CC BY
108
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-81-88
The structure of speed-strength readiness of the qualified athletes, going in
for different kinds of sport
Andrey I. Pyanzin*
Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I.Ya. Yakovlev Cheboksary, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-9606-7714, pianzin@mail.ru
Abstract: High sports results achievement in any kind of sport is impossible without following the principle of proportionality in speed-strength abilities demonstration. The problem of the research is conditioned by great number of not systematized information about speed-strength abilities level and development among qualified athletes, going in for different kinds of sport. Materials. The peculiarities of speed-strength readiness revelation among qualified athletes, going in for different kinds of sport. The results analysis was held in 4 groups of respondents. They had the following qualification: from the 1st category to World-class master of sport in powerlifting, kettlebell lifting, basketball, track-and-field. Research methods. Scientific literature analysis and summarizing, mathematical modeling; pedagogical testing; methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The respondents' high jump was estimated without the weight and with different weight (from 11,5 till 110 kg on shoulders). In general 618 measurements were fulfilled. Taking into account the received results we can judge the proportionality in using speed, speed-strength and strength abilities development in terms of physical training process in different kinds of sport. Adequacy control of the equation, calculates height of a high jump with the weight on the basis of the height of a high jump without the weight. It takes into account the athlete's body weight and the weight. It shows that it reflects the regularity in the height of jump change. It depends on the weight of poundage. Coefficient of correction introduction into the offered equation would help to provide more precise and detailed estimation of speed-strength abilities level within their all range at speed-strength scale. The equation gives an opportunity to calculate individual model values of the jump height in terms of poundage increase. And helps to estimate the proportionality in the level of the athletes' speed-strength abilities components demonstration. Conclusion. The revealed dynamics of the jump height correspondence with the individually normative level helps to reveal not proportionate speed-strength abilities development means use in terms of physical training process in different kinds of sport. It proves insufficient attention to predominantly speed and predominantly strength components development.
Keywords: basketball, kettlebell lifting, athletics, powerlifting, speed-strength abilities, proportionality.
For citation: Andrey I. Pyanzin*. The structure of speed-strength readiness of the qualified athletes, going in for different kinds of sport. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(1): 70-76.DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-81-88
Introduction
High sports results achievement in any kind of sport is impossible without following the principle of proportionality in speed-strength abilities demonstration.
The problem of the research is conditioned by great number of not systematized information about speed-strength abilities level and development among qualified athletes, going in for different kinds of sport.
The object of the research is the process of qualified athletes physical training.
The subject of the research is the structure of speed-strength readiness among qualified athletes, going in for different kinds of sport.
The aim of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of the speed-power readiness structure among qualified athletes, who go in for different kinds of sport.
Materials and methods
The following methods were used in the research: information sources analysis; mathematical modeling; pedagogical testing; methods of mathematical statistics.
The results analysis was held in 4 groups of respondents. They had the following qualification:
Table - Quantitative stafl
from the 1st category to World-class master of sport in powerlifting, kettlebell lifting, basketball, track-and-field.
Table presents the information about the respondents.
respondents groups
Kind of sport Spec. The number of the respondents
I category Candidate master of sports Master of sports World-class master of sport
male female male female male female male female
Powerliftig, n=7 - 2 1 1 1 1 1
Kettlebell lifting, n=i4 - 1 5 4 3 1
Basketball, n=i4 - 12 2
Athletics, n=i7 100 m 3 2 3
400 m 2 1
Height 1 1 1 1 1
Length 1
Total, n=52 9 5 19 4 9 1 3 2
Hinitial) in centimeters with rounding down.
Respondents' height jump without the poundage and with poundage (from 11,5 till 110 kg on shoulders) was estimated. Three attempts in each variant of jump were registered. In general 618 measurements were fulfilled. For the comparative analysis maximum values of results in test exercises were used.
The height of outleap was registered with the help of Abalakov tape, set on the covering between the athlete's legs and presented as a cylinder with the lock and a spring reset mechanism. The upper end of the tape was fixed on the waist of the athlete. Before the jump fulfillment the respondent rises on toes and the assistant registers the initial value on the tape. Then, holding hands behind the back, the respondent sits, bending his knees, and fulfills a high jump with the maximum altitude, stretching the measuring tape. Landing should be fulfilled on two feet to the place of pushing off without body shift to the side. After landing the assistant registers the final value on the tape. The height of the jump is defined as the difference between the final and the initial values of the measuring tape (H = Hfinal -
Results and Discussion
It is known that the features of the support define the character and parameters of body movement. The whole variety of a person's movements reflects the result of body interaction with the support and this interaction is reflected in quantitative values of some parameters. They form the base of the final result achievement [3,8,9]. In jumping exercises the leading phase is pushing off and the final result is provided by optimal speed values and body exit angle achievement [2,4,5,6].
A high jump without any weight and hands use is taken by us as the reference point for other jumping exercises. As body exit angle is perpendicular to the support and parallel to gravity vector. The height of the jump is determined only by muscles ability to impart body acceleration without additional movements (such as the running start or extremities swing exercises). During held earlier research works [7,10] high jump altitude without hands use was used as the base for the level of the
respondents' speed-strength readiness estimation in vertical jumps with different weight. The method of the result calculation in vertical jumps is based on taking into account gravity coefficient. It presents the ratio of body weight with the weight on shoulders relative to body weight without the weight.
High jump with the weight can be considered as a high jump without the weight in terms of the increased gravity. It is proportional to general mass of "athlete-weight" system. This work doesn't present the algorithm of equation calculation. It was described earlier [7]. General kind of the equation is presented below:
_ m\-H1
2 (m1+m2)3 (1), where:
H1 - the altitude of a high jump without hands use, m;
H2 - the altitude of a high jump with the weight on shoulders, m;
m1 - own weight, kg; m2 - mass of poundage, kg. The height of the jump according to the offered equation demanded the degree of its adequacy check and variables specification. The check was held in terms of a jump rated altitude comparison with the real one among 52 qualified athletes. They presented 4 kinds of sport.
If we equate individual height of the outleap without the weight and hands use to 1, in terms of outer weight on shoulders increase the height of the outleap will be proportionally decreasing in accordance with the regularity described in the equation. Real and estimated values of the jump height comparison proved this regularity. However, comparative analysis results revealed some error during the offered equation use. Real outleap altitude with the weights turned out to be higher than the estimated one (picture 1).
Picture 1 - The difference between real and estimated values of the relative altitude of the outleap from
the standing position
Picture 2 presents the character of these differences. They are not constant and have the tendency to increase proportionally to poundage weight increase. General tendency in differences can be described with the help of linear regression equation: y=1,4372x-0,352.
Linear regression equation introduction into the equation of jump height calculation as the correction factor helped to increase the accuracy of vertical jump height calculation with
different weight. It can be used for individual model characteristics of speed-strength readiness formation. We take into account the result of a high jump without the weight and hands use (picture 3).
Coefficient of gravity.
Picture 2 - The regularity of real jump altitude ration to estimation one
Correction factor equation is presented below:
H2 = f m*'H\3 ■ (1,4372 ■ m2 - 0,352) z (ma+m2)3 v (2)
Hi - the altitude of a high jump without hands use, m;
H2 - the altitude of a high jump with the weight on shoulders, m;
m1 - own weight, kg;
m2 - mass of poundage, kg.
Picture 3 - Real and estimation relative values of a jump height upwards taking into account coefficient of
correction (Ccorr)
The equation helps not only to estimate speed-strength potential in general, but to form individual profile of an athlete's speed-strength readiness, its structure, sufficiency in speed or power realization at each of the "parts" of this profile. It helps to calculate individual model values of the jump height in terms of poundage weight increase. It is based on the result of outleap upwards without the weight and reveal proportionality in the level of the separate components of an athlete's speed-strength abilities demonstration.
We took into account the opportunity to calculate individual height of the outleap with different weights and sufficient volume of the accumulated by us empiric results in different kinds of sport. We found it necessary to check, how changes the structure of speed-strength abilities among qualified athletes depending on the chosen
kind of sport.
In order to reveal the tendencies in jump height change in terms of poundage weight increase we held three stages of dynamic row smoothing on the basis of moving average method according to three points [1].
Smoothed dynamics of the relative jump height correspondence (picture 4) with individually normative level helps to define the differences. They are typical to the representatives of different kinds of sport.
We didn't set maximum weight the poundage. Each respondent individually established own "ceiling" of poundage. Basketball players and powerlifters stopped choosing the barbell of 1,70 relative unit. Weightlifters chose the barbell till 2,25 relative units. Track and field athletes chose the barbell till 2,50 relative units.
I.OO 1.10 1.20 1.30 I AO 1.50 1.60 1.70 ] .SO 1,90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50
Гравитационный коэффициент, отн. ед,
Относительная высота прыжка, отн.ед-relative height of the jump, relative units
Пауэрлифтинг-powerlifting
Баскетбол-basketball
Гиревой спорт- kettlebell lifting
Легкая атлетика-track and field
Гравитационный коэффициент, отн. ед- Coefficient of gravity, relative units
Picture 4 - Smoothed dynamics of the jump relative height correspondence with individual normative level among the representatives of different kinds of sport Less quantitative values of gravity coefficient Picture 4 shows 10-15 percent lag of a jump
characterize speed realization. Bigger ones height behind individual normative level within the characterize power component in the structure of range of poundage from 1,00 to 1,40 relative units speed-strength abilities, forming "speed-strength" among basketball players, weightlifters and track scale. and field athletes. Among powerlifters the lag is
less than 10%. In our opinion this lag shows general drawbacks of the kinds of sport in speed component of speed-strength abilities development. Though powerlifting representatives have better results.
In weight range of gravity coefficient from 1,40 till 1,70 relative units jump height correspondence with individually normative level among weightlifters and track and field athletes increases till 87-93%, among basketball players till 95-99%. Among powerlifters the effectiveness achieves maximum values by the end of this weight range. In all enumerated kinds of sport this weight range provides a jump height maximum correspondence with individually normative level, especially among basketball players. It is possible that this volume of poundage causes maximum speed and strength components demonstration of speed-strength abilities.
Further poundage increase among powerlifters and track and field athletes is accompanied by gradual outleap height lag behind individually normative level and unsteady dynamics of this index. It can prove drawbacks in power component of speed-strength abilities development.
Moreover, according to these results we can say about not sufficiently proportional use of speed, speed-strength and power abilities means development in terms of physical training process in different kinds of sport. It proves insufficient attention paid to predominantly speed and predominantly strength components development.
Conclusion
Thus, adequacy control of the equation, which calculates height of a high jump upwards with the weight on the basis of the altitude of a high jump without the weight, taking into account the athlete's body weight and the weight, showed that it reflects the regularity in the height of jump change depending on the weight of poundage. Coefficient of correction introduction into the offered equation will help to provide more accurate and detailed speed-strength abilities level estimation along all their range at speed-strength scale. The equation gives an opportunity to calculate individual model values of the jump height in terms of poundage increase and estimate the proportionality in the
level of components of the athletes' speed-strength abilities, who go in for different kinds of sport.
The revealed dynamics of the jump height correspondence with the individually normative level helps to reveal not proportionate speed-strength abilities development means use in terms of physical training process in different kinds of sport. It proves insufficient attention to predominantly speed and predominantly strength components development.
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Author's information:
Audrey I. Pyanzin* - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Yakovlev State Pedagogical University, Cheboksary, Russia, 428003, K. Marksa str., House 38, e-mail: pianzin@mail.ru
