical chemistry makes extensive use of all aspects of chemical reactions and related physical phenomena. Being a frontier science, physical chemistry studies various dialectical states of nature and is of great importance in explaining complex phenomena. Physiology, like biophysics, biochemistry, geochemistry, geophysics, and astrophysics, is one of the fastest growing sciences. Physical chemistry is closely related to these sciences. Physical chemistry does much to study the laws of chemical processes. It is the main general problem of physical chemistry, which is directed to the study of the passage of chemical processes in time and the final result (at equilibrium) in different situations based on the structure and properties of molecules. Modern inorganic, analytical, and organic chemistry use the principles and methods of physical chemistry. In chemical technology, the support of physic chemistry is widely used. Physic chemistry is widely used in other areas of the economy. From what has been said, we can see that physics-chemistry is a very important study discipline.
The transition from one form of energy to another, for example, the transition of an electric current to the chaotic motion of molecules, is said to always convert 1 joule of electrical energy into 0.239 cal, that is, into kinetic energy of molecules. But the physical mechanism of this transformation is not known in science. From these cases, the quantitative unity of all forms of action shows that they must also have a general unity in quality. That is, they are mutually transformable and their actions are incorruptible. These conditions are otherwise known as the law of equivalence of energy conversions, that is, the law of conservation and conversion of energy. This means that energy is neither created nor dissipated. In all cases and conditions, the total energy does not increase or decrease, it remains constant. The law of conservation and transformation of energy is universal for all physical phenomena. Age and work. Energy transformations can basically take two forms, they are called heat and work. Heat is explained as the collisions in the chaotic behavior of molecules, ie heat conduction, heat absorption or radiation. But there is no physical understanding of what heat is. In the 18th century, thermal conductivity was also used as "heat generating" particles. In recent centuries, this term has also been abandoned, because its importance in explaining heat has disappeared. Explaining the concept of "year" is a matter of extensive use of molecular, thermal, quantum, atomic, nuclear and other fields of physics. The sciences such as atomic, nuclear, elementary particles, and quantum physics need to be widely applied. In this regard, the structure of atoms, the movements of possible particles in it, and their interrelationships should be studied in
more detail and appropriate conclusions should be drawn.
The physical properties of individual atomic particles, their positions in space, their ability to interact, and their electrical, magnetic, and gravitational interactions have not been studied in depth. In order to establish these works, first of all, it is necessary to study the quantum numbers of the particles in atoms on the basis of relevant physical and mathematical evidence, and then to solve the spectra given by atoms on the basis of deep and accurate absorption and radiation. In order to carry out these tasks properly, it is necessary to study the unity of natural phenomena, that is, to find the physico-mathematical evidence of the desired "superunity". In addition, we believe that by using the electromagnetic interaction to make the scale of Gravitational Electromagnetic (GEM) interaction, and then solve it based on the unity of natural phenomena, and from there, we can get minimal insights about heat by finding out which range of GEM waves can emit the most energy in matter.
Thermodynamics is the science that studies the work and heat forms of energy transfer. It has its own laws. When these are studied, the deeper energetic changes are not fully explained. Energies are also studied in special cases; i.e. internal energy is not differentiated. This means that the subject and method of thermodynamics is not the first to be studied on the basis of quantum mechanics in the conditions of elementary particles. For these reasons, thermodynamics seeks to explain the behavior of heat and work in bodies composed of many molecules. In this method, it is an object or set of objects. It is called a thermodynamic system or thermodynamic system. Systems are called homogeneous and heterogeneous. Those of a homogeneous system that are distinguished from others by visible surfaces are called phases. Each phase has similar properties. If a system does not interact with its environment, it is called an isolated system. Thermodynamics studies the generally measurable properties of material systems such as temperature, pressure, mass, density, phase composition, and other physical properties. These parameters are called thermodynamic parameters and they define the states of the thermodynamic system. A change in any one of the thermodynamic properties results in a change in the state of the thermodynamic system. Thermodynamics mainly studies equilibrium situations, i.e., situations where temperature, pressure, electrostatic potential, and some others remain unchanged. If the said parameters converge, then it is called a non-equilibrium system. Methods in statistical physics also apply to results obtained in thermodynamics and vice versa. This resulted in thermodynamic statistics, or statistical thermodynamics. Thermodynamics based mainly on experiments and thermodynamic laws is called classical or phenomenological thermodynamics. Literature:
1. Gavriyelian, G. G. Lysova. Chemistry. Moscow "Drofa" 2003.
2. Nikolaev. L. A. Physical chemistry. Moscow "High School" 1996
3. Hekimov. Yu. K., L. A. Svetasheva. laboratory practice in physical colloidal chemistry. Ashgabat TSU 1994
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