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The significance of psychiatric disorders in criminal conduct
Spasennikov Boris Aristarkhovich, Doctor of Law, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Moscow E-mail: borisspasennikov@yandex.ru Shvyrev Boris Anatolievich, Ph. D. in Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Master of Laws, Chief Researcher of the Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia E-mail: Bor2275@yandex.ru Kudryashov Oleg Vladimirovich, Ph. D. of Law, Deputy Head on scientific work of the Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia Bykov Andrey Viktorovich, Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia
The significance of psychiatric disorders in criminal conduct
Abstract: Analysis of convicts’ cerebral (neuropsychiatric) pathology in order to optimize their resocialization, improve social adaptation, quality of life and achieve goals of criminal punishment in the sphere of prevention of criminal behavior. Material and methods. 250 men aged between 35 and 50 years were examined. The first survey sample consisted of convicted (n = 50). They committed robbery, brigandage, rape, disorderly conduct, inflicted bodily injury (age — 43.6 ± 2.6 years). These crimes imply violence against the victim. The second (control) survey sample included those (n = 200) who had no previous convictions (age — 42.4 ± 2.8 years). The sampling is random and representative. Clinical examination (research), as well as electroencephalography, electrocardiography, galvanic skin reflex, psychological research (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Spilberger test (STAI)) and other brain studies was carried out. Result and conclusion. The neurotic complaints were more frequent among convicts. Neurological symptoms of brain lesions were more frequent among the convicts. The difference between the first and the second survey sample was statistically significant. The maj ority of surveyed convicts had thought disorders. They poorly predicted consequences of their actions. Cerebral pathology impairs the ability to perceive universal human values, rules of society. Peculiarities of such person’s cerebral pathology are reduced to an inability to exercise control over the lawful behavior. A person with cerebral disorders is more prone to criminal behavior. We discuss the possibility of criminals’ resocialization by means of treating cerebral disorders. Convicted need cerebral metabolism restoration therapy. This will improve axonal communication and structural and functional neuronal activity. Ethiopatogenetic therapy of cerebral disorders contributes to the re-socialization of convicts, improvement of social adaptation, quality of life, crime prevention. The study complements clinical criminology theory.
Keywords: Criminology, prevention of criminal behavior, psychiatric disorders, criminal behavior, condemned.
A search for the new ways of preventing criminal behavior and re-socialization of convicts is an important scientific problem [2; 3; 5; 9; 10; 21; 25]. Science and practice require a comprehensive approach to the study of crime prevention methods [8; 13]. There are several major reasons for urgency of the problem [4; 7; 17; 18; 20; 22]. Criminal punishment proves ineffective in 60 % of cases. In our opinion, aggravation of punishment does not solve the problem. Humanization of punishment does not solve the problem too. About 60 % of criminals commit crime again. Thus, criminal punishment does not achieve its goal. The hypothesis of this study is as follows. Brain pathology of the convicted obstructs their social adaptation, makes it difficult to improve the quality of their
lives. Mental health of a convicted person should be taken into account while preventing criminal behavior [1; 16; 24]. This problem has been studied incompletely [15].
Objective: analysis of convicts’ cerebral (neuro-psychiatric) pathology in order to optimize their resocialization, improve social adaptation, quality of life and achieve the goals of criminal punishment for the prevention of criminal behavior.
Material and methods. 250 men aged between 35 and 50 years were examined. The first survey sample consisted of convicted (n = 50). They committed robbery, brigandage, rape, disorderly conduct, inflicted bodily injury (age — 43.6 ± 2.6 years). There were no representatives of the “white-collar” crime. The second (control) survey sample included
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those (n = 200) who had no previous convictions (age — 42.4 ± 2.8 years). The sampling is random and representative.
Clinical examination (research), as well as electroencephalography, electrocardiography, galvanic skin reflex, psychological research (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Spilberger test (STAI)), compressive spectral EEG analysis, EEG toposelective mapping, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic Doppler examination of cerebral arteries and other brain studies was conducted [6; 11; 12; 23].
Results and discussion. Convicted persons complained of moderate (58 %) or severe (32 %) irritability, irascibility (64 %), emotional instability (32 %), psychoemotional tension (76 %). These symptoms temporarily reduced after aggression, fighting, beating anybody.
Sometimes crimes were committed under the influence of these disorders. These disorders have been present for many years. In prison they intensified.
Behavioral disorder was typical of prisoners since their childhood. They did not tolerate school and military discipline. These features have been intensifying with age.
Only 10 % of the surveyed convicts had no such disorders.
Study of the anamnesis of convicts’ lives showed the following. 34 % of convicted had general secondary education, 22 % had secondary vocational education. Only 6 % of convicted had higher education.
Educational qualification was higher in the second (control) group. The difference in education is statistically significant.
Getting education requires intelligence and volitional effort. Cerebral disorders impede improving education.
Criminals feel envious of those who have good education. Feeling of envy leads to violence. A criminal feels supremacy at the moment of the violence. This contributes to the use of force.
The study of convicts revealed that only 34 % of criminals had family, 6 % were in a civil marriage.
Every third family of convicted falls apart while they are serving their sentence. This is an important sign of social maladjustment.
The persons from the second (control) survey sample are more able to live in marriage.
Creating and saving a family demands certain efforts. Cerebral disorders hinder the creation and preservation of the family.
42 % of the prisoners lived in town, 36 % lived in the countryside. Every fifth convicted had no permanent residence. Essentially, they were homeless. This is an important sign of social maladjustment.
64 % of the prisoners were workers. Most of them were low-skilled workers. 8 % of the prisoners were middle managers. 8 % of the prisoners were self-employed. Every tenth convict was unemployed. This is another important sign of social maladjustment.
All surveyed from the second (control) group had fulltime employment.
Every fifth convicted consulted a psychologist in prison. 74 % of them did not notice improvement of their state after psychological help. It is a sign of cerebral (neuropsychiatric) pathology.
Persons from the second (control) group did not attend a psychologist.
82 % of convicted previously had brain injuries of various severity. Brain injuries produce irreversible morphological changes in the brain. This causes disruption of brain functioning.
28 % persons from the second (control) group previously had a brain injury.
74 % of the prisoners regularly drank alcohol, used drugs periodically. Every third committed crime in a state of intoxication. A state of intoxication intensified cerebral disorders.
All surveyed from the second group denied drug usage, alcohol abuse.
Neurological symptoms of brain lesions were detected among convicted. Microfocal neurological symptoms (16 %) were detected, as well as pathological reflexes of hands.
In the second survey sample these symptoms occur in 9 % and 6 % of cases correspondingly.
Neurological symptoms are more common among convicted. The difference between groups is statistically significant [14].
Most criminals had thought disorders in the form of poor prediction of the consequences of their actions. These disorders contributed to criminal behavior.
Cerebral pathology made it difficult to find a socially acceptable solution to the situation.
Aggressive reactions were typical of 24 % of the convicts. Aggression is a standard, primitive response to a difficult situation. Anger, aggression arose due to insignificant reasons. They were losing self-control in the state of aggression.
They defended only their own interests. They demonstrated indifference to the rights of others.
Criminals often acted without considering the consequences of their actions.
Everyone convicted knows about two crimes that went unpunished. They can not predict unfavorable outcome for themselves. They are able to predict only a good result. Cerebral pathology diminishes the ability of predicting actions.
Persons from the second group had an ability to predict the consequences of their actions. They predicted the possibility of criminal penalty. They were afraid of criminal penalty.
Brain bioelectrical activity disorders were detected in 56 % of convicted.
The increase of the galvanic skin reflex occured among the majority of convicts.
These data show that criminals have functional and structural cerebral disorders. These cerebral disorders can have an impact on criminal behavior.
86 % of the patients from the second (control) group have EEG within normal limits. Galvanic skin reflex is normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of persons from the first
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and the second groups of surveyed do not differ significantly. Indicators of compressive spectral EEG analysis, EEG toposelective mapping, ultrasonic Doppler examination of cerebral arteries of persons from the first and the second groups have no differences.
Conducted research shows that cerebral pathology accompanies criminal behavior.
According to our data, 86 % of convicts suffer from personality disorder.
In the second (control) group personality disorder was observed in 15.5 % of cases.
Personality disorder was detected 5.5 times more often among convicted than among the law-abiding people.
Antisocial personality disorder is most common among the convicts.
Criminal behavior has a pathological basis. Cerebral disorders may lead to criminal behavior. These cerebral disorders may affect the correction of convicts.
Cerebral disorders hinder perceiving of universal values, rules of society.
Mental activity is a reflection of the objective reality in the human brain. Cerebral pathology causes disorders in an adequate reflection of the reality. Cerebral pathology
impedes human adaptation to the environmental conditions. This is accompanied by low social adaptation level and criminal behavior.
The implementation of criminal intent often occurs at the moment of its emergence.
Cerebral pathology hinders the achievement of the objectives of criminal punishment in terms of prevention of criminal behavior. Cerebral pathology prevents the redemption of a convict.
Achieving the goals of punishment is impossible without treatment of cerebral disorders [19].
Treatment of a convict may be voluntary if he is aware of his health problems.
Treatment of a convicted person can be compulsory, if he is not aware of his mental problems. Mental disorders connected with criminal behavior should be cured for the benefit of a patient and society.
Psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy of cerebral disorders help a convicted person to achieve correction of behavior.
Compulsory treatment ensures the right of a convicted person to become healthy, as well as improving the quality of life, resocialization, prevention of new crimes.
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Fumm Alexandra Mikhailovna, Federal state institution Scientific research Institute of Federal service of execution of punishments of the Russian Federation, Head of department, candidate of legal Sciences, Associate Professor
E-mail: bor2275@yandex.ru Yakovleva Oksana Nikolaevna, Scientific officer, candidate of legal Sciences, Associate Professor
E-mail: yakoksana.1977@mail.ru
General trends in the development of national legislation of penalties at the end of XV-XVII centuries
Abstract: The article summarizes the historical experience of the development of domestic legislation on the execution of criminal penalties for the period from the end of XV to XVII century. Identified and analyzed trends due primarily a process of state-legal development of Russia determines the system of criminal penalties, the main stages of its formation and characteristics, genesis of its basic elements.
Keywords: law, the penal system, the purpose of punishment, the death penalty, corporal punishment, imprisonment, exile.
Фумм Александра Михайловна, Федеральное казенное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний», начальник отдела,
кандидат юридических наук, доцент E-mail: bor2275@yandex.ru Яковлева Оксана Николаевна, научный сотрудник, кандидат юридических наук, доцент
E-mail: yakoksana.1977@mail.ru
Общие тенденции в развитии отечественного законодательства о наказаниях в конце XV-XVII вв.
Аннотация: в статье обобщен исторический опыт развития отечественного законодательства об исполнении уголовных наказаний за период с конца XV до XVII вв. Выявлены и проанализированы тенденции,
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