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42
UDC 332.1
THE SPECIFICS OF THE INTERNAL MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD
D.I. Uznarodov
Southern scientific center of Russian Academy of Sciences Rostov-on-Don, Russia science-almanac@mail. ru
The article discusses the specifics of migration processes in the North Caucasus region in the post-Soviet period. It is determined that the intensification of migration processes in the region due to the influence of factors such as destabilization of the socio-economic and political situation, growth of nationalism in some republics and the problem of "divided" peoples resulting from repeated changes in the administrative-territorial structure of the state in the Soviet period. It was also determined that in 1990s and in 2000s the migration processes in the North Caucasus had different character. The specifics of migration processes in 1990s was that the largest ethnic group, which left the region during this period were Russians. In total, the region in this period left more than 55% of Russians, and in the Republic of Ingushetia and in the Chechen Republic, this number exceeded 90%. The peculiarity of migration processes in the North Caucasus in 2000s consisted in intensification of migration flows from some national republics, mostly Chechnya and Dagestan, to the territory of Stavropol region. It is noted that an impulse to increased migration from the North Caucasus republics on the territory of the Stavropol region was the creation of the North Caucasus Federal district in 2010, that evidenced by the almost twofold increase of migration trafficking in the region since that time.
Key words: migration processes, North Caucasus region, national republics, ethnic group, interethnic tension.
In the post-Soviet period migrational processes in the North Caucasus are conditioned by the influence of several types of factors. Ethnopolitical character extreme factors, such as criminalization reinforcement in various spheres, interethnic conflicts, growth of nationalistic feelings, and also war conflicts and political instability in the subjects compose the first type of factors (more specific for 90-s of XX century) [8, p. 154]. The problem of population "divided" by administrative and governmental boundaries, specifically influencing on the character of formed migrational flows in the region, refers to the second type of factors [8, p. 155].
It is necessary to emphasize that the existing at the present time problem of "divided" people is appeared to be the heritage of the soviet national policy. National policy in the country underwent cardinal changes after Bolsheviks coming to power, the country was divided into "title" and "untitle" ethnoses, from the government with unitary type Russia was transformed into national federation. The principle of "nationalism pairwise control", which was in practice embodied through organization of administrative-territorial system, appears to be one of the key principles of national policy in Soviet Union. According to the given principle such subjects as Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Karachayevo-Cherkess Autonomous Region and Soviet Socialist Republic were created in different time. In the period of USSR disintegration and accompanying parade of sovereignties principle of "pairwise nationalism control" did not contribute to centrifugal tendencies moderation and at one moment even set them on edge. The problems of so called "internal irredentistism" became evident, initiatives to create "The Great Cirkassia", independent Circassian government, including the territories of Adygeya, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachayevo-Cirkassia, and also Sochi and Anapa, can be referred to the important examples [12]. The Lezgin and Nogai ethnoses, the basic living areal of which is situated in the territory of the Republic of Daghestan today possess certain irredentist potential [10, p. 118]. Division of Lezgin ethnoses took place in 1921, when authorities reached a decision to draw the line across Samur river, in the result of which the part of Lezgin inhabitants appeared to be in the part of Azerbaijan, and the other half - as a part of Gorskaya Republic (the Republic of Daghestan). The initiative about necessity to create state formation Lezgistan as a part of Russian Federation was officially
aloud in September 1991, at the first nationwide conference of Lezgin people representatives. As concerns Nogai ethnos, then at the present time Nogai people are compactly settled in the row of border districts of the Republic of Daghestan, Stavropol Territory and the Chechen Republic. In 2012 the delegates of Nogai people IV conference, officially addressed to the president of Russia Vladimir Putin, asking to consider the question about Nogai territorial formation development as part of the Russian Federation within the borders of their compact living in the territory of above mentioned subjects. [10, p. 119]. It should be noted that Lezgin and Nogai ethnoses are united by discontent of their situation in ethnosocial stratification of the Republic of Daghestan, and also interethnic distribution of power authorization in the republican centre [5, p. 6; 135].
It should be emphasized that massive population outflow from the region, conditioned mainly by socioeconomic factors, such as high level of income differences among population, underdevelopment of economics perspective industries and absence of work places necessary quantity appears to be one of the most specific peculiarities of migrational processes in the North Caucasus during latest several decades [11]. Simultaneously with this, despite on migration negative balance, constant population growth takes place in the North Caucasian subjects, which in consequence of infirm labor market development in the region, influences on unemployment growth, appearing in its turn to be the source of massive population outflow. Statistical data point to the essential population growth in the republics for the last two decades. For instance, despite on difficult politico-social situation in the 90-s, in the Chechen Republic population size grew on 15% from 1989, in the Republic of Daghestan - on 60%, in the Republic of Ingushetia - on 135% [2, p. 78]. Migration processes specificity in the North Caucasian region in the post-Soviet period also consisted in the fact that Russian people were the most numerous ethnic group, who left the region during that period of time. Particularly, if in the Chechen Republic in 1989 Russian people consisted 24,8% from the population general number, then in 2010 - only 1,92%. The same situation takes place in the other region subjects. Russian people comprised 9,2% from the general population number in Dagestan in 1989, in 2010 - 3,57%; in Kabardino-Balkaria - 31,95% in 1989 and 22,55% in 2010; in Karachayevo-Cirkassia - 42,4% in 1989 and 31,4% in 2010; in the Republic of Ingushetia - 24,8% in 1989 (data on Checheno-Ingooshetia) and 0,78% in 2010; in the Republic of North Ossetia - 29,91% in 1989 and 20,63% in 2010 [3; 4]. Russian people comprised 9,2% from the general population number in Dagestan in 1989, in 2010 - 3,57%; in Kabardino-Balkaria - 31,95% in 1989 and 22,55% in 2010; in Karachayevo-Cirkassia - 42,4% in 1989 and 31,4% in 2010; in the Republic of Ingushetia - 24,8% in 1989 (data on Checheno-Ingooshetia) and 0,78% in 2010; in the Republic of North Ossetia -29,91% in 1989 and 20,63% in 2010 [3; 4].
In the North Caucasian region Stavropol Region became migrators attraction center in the post-Soviet period. In the period of 2002-2010 the general population number of Stavropol Region increased on 2%, at that population number of the North Caucasian and Caucasian ethnoses (including the Azerbaijani, the Armenians, the Georgians and etc.) approximately increased on 10% in the population region structure. Simultaneously with this, growth number of Russian people in the region did not occur in this period of time, and for the last twenty years the part of Russian ethnos in the Stavropol Territory population structure was notably decreased on 4% [1, p. 110]. The creation of the North Caucasian federal district in 2010 and its introduction to the structure of Stavropol Territory served as one of the impulses to internal migration processes strengthening in the North Caucasian district. Dynamics of migration processes in the region began to change from this period of time. Migrational circulation was increased - meanwhile in 2009 it comprised 40-45 thous. of people, then during the last years it is on the level of 90 thous. of people. It is worth mentioning that migrational outflow fulfillment in Stavropol Territory occurs due to significant migrational inflow of population from the neighboring national republics, first of all from Dagestan and Chechnia [1, p. 110].
East regions of Stavropol Territory - Arzgirsky, Kursky, Neftekumsky, Levokumsky and Stepnovsky are most of all subjected to migrational pressure. During the last twenty years one can
observe the tendency to population ethnical composition changing in favor of the North Caucasian ethnoses, specifically of Dargins and Chechens. For instance, in Zakumsky rural settlement of Neftekumsky district Dargins comprise 39,2%; Russians - 32,4%. The part of Russian people in the Irgakly village of Stepnovsky region comprises 36,43%, and 21,2% of Dargins [7]. The number of Russian ethnos comprises 34,5% in the Nikolo-Aleksandrovsky village of Levokumsky region, meanwhile the number of Dargins reached 53%, Avarts - 4,7%, Chechens - 1,6%; in Turksad village Dargins comprise 49%, Avarts - 3,7%; Chechens - 2,1 %, in its turn Russians already comprise minority - 41%; the number of Dargin ethnos in Pravokumsky rural village reached 44,2% [7]. The same dynamics can be also observed in Kursky and Arzgirsky districts: Dargins comprise 29%, Chechens - 25,1%, Russians - 16,8% in peaceful rural village of Kursky district; Russians comprise 49,8%, Dargins - 25,7%, Kumyks - 9,2%, Chechens - 3,6%, Lakts- 2%, Avarts - 1,5% of the rural village of Arzgirsky district; the number of Dargins in the structure of population reached 30% in Novoromanovsky rural village of the given region; the part of Dargin ethnos in the structure of population comprises 22,8% in Rodnikovsky rural village , and in Seraphimovsky rural village - 22,57% [7].
The similar changes influenced on an increased level of interethnic tension in these subjects. Regularly appearing ethnic anclaves provoke interethnic tension that induces discontent of local indigenous population, predominantly Russian population according to the ethnic composition. The reason of current discontent of the South Russia regions indigenous population consists in the fact that migrant ethnic groups from the North Caucasian republics are badly integrated in the new society, trying to choose the place of living compactly with representatives of their own ethnos, in consequence of which violation of "ethnic balance" takes place in the subjects that according to the plain reasons, produces anxiety of local population concerning preservation of their existing lifestyle. Regular conflicts with participation of citizens of different nationalities, taking place in numerous localities, generally interpreted by regulatory bodies as "wearing everyday character" speak about high level of interethnic tension in Stavropol Region. Natives of Ingooshetia and Chechnia made an assault upon officer (Russian by nationality) in July 2012, who came to the city for rest. The sportsman Maxim Spasibov was stabbed in the result of interethnic conflict in February 2013 in Stavropol, after that, inhabitants spontaneously gathered, during this event about 54 of people were arrested. The murder of Nevinnomyssk inhabitant Nikolai Naumenko occurred in December 2012, and induced significant resonance. In the result of conflict Nikolai was stabbed three times, and then after awhile he died. Guilty men were not arrested that led to several numerous protest actions, in the course of which tens of citizens were arrested [9].
Thus, coming to conclusions, it is worth mentioning that internal migrational processes in the North Caucasian region took very intensive character in the post-Soviet period, that conditioned by influence of a row of factors, destabilization of socioeconomic and political situation in the regions and also growth of nationalistic feelings in the row of republics can be referred to the most weighty factors. The fact that the most numerous ethnic group, who left the region in the post-Soviet period were Russians, can be referred to the specificity of migrational processes in the North Caucasian region. The maximum outflow of Russian population from the region occurred in 90-s of the last century, when nationalistic feelings in the republics of the North Caucasus had massive and radical character. Migrational processes obtained the other specificity in 2000, when outflow of other ethnic groups from the region was increased - first of all, Dargins, Chechens and Avarts. Stavropol Region is the attraction center for migrators in the North Caucasian region. Regularly occurring changes of region districts ethnic structure, in the row of which Russians do not already constitute a majority, testify mass character of migrational processes Regularly occurring changes in the ethnic population structure of the region districts often appear to be sources of interethnic conflicts among population that in its turn lead to social tension strengthening. The question about decision efficiency on the North Caucasus federal district creation in 2010 also remains open, as long as
since this time essential increase of migrational circulation in the region has taken place (from 45 to 90 thous. of people), that also contributes to changes of ethnic structure of Stavropol Region.
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April, 16, 2016
