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UDC 631.531:631.529
THE STUDY OF PEA VARIETIES OF DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS IN THE BELGOROD AREA
Shevchenko R.A., Candidate of Agricultural Science Belgorod State Agricultural Academy, Belgorod, Russia E-mail: knv1510@mail.ru
Kocareva N.V., agronomist LLC «Land and Business», Belgorod, Russia E-mail: ramzes-77@bk.ru
ABSTRACT
The results of the study of eight varieties of peas and two vegetable planting dates to create a pipeline in the production of green peas in the Belgorod region. Found that with a decrease in late sowing of all indicators in pea vegetable. High yield of pea’s vegetable in the Belgorod region can be obtained when sown in early regardless of precocity. The best results were obtained on the sort of Golden Eagle, which, when sown in early life shaped yield 5.4 t / ha, whereas at later planting dates, he gave no higher yield 4.7 tons / ha.
KEY WORDS
Varieties vegetable peas; Green peas; Maturity group; Planting dates; Creation pipeline; Technical maturity.
Pea crop vegetable in our country developed consistently until the early 1990s and took up to 800 thousand hectares of cultivated areas, which allowed producing up to 200 million standard cans "green peas." Production of canned peas provided in the best years, only a quarter of the population need for them [1].
Today, as a raw material canneries use dried peas imported from Canada, and partly grow green peas for processing. Basically, it’s a kind of a transitional type between smooth peas and marrowfat peas, judging by the mediocre quality of the canned food. In recent years, in the State register of breeding achievements the quantity of foreign breeding varieties (mainly from Poland, Germany, and Holland, Moldova) has risen. So, in 2005 it included four varieties, or 10.5% of the total number of varieties of vegetable pea, in 2006 -10 varieties (20.8%), in 2007 - 12 varieties (12.8%), in 2010 - 100 varieties. The current varieties of vegetable peas basically meet the requirements of the canning industry for the manufacture of canned "green peas" of higher and first grade. They are not inferior to foreign varieties, and in some cases they surpass in fineness and suitability for mechanized harvesting and threshing [2].
The existing assortment has such disadvantages as unstable yield from year to year, the low level of potential productivity; especially it concerns the early varieties, morbid affection. Currently, potential yield of green peas, with its high quality of the varieties entered in the register, is 4.5 - 7.0 t / ha. And the intervarietal variability in the last 2-3 decades is, in general, low. Significant difference in yield is observed only between the groups of precocity [3].
Each direction of use of peas requires its own specific assortment, in addition, with the adaptability to the particular climatic conditions that do not fully meet the requirements of the crop. Introduction of new varieties of vegetable peas ensures productivity and quality. The study of varieties, their most significant genotype economic and morpho-physiological characteristics and properties in specific climatic conditions is an urgent problem, will enable to realize the biological potential of crop.
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
The aim of the research was to study varieties of green peas belonging to different groups of ripeness in the cultivation of green pea in the Belgorod region.
The objectives of the work included: studying ecological-biological peculiarities of the different varieties of green pea; determining the influence of the seeding on the growth and plant development, productivity of varieties of different maturity groups; identifying the most valuable pea varieties ensuring formation of high and steady crops in the Belgorod region; studying suitability of the pea varieties for creating uninterrupted conveyor of revenue production for 30 days.
Research on the topic: «the Technology of cultivation of green peas in «Land and business» LLC, in the Belgorod region in 2008-2010. «Land and business» LLC has been specialized in the manufacture of green peas for the Belgorod canning plant since 2008. The area has increased from 300 to 600 ha.
Work was being carried out with 8 varieties of domestic and foreign selection. The area of accounting plots is 20 m2 in 4 times the normal replication. Predecessor: winter wheat. Agriculture is a common for the Central black earth region. Harvesting was carried out within 2-3 days. The delay of vegetable pea more than 3 - 5 days significantly affects the quality of grain. Grain loses tenderness, coarsens, increases in diameter, the sugar content is reduced, and starch increases. Canned goods are of low quality, the gulf in banks grow turbid, there are signs of bloat.
Phenological observations were held on the methodology of the State variety testing of agricultural crops (1971), biometric measurements, the output of green peas depending on the time of sowing. The validity of the research is proved according to the B.A. Dospehov’s method of variance analysis (1985).
RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
Development of peas was held in conditions of high temperatures and lack of moisture. The most favorable conditions for growing green pea pointed out in 2008 by the number of precipitation and air temperature. The conditions of subsequent years were distinguished by a smaller amount of precipitation and high temperatures in the initial period of growth and development.
Unfavorable weather conditions with high average daily temperatures were in the summer months (22,3-25,5 degrees Celsius) with the significant shortage of moisture in the air and soil. Particularly conditions were harsh in 2010, when the average daily temperatures were at the level of 25-27 degrees Celsius, and the maximum was 39 degrees Celsius at deficiency of moisture, which led to the formation of flowers with sterile pollen and reduced productivity of peas.
The most important varietal and ecological property of plants is duration of the vegetation period. It is established, that peas have the shortest interphase periods «sowing -plantling», «plantling - flowering», «duration of flowering» and the vegetation period. Depending on the variety and sowing dates on the average for a 3-year study the green peas Aria had mass flowering in 34-37 days (table. 1). This variety is widely recognized as ultra early. The varieties Arfa and Avola bloom in 37-42 day at an early term of sowing. Late sowing helped to accelerate the phase of flowering. So Arfa bloomed in 36-38 days and Avola bloomed in 38-39 days during the three year study. The varieties Zita and Ode have the same regularity. The number of days from the seedlings before the phase of mass flowering of these varieties made from 44-47 days during the first term of sowing to 43 days during the second term of sowing. The varieties Rada and Berkut had flowering in 51-55 days during the first term of sowing for all years of study. During the second period flowering of a standard variety was noted in 52 days and the variety Rada had the interphase period in 44 days.
It should be noted that the maximum height in pea plants was in 2008, the least - in 2010. This is explained by weather conditions during the year of cultivation.
Number of beans per plant is of great importance for the formation of a pea plant productivity. The degree of appearance of an attribute and its variability depended on weather conditions of cultivation and differed significantly between the different varieties.
Aria was big for beans. On average for the three years of studying the number of beans was at 4-9 pieces per plant. The declining number of beans took place during late sowing from 5-10 to 3-9 pieces.
Table 1 - Number of days from seedling to mass flowering
Cultivar Sowing time years ± to the standard
2008 2009 2010 averagee
Berkut st. April 15 examining 53 52 51 51 -
Arfa 41 40 37 40 -11
Oda 47 45 44 44 -7
Leya 46 50 45 47 -4
Rada 55 51 54 53 2
Ariya 37 37 37 37 14
Zita 48 47 46 47 -4
Avola 41 41 42 41 -10
Berkut April 25 54 51 53 52 + 1
Arfa 38 37 36 37 -14
Oda 45 43 44 43 -8
Le¡a 45 44 46 45 -6
Rada 42 45 43 44 -7
Arija 35 35 34 35 -16
Zita 42 43 44 43 -8
Avola 38 39 42 39 -12
HCP05 2,44
HCP05A 1,72
HCP05 B u AB 0,86
In our studies, plant height ranged from 50 cm to 73.5 cm in the first and the subsequent period of sowing. All varieties of peas are of a semi-dwarf form (Table 2).
Table 2 - pea plant height, cm
Cultivar Sowing time years ± ± to the standard
2008 2009 2010 averagee
Berkut st. April 15 65,1 63,3 60,4 62,9 -
Arfa 55,6 50,1 45,3 50,3 -12,6
Oda 54,3 53,1 50,4 52,6 -10,3
Leya 76 74,6 70 73,5 10,6
Rada 66,2 65,3 64,1 65,2 2,3
Ariya 72,1 69,7 68,2 70,0 7,1
Zita 75 70 55 66,7 3,7
Avola 65 60 55 60,0 -2,9
Berkut April 25 65,2 63,1 60,3 62,9 -0,1
Arfa 55,3 50,2 45,1 50,2 -12,7
Oda 54,3 53,2 50,1 52,5 -10,4
Leya 76,3 74,1 70,1 73,5 10,6
Rada 66,2 65,2 64,2 65,2 2,3
Ariya 72,5 69,1 68,2 69,9 7,0
Zita 70,1 65,8 55 63,6 0,7
Avola 60 55 50 55,0 -7,9
The shortening in the length of the bean crop was noted on April 25. Varying in the length was in the first term on April 15 from 5.9 cm (Zita) to 8.4 cm (Oda). In the second term of sowing the length varied from 4.4 cm (Arfa) to 3 cm (Avola).
From the economic point of view a period of technical maturity for peas is very important. The onset of this phase was dependent on weather conditions and the sowing
period of varieties. Technical maturity of peas in our studies for the first sowing date was noted in 48-53 days (Ariya and Avola) (Table 3).
Table 3 - Number of days from seedlings to technical ripeness
Cultivar Sowing time repeatability
2008 2009 2010 average ± to the standart
Berkut st. Apri April 1515 59 62 62 61 -
Ariya 50 51 48 49 -12
Arfa 56 52 53 53 -8
Oda 58 58 57 57 -4
Leya 61 60 61 60 -1
Rada 61 60 62 61 0
Zita 55 53 52 53 -8
Avola 50 53 49 50 -9
Berkut April 25 55 58 59 58 -3
Ariya 49 46 47 47 -14
Arfa 52 51 53 52 -9
Oda 55 57 58 57 -4
Leya 57 56 58 57 -4
Rada 58 59 57 58 -3
Zita 54 53 53 53 -8
Avola 49 48 49 49 -12
HCP05 2,04
HCP05A 1,68
HCP05 B u AB 1,53
In sowing time on April 25 the technical level of ripeness was noted in 46-49 days. Late receipt of the products was marked in 59 - 62 (Berkut and Rada) in the first sowing time and in 55-59 days when sowing on April 25. The number of seeds in a pod is of great importance in the formation of a pea crop. The largest number of caryopsis was noted in 2008 according to types and terms. Drought conditions of 2010 contributed to the formation of a smaller number of bean beetle. The best indicators had cultivar Zita - 27 pieces in the sowing time on April 15 in comparison to Berkut st. (Table. 4).
Table 4 - Number of seed beetles from the same plant, PCs.
Cultivar Sowing time посева repeatability
2008 2009 2010 averagee ± to the standart рту
Berkut st. April 15 26 25 24 25 -
Ariya 20 16 14 17 -8
Arfa 21 16 16 18 -7
Oda 19 18 17 18 -7
Leya 20 20 19 20 -5
Rada 24 21 21 22 -3
Zita 30 28 24 27 +2
Avola 25 21 15 20 -5
Berkut April 25 21 19 20 20 -5
Arija 12 11 13 12 -13
Arfa 18 14 14 15 -10
Oda 20 19 16 18 -7
Leja 14 11 11 12 -13
Rada 13 16 12 14 -11
Zita 28 18 14 20 -5
Avola 25 17 14 19 -6
HCP05 2,6
HCP05A 1,8
HCP05 B u AB 0,9
In sowing time on April 25, the number of caryopsis was decreased to 12-20 pieces from the same plant.
Planting of green peas in our research was dependent to a great extent on the weather conditions of a specific year (table. 5).
The greatest planting of green peas was in 2008. We received 5.5 tons of green pea Zita and 6.2 tons of Berkut and Rada. It should be noted that the late caltivars had great input during the first sowing time. When planting of peas on April 25, output declined in all grades from 4.8 tons to 3.9 tons.
CONCLUSIONS
The highest crop of peas in the Belgorod area you can receive in the field in the early periods regardless of the precocity of the grade. Berkut in the field in the early sowing time generates 5.4 t/ha harvest, whereas in the later time period of sowing it generated harvest 4.7 t/ha.
Table 5 - Yield of green peas (t / ha)
Cultivar Sowing time repeatability
2008 2009 2010 averagee ± to the standarpTy
Berkut st. April 15 6,2 6,2 3,9 5,4 -
Ariya 5,8 5,4 4 5,1 -0,4
Arfa 5,6 4,6 4,2 4,8 -0,6
Oda 5,8 5,2 4,8 5,3 -0,2
Leya 6,1 5 4,1 5,1 -0,4
Rada 6,2 4 4,1 4,8 -0,7
Zita 5,5 5,3 5,2 5,3 -0,1
Avola 5,9 5,3 4 5,1 -0,4
Berkut April 25 5,9 4,8 3,5 4,7 -0,7
Ariya 4,7 4,1 4 4,3 -1,2
Arfa 5 5,1 4,2 4,8 -0,7
Oda 5,1 4,2 3 4,1 -1,3
Leya 5,8 5,6 3,1 4,8 -0,6
Rada 5,7 4,9 3,8 4,8 -0,6
Zita 5,3 4,3 3,4 4,3 -1,1
Avola 4,9 3,8 2,9 3,9 -1,6
HCP05 0,77
HCP05A 0,54
HCP05 B u AB 0,27
For the successful cultivation of vegetable pea it’s necessary to sow different maturity groups adapted to the conditions of the Belgorod region, such as Aria, Oda, Leja, Zita. To get earlier products and to increase the green belt receipts peas for processing, planting should be done in the earliest times and you should continue sowing the best pea varieties of different maturity groups such as Aria, Oda, Leia, and Berkut. On the basis of variety study and time they developed a conveyor of product availability for the production of green peas for 30 days. The first delivery of products to Belgorod cannery began in early June and ended in early July. You can increase the duration of receipt of green peas for processing up to 30 days at planting these varieties more than 2 terms.
REFERENCES
1. Kondykov I.V. Morphological features of Russian and foreign varieties of peas / I.V.Kondykov, H.H. Kondykova etc. - Orel, 2006.-p.203-207.
2. Cyganok N. S. About the varieties of peas for the vegetable processing enterprises / N.S.Cyganok / / Vegetables of Russia, 2008. - № 1-2.-P.75-78.
3. Zhuravkova G.P. Primary and elite seed pea / G.P. Zhuravkova / / Guidelines. - Upper Hawa, 2005, 27p.
