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S. Nekrylov and M. Gribovskiy
THE SIBERIAN PROFESSORIATE IN THE LATE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURIES: A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROFILE* **
С.А. Некрылов, М.В. Грибовский
Сибирская профессура рубежа XIX - XX веков: Социальный и политический портрет
Over centuries Siberia which constituted the bulk of Russia's territory, nevertheless, occupied a peripheral position in the area of education and, particularly, science. Until the 19th century Siberia was seen as a land famous for its natural resources, industries and trades related to them, an obscure part of Russia mainly inhabited by indigenous peoples, and, naturally, a land of exiles.
Siberia's intellectual boost started with the establishment of Imperial University in 1878 (opened in 1888) and of Technological Institute in 1896 (opened in 1900) in the Siberian city of Tomsk. Today these two educational institutions are among Russia's leading research universities steadily ranking among the country's top 10.
The arrival of the first professors in Tomsk began to shape here a specific social environment which sharply contrasted with the rest of the city population, especially, during the first few decades. The present article is devoted to the phenomenon of the Siberian professoriate in the pre-revolutionary period as to its social profile and socio-political views. The research analyzes materials related to the history of Tomsk Imperial University as the first Siberian institution of higher education.
The pre-revolutionary professoriate of Tomsk as a subject of special research was likely to come under the scrutiny of historians not earlier than the 1990s, with the biographical dictionary of the university professors serving as an impetus1.
A large part of research on the Siberian (Tomsk) professors of that time focuses on scientific and educational activities performed by university lecturers whereas the social and political aspect is also reflected in this research2. Noteworthy is a monograph and articles by O.A. Harus which reveal the ideological and political shaping of liberal opposition in Siberia in the late 19th and early 20th century, including their philosophical views and socio-political concepts which were reflected in the works by a number of professors of the Law School, Tomsk University3.
* Translated by Olga Sudakova (Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow).
** The research was conducted in the course of implementing a national project assigned by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science (Project J№ 33.1687.2017/4.6).
21
The Formation of University Professorial Staff
Three years before the university was opened the newspaper "Sibirs-kiy Vestnik" ("The Siberian Bulletin") was questioning the possibility of attracting professors and associate professors to Tomsk. The author wrote: "In reality, can a professor with some solid record be tempted by a slightly higher salary and earlier retirement or some other benefit at the expense of exchanging St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, Warsaw, Kharkov and even Kazan for Tomsk where there is not a single decent library, except for the university one, not a single museum, no materials for conducting research, with no new book available: one has to order it by post personally or get the university to do it whereas an old one, if not available in the university, is impossible at all to get?"4.
Nevertheless, the newspaper expressed hope that among those who had recently graduated from universities in the European part of Russia there would be talented people who would prefer teaching at the Siberian university, without counting on any special privileges, to other social positions and with zest and commitment, so natural for the youth, would lay the foundation for university scientific research5. The fears proved overstated. The challenge was taken by both young university graduates and those who already had a certain reputation in the academe.
Their motives were varied. Firstly, a newly opened university meant newly opened departments which offered aspired professorship to privat-docents coming from other universities. Secondly, the salary in Siberia was 1.5 times as high as that in the European part of Russia. Finally, Siberia was appealing as "terra incognita" which offered wide prospects for research to medics, biologists, geographers, ethnographers, etc.
Lecturers were recruited by Tomsk University whenever it was required for the teaching process. As the university had the only Department of Medicine until the 1890s, first there was a demand for professors to teach first-year medical students, then for lecturers teaching in the second year and so on. The entire teaching staff was completed during three-four years after the university was opened.
The first arrival was P.N. Krylov who came from the city of Kazan in 1885 at the invitation of V.M. Florinskiy to occupy the position of a scholarly university gardener. Besides, he was in charge of the study room (laboratory) of Botany. Later in summer Tomsk University was joined by a basic team of professors to provide the educational process in the first year at the Department of Medicine. They came from Kazan University (A.S. Dogel, A.M. Zaitsev, S.I. Korzhinskiy, N.M. Maliyev, E.A. Lehman), St. Petersburg University (N.A. Hezehus), Derpt (Yuriev/ Tartu) University (S.I. Zaleskiy). N.F. Kashyenko, a graduate from Kharkov University arrived later in March 1889. N.A. Hezehus was appointed a tenured professor at the Department of Physics jointly with Physical Geography and Meteorology. Moreover, being the most experienced lec-
turer among the staff with professional training in Western Europe and many-year tenure at the capital's university he was an acting President of the university until his return to St. Petersburg in 1889.
All the above teachers had Master's and Doctoral degrees by the time of their arrival in Tomsk, however, none of them had the title of professor, neither Extraordinary nor Ordinary one. Among the first professors the oldest one, N.M. Maliyev, was 47 whereas the youngest professor, S.I. Korzhinskiy, was 27. Later on the teaching staff was enlarged by privat-docents and professors from the above-mentioned universities as well as from universities of Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, and from St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy.
The Law Department at Tomsk University was opened in 1898, with the first professors appointed only at a few chairs, such as the Chair of Civil Law and Procedure (acting Ordinary(Full) Professor I.A. Bazanov), the Chair of the History of Russian Law (Extraordinary Professor I.A. Malinovskiy), the Chair of Encyclopedia and the History of the Philosophy of Law (Extraordinary Professor S.I. Zhivago), the Chair of Roman Law (Extraordinary Professor S.G. Sabinin), and the Chair of Political Economy (Extraordinary Professor M.A. Reisner). Other chairs remained vacant at first. I.G. Tabashnikov, professor of Roman Law from Novorossiysk University (in Odessa), was appointed the dean of Law Department.
By the 1902/03 academic year the staff of Law Department could boast as high a proportion of scholarly degrees as that of Warsaw and Kazan universities. That year 8 lecturers out of 12 delivering obligatory courses at Law Department possessed scholarly degrees. According to Law Department's professorial contingent (12) Tomsk University ranked third in Russia after Moscow University (16) and St. Vladimir University (in Kiev) (14). Compare it with other universities: Derpt/Yuriev/Tartu -11, Novorossiysk (in Odessa) - 10, Kazan - 9, Warsaw - 8. In 1904 the teaching at the Law Department was performed by 1 Doctor of Law, 9 Masters of Law and only 2 post-graduate students6.
By January 1917 r. the university counted 36 professors, 13 privat-do-cents, and 2 lecturers teaching foreign languages (German and French)7 who taught 1,192 people (960 students and 232 non-matriculating students), including 737 students and 196 non-matriculating students at the Department of Medicine and 223 students and 36 non-matriculating students at Law Department8.
In 1917 after the February Revolution two more departments were added, those of History and Philology and of Physics and Math, which brought Tomsk University into line with the "The Common Charter for Universities of the Russian Empire" of 1884 in terms of the number of departments.
The teaching staff of Tomsk University was formed according to the staffing table. As stipulated by the Corpus of Laws of the Russian Empire teaching staff enlisted 1) ordinary and extraordinary professors; 2)
privat-docents; 3) lecturers; 4) support educational staff9. "The Common Charter for Universities of the Russian Empire" of 1884 specified "the staff teaching disciplines at university" as "a) professors b) associate professors and c) privat-docents"10.
Those professors whose tenure amounted to 25 years were awarded the title of Professor Emeritus. This time period was supposed to comprise work in the professorial position or as a teacher of another higher education institution, doctor's degree being necessary11. As to professors of Theology, their clerical service was equated with the civil one whereas their seminary work with that of teaching at gymnasia and their academic work with that at university12. During the time period in question nine people were awarded the title of Professor Emeritus at Tomsk University, namely: D.N. Belikov, N.F. Kashyenko, A.A. Kulyabko, M.G. Kurlov, E.S.Obraztsov, M.F. Popov, E.G. Salishyev, V.V Sapozhnikov, and V.A. Ulyanitskiy.
Attention should be paid to such acute problem for Tomsk as the university's staff turnover. On the one hand, young teachers were eager to get here to obtain a tenured teaching position; on the other hand, the former privat-docents promoted to extraordinary (external) professors and even ordinary (full) professors tried to transfer to other universities in the European part of the Russian Empire. Such was the case of Ordinary Professor A.P. Korkunov who headed the Chair of Medical Diagnostics and the Department's Clinic.
In 1893 he applied to the Ministry of National Education for his transfer to the University of Kharkov or St. Vladimir University (in Kiev). The Ministry responded in a moralizing tone: "Our analysis of available data shows that young people tend to apply for a tenured position at Tomsk University not to commit themselves to a permanent service at that university, but for the sake of a fast promotion toward full professorship in order to proceed to another educational institution in European Russia. <.. .> The Minister of People's Education who thinks that such attitude to work at Tomsk University is wrong and critical for the success of teaching <.> asks me to relate to messieurs professors of Tomsk University his request to view their tenure at this university as a permanent place rather than a place for a fast promotion to full professorship and a transit place towards another tenured position in European Russia"13.
It should be noted that Professor Korkunov did remain at the university and did not leave until 1906. Nevertheless, the problem of teaching staff turnover would be referred to later on as well. For instance, as I.A. Bazanov, the dean of Law Department, asking University President M.G. Kurlov to allow M.I. Bogolepov to deliver a course of lectures, wrote in October 1906: "Mr. Bogolepov is the first degree-holder of Law Department from this very university. Through him, the Department for the first time implements one of its essential tasks - that of self-replenishment of its research staff. The implementation of this task makes the peripheral department steady and independent of research staff from other
universities. As a graduate of Tomsk University, Mr. Bogolepov may have stronger ties with this university and will not regard the latter as a transit stage to other universities as is often the case with scholars employed from elsewhere [Emphasis ours.]"14.
Professor N.F. Kashyenko, Chair of Anatomy, wrote: " <.. .> Faces in Tomsk changed fast, that is why back in 1912 I was the only professor from those appointed in the first year of the university's existence"15.
Over the pre-revolutionary period from 1888 to February 1917 there were 87 professors teaching at Imperial Tomsk University, 59 of them working at the Department of Medicine and 26 at Law Department. The Chair of Theology was headed by two professors during this period. 42 people (31 at the Department of Medicine, 11 at Law Department) who held the Doctorate degree in Medicine or Master's degree worked as privat-docents. However, the bulk of the teaching load was performed by professors. Below you can see how the professorial contingent was distributed among departments:
Professors Medicine Law Total
Ordinary (Full) 44 7 51
Extraordinary (External) 9 1 10
Acting Ordinary 4 13 17
Acting Extraordinary — 5 5
Nonstaff Extraordinary 2 — 2
Professors of Theology — — 2
As shown, the number of full professors working at the Department of Medicine is considerably higher than that at Law Department. This can be explained not only by the fact that Law Department appeared 10 years later than the Department of Medicine, but also due to the fact that the Department of Medicine had more chairs: the staff schedule for 1884 included 18 professors at Law Department and 24 at the Department of Medicine16.
The Social Composition of Professorial Contingent
By social origin the majority of professors working at Tomsk University corresponded to those population categories that were eligible for civil service. According to "The Code of Regulations of Civil Service" employment in a civil institution, including public education, was determined by three factors: social status, age and educational level17. By "right of origin" the civil service was eligible for: children of hereditary and personal nobility, officers' sons and sons of bureaucracy that received personal honorary citizenship, sons of Finnish bureaucracy, not
of noble origin, who occupied class rank positions in the civil service of the Grand Duchy of Finland, sons of priests, deacons and junior deacons of Orthodox and Armenian-Gregorian confessions, sons of Evangelist, Lutheran and Reformatory pastors, as well as the sons of commerce advisors and of the first Guild merchants. Apart from the above categories, civil service was accessible for the sons of scholars and artists without class ranks, the sons of uyezd, parochial and domestic teachers as well as former room supervisors at schools, clerks, doctors' apprentices, paramedics, couriers, also the sons of servicemen and craftsmen without class ranks from the Court department as well as the sons of junior military ranks serving in this department18.
A considerable part of professors were of the origin which, according to the law, did not presuppose entering into civil service. For instance, professors N.A. Alexandrov, I.A. Bazanov, G.M. Kolonozhnikov, A.P. Korkunov, I.G. Tabashnikov were of peasant origin whereas I. L. Vaku-lenko, S.V. Lobanov, I.A. Malinovskiy, I. V. Mihailovskiy, N.Y. Novom-bergskiy came from lower middle class. V.N. Velikiy, G.M. Yosifov, V.G. Kamburov, F.K. Krueger, V.A. Muratov, E.G. Salishyev came from the merchant environment. A.M. Zaitsev was a hereditary honorary citizen. Yet, "The Code of Regulations of Civil Service" specified that university graduates and degree-holders became entitled to civil service19.
A detailed social and class analysis of the professorial contingent at Tomsk University can be done on the basis of the data in relation to the professors' social origin to be found in reference books about employees under the Ministry of National Education (published in 1888 - 1916) and professors' personal records20. The analysis of these sources revealed the following profile which reflects the original social status of 87 professors working at Tomsk University during the period in question:
Social (class) origin 1888 1898 1916 Total 18881917
Med. Med. LLaw MMed LLaw D
Nobility 3 44 22 11 55 24
Clergy 1 99 -- 115 33 30
Hereditary honorary citizens 1 11 — — 11 2
Merchants - 33 -- 11 -- 6
Bureaucracy 1 22 -- 55 11 11
Children of senior officers 1 11 — 11 -- 3
Lower middle class - -- 11 22 22 5
Peasantry - 11 11 11 21 5
Of Finnish origin - — — 11 1- 1
Total: 7 221 44 227 113 87
As shown in the above table, the majority of the professorial staff came from the clergy (34.5 %) and nobility (27.6 %), those coming from bureaucracy accounted for 12.6 % of the university's professoriate. It is interesting to compare these data with those of other universities. According to L.A. Bushayeva, in the Kazan University over the same period 27.8 % of the teaching staff came from nobility, 18.6 % - from bureaucracy and senior officers, and 22.7 % - from the clergy21. The social composition was somewhat different at St. Petersburg University. According to estimates by E.A. Rostovtseva, the percentage of the academics of aristocratic origin was even higher (32.2 %), those who came from the non-aristocratic families of government officials (bureaucracy) accounted for about 16 %, and those coming from the clergy - almost 11 %, which is three times as little than in Tomsk22.
On average, the social (class) composition of the professorial staff in Russian universities and university-type institutions was as follows:
in 1904 from the nobility - 39.2 %, from the clergy - 20.9 %, from bureaucracy, personal noblemen and senior army officers - 17.1 %;
in 1917 from the nobility - 33.4 %, from the clergy - 16.2 %, from bureaucracy, personal noblemen and senior army officers - 22.4 %23.
The numerical predominance of professors coming from clerical families in the social composition of Tomsk University was largely due to the fact that for the first ten years the university had had but one department, the Department of Medicine, which was mostly joined by graduates of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy that, in its turn, enrolled graduates from seminaries. Once the Department of Medicine released the first qualified physicians it was possible to employ them as the University's own teaching staff. However, graduates from seminaries also prevailed among the students enrolled in Tomsk University. There was a similar situation when Law Department was opened.
During the first 25 years of the existence of Tomsk University the proportion of seminary graduates from those who were admitted, graduated or dropped out for different reasons amounted to 63.3 % at the Department of Medicine and 46 % at Law Department. As to the graduates alone estimated over this period, the proportion was 74.2 % and 57.6 % correspondingly24.
It is worthwhile taking into account one more indicator - an average age of the Siberian professoriate, which will complete their social profile. According to our estimates, the average age of taking up the professorial position over the entire pre-revolutionary period of Tomsk University was 37. It was only slightly different from that of St. Petersburg University, which was 38.725.
As to their confessions, the professorial staff represented by Russians in absolute majority, were mainly Orthodox. Over the period of 188827
1916 80 professors out of 87 working at Tomsk University were Orthodox and 7 professors (A.S. Dogel, S.I. Zalesskiy, I.V. Mihailovskiy,V.A. Ulyanitskiy, F.K. Krueger, E.A. Lehman, A.A. Lindstrem) were Roman-Catholic by confession. There were no professors of Jewish, Mohammedan or other confessions at Tomsk University. Such situation was typical of the majority of Russian universities26.
Civic Engagement and Political Views
The early 20th century witnessed a whirlpool of social and political processes in Russia, a rapid politicization of society. Universities accumulating the country's intellectual resources could not stay away from politics. Whereas the last decades of the 19th century were conducive to political neutrality, the conditions under the First Russian revolution (of 1905) which took two and a half years led to palpable polarization of the professorial staff.
The Russian university community were undergoing through decades of an unprecedented split into "the left" and "the right" in terms of politics and ideology, with "the left professoriate" (in the broad sense of the word, meaning "anti-monarchist"), according to numerous estimates, prevailing over "the right" one, which was historically justified.
The political differences of the teaching staff of Tomsk University were manifested at their sharpest during the First Russian revolution when the political parties of the Russian Empire were legalized.
Supporters of radical left-wing parties among the university community were but few. S.V. Lobanov, professor of Ophthalmology, was known to belong to the Socialist Revolutionary Party (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries). According to the Tomsk Province Gendarme Department, Professor N.A. Alexandrov in 1905 was a founder and head of the socialist-democratic professional union of Tomsk pharmacists and apothecaries who "had relationships with people politically highly unre-liable"27.
Among ardent adherents of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Constitutional Democrats; Cadets; Party of the People's Freedom) were professors M.I. Bogolepov, I.A. Malinovskiy, N.Y. Novombergskiy, S.P. Mokrinskiy, N.N. Rozin, M.N. Sobolev, V.V. Sapozhnikov, the latter being also a proponent of the ideas of Sibirskoye oblastnichestvo (Siberian regionalism).
Founders of the Tomsk affiliate of the Party of People's Freedom, I.A. Malinovskiy and M.N. Sobolev, edited the newspaper "The Siberian Life" in 1905-1906 and 1907-1910.V.V. Sapozhnikov was also a member of the editorial board. In 1907 Malinovskiy was nominated as a candidate for a deputy of the Third State Duma, but opted out in favour of Professor N.V. Nekrasov from Tomsk Technology University. M.N. Sobolev was elected an elector for the First and Third State Duma from progressive electorate. N.N. Rozin, professor of Law Department, one
of the activists of the Academic Union was elected to the Second State Duma from the Party of People's Freedom.
A large part of the teaching staff joined the local branch of "The Union of October 17" (Octobrists) being represented by professors P.P. Avrorov, D.N. Belikov, I.A. Bazanov, N.F. Kashyenko, F.Y. Kapustin, F.K. Krueger, A.A. Kulyabko, P.N. Lashyenkov, M.F. Popov, P. A. Proko-shev, A.E. Smirnov, I.G. Tabashnikov and others28.
N.F. Kashyenko, professor of Zoology, was elected chairman of the Tomsk affiliate of "The Union of October 17". In his articles published in the local Octobrist newspaper "Vperyod" ("Forward") for some time published and edited by I.A. Bazanov, professor of Law Department, Professor Kashyenko welcomed the main ideas of "The Manifesto of the 17th October", however, expressing regret over the delay of measures introduced by Emperor Nicholas II aimed at political reorganization of society. "No doubt", he wrote, "if the State Duma had been established a quarter of a century earlier, "The Manifesto of the 17th October" would have satisfied the aspirations of the most liberal part of Russian society..."29.
The general meeting of the Tomsk Octobrists elected Professor Bazanov and Professor Lashyenkov as electors of candidates for the State Duma30. The dissolution of the First State Duma resulted in the split among the Tomsk Octobrists. The splinter group for whom the Octo-brists' agenda was far too "leftist" formed "The Russian National Society for Faith, Tsar and Fatherland" in 1906. It claimed such principles as nationality, Orthodoxy, and Autocracy, leaning toward the Black-Hundred "Union of the Russian People". As early as in April of the same year Professor Bazanov who would speak for the creation of "a cultured rule-of-law state" stepped down as the publisher and editor of "The Vremya" newspaper and Professor Ulyanitskiy stopped his cooperation with the newspaper. Thus they expressed their protest against the newspaper's swing to the right. Likewise Professor Prokoshev and Professor Smirnov left the newspaper, the latter also left the bureau of the local Octobrist organization31.
The right-wing professors M.G. Kurlov, I.Y. Galahov, F.I. Romanov, A.M. Zaitsev and others joined the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People" with its extreme monarchist and nationalist positions.
Given the prevalence of liberal views among the professoriate, it may be relevant to elaborate on them in more detail.
The First Russian revolution accelerated the shaping of the political outlook of the liberal professorship. The foundation of the major political parties of liberal orientation "The Union of October 17" and the Party of the People's Freedom revealed on the institutional level the ideological split of Russian liberalism into the moderate and the radical one. Despite the split, they managed to retain common political grounds based on the fundamental principle of liberalism - the priority of the human being.
The First Russian revolution drove the liberal professoriate to per-
form concrete political actions. The initial one of a national scope was the publication of "The Note about Requirements for Education" on the 20th of January 1905 in the newspaper "Nasha Zhizn" ("Our Life"). The petition was signed by 342 people, including V.I. Vernadskiy, I.P. Pavlov, K.A. Timiryazev and other well-known scholars. The authors of "The Note" denounced the official policy on higher education demanding academic freedom as well as radical reforms in the state system.
During those months the liberal professoriate was consolidated in the Academic Union that convened a constituent congress in March 1905. By the autumn it counted 44 local organizations in 39 higher educational institutions of Russia with 1,800 members32. Its branch office at Tomsk University was set up in September 1905 that was joined not only be the teaching staff as in other universities, but also by supporting teaching personnel and officers.
With a changing composition and number of membership ranging from 23 to 27 people at various time periods, the Academic Union lasted for two years. Among them were professors M.N. Sobolev, E.S. Obraztsov, N.N. Rozin, V.V. Sapozhnikov, I.A. Malinovskiy, N.A. Alexandrov. P.P. Tihov, S.V. Lobanov, S.P. Mokrinskiy, V.A. Ulyanitskiy, A.E. Smirnov, S.M. Timashev, N.Y. Novombergskiy, L.M.Mariupolskiy, M.I. Bogolepov; privat-docents P.N. Krylov, P.V. Butyagin, Assistant Professor A.N. Zimin, lab assistents V.V. Karelin, A.A. Bogolepov, I.I. Stanovich, M.P. Protodyakonov, V.I. Fomin, A.N. Luppov, N.I. Dele-ktorskiy, P.I. Chistyakov, Department's Clinics' interns S.S. Oksenov, S.A.Alamov, K.N. Makov, N.D. Liberov, P.A. Lomovitskiy, N.G. Ginsberg, N.L. Troitskiy, E.N. Nelubov, K.N. Zavadovskiy, V.G.Byaglovskiy, N.I.Bereznegovskiy, V.A. Sadovskiy33.
The meetings were held in the Law study room and in the apartment of A.E. Smirnov, the professor of Histology, and seldom in the apartments of M.N. Sobolev and V.V. Sapozhnikov. The participants discussed issues concerning the university life as well as civic matters, such as parties, classes and nationality. The most active members in the "academics' group" were professors I.A. Malinovskiy, M.N. Sobolev , S.P. Mokrinskiy, N.Y. Novombergskiy, P.P. Tihov, I.V. Mihailovskiy, S.M. Timashev, privat-docents P.V. Butyagin and P.N. Krylov.
Professors I.V. Mihailovskiy, I.A. Malinovskiy and partly N.Y. No-vombergskiy contributed their research insights on civil liberties and relationships between a person and the state34.
As the First Russian revolution came to its end the Academic Union stopped its activity, but the divide would persist. The confrontation between "the left" and "the right" often came up during electoral procedures, for instance, the left claimed for the majority in the Society of General Practitioners that had a large contingent of professors and lecturers from the Department of Medicine.
This confrontation can be illustrated by an episode with the election of The Professorial Disciplinary Court of Tomsk University in 1907. This
court was established in 1902 as the university's collegiate body to consider cases of students' misbehavior.
At the time the election took place, part of the leftist professors were away on vacation, as a result, the right-wing ones and those close to them among the Octobrists won the majority. Elected to the Court were professors P.A. Prokoshev, F.Y. Kapustin, P.N. Lashyenkov, I.N. Grammatikati, P.V. Burzhinskiy, F.K. Krueger and I.I. Alexandrovich-Dochevskiy. Upon learning about this, the Academic Union assembled in its leftist majority after the vacation trying to reconsider the Court's authority to prevent biased peremptory decisions and resolutions. The assembly decided by an overwhelming left majority that decisions made by the Disciplinary Court were to be considered and confirmed by the University Council controlled by the Academic Union which was renamed as "The Academics' Group". After that the rightist Disciplinary Court had to step down, with all left professors joining it. At the next "academics" meeting the previous decision was cancelled and the Disciplinary Court got back its original right of the final decision35.
After the First Russian revolution the social and political activity of the university professoriate noticeably weakened. Clouds gathered over the brightest representatives of non-conformist professorship. Professor I.A. Malinovskiy, Chair of the History of Russian Law, was dismissed in September 1911 following his trial because of his public position against capital punishment. In 1912 he was convicted on Article 129 (Point 3 and Point 4) of the Criminal Code (non-compliance with the law). However, he was granted amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov.
A year later M.N. Sobolev left Tomsk for Kharkov University where he was elected a full professor. General-Mayor Rikovskiy, head of Kharkov Province Gendarme Department, wrote in his letter to his counterpart in Tomsk on the 18th of May 1912: "In relation to Professor Sobolev, Doctor of Political Economy of Tomsk University, being elected to the vacant position at the Chair of Financial Law by the Law Department of Kharkov University, I kindly request Your Excellency to inform me of his political orientation as well as other information which may at Your disposal"36.
In his reply the head of the Tomsk Province Gendarme Department imputed Professor Sobolev for participating in election campaign to the State Duma, being a member of the editorial committee of the newspaper "The Siberian Life" which "made possible the publication of an anti-government article dedicated to the death of State Secretary and Chairman of the Council of Ministers Stolypin" as well as the fact that Sobolev's address was frequently found with people who are viewed as politically unreliable"37.
N.N. Rozin left Tomsk to take up a position in St. Petersburg in December 1912.
The First World War which started in summer 1914 galvanized pa-
triotic sentiment among professors and lecturers uniting the recent opponents - liberals and conservatives. However, defeats of the Russian Army in 1915, the advance of political reaction intensified professorial criticism toward the power. The deepening crisis of the monarchy signaled a pending change in the life of Russia. The liberal professoriate welcomed the February revolution (of 1917) linking it with their hopes for the democratization of higher school.
Thus, given the varied political profile of the professorial staff, the liberal aspirations were predominant in it. Whereas members of the Cadets' party and its supporters accounted for the majority among the Russian professoriate, at large, the professorial staff of Tomsk University was somewhat more moderate and largely sympathized with the Octobrists.
At any rate, the academic collegiate progressively turned into a corporation which expressed the opinion of its liberal majority which involved consistent demand for broader academic and political freedoms.
Nevertheless, being a public servant, the liberal professor occupied a fairly high position in the Table of Ranks with a correspondingly solid remuneration and was well aware of his dependence from the authorities. He was constantly running risks of being dismissed and losing the opportunity not only to teach, but also to carry on research. That is why the opposition of the liberal professoriate toward autocracy was always of moderate and limited character, never going beyond the demands for the autonomy of the higher school and lesser power of bureaucracy. The political ideal as seen by the liberal professors of Tomsk University was expressed by Professor I.V. Mihailovskiy: "A harmonized combination of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. Such combination should be set
up on the monarchical foundation"38.
* * *
Thus, in relation to the pre-revolutionary period in the Russian history, the notion of "Siberian professoriate" is identical with that of "Tomsk professoriate". What distinguished the 19th century Tomsk professoriate from that of the rest of Russia is that it was an entirely exogenous phenomenon in the city of Tomsk, with the first originally Siberian professors appearing by the early 20th century.
The Siberian professoriate was a little different in its social and class origin from the university professorial staff in the European part of Russia, namely, by the predominance of professors having clerical origin. As to political views, the university community, irrespective of its place of residence, was found to manifest the same tendencies.
Established as an integral part of the imperial university system, the Tomsk (Siberian) professoriate, for, at least, the first two decades, would bear the features essential for the Russian university at large, rather than for its specific area of existence (Tomsk, Siberia). It produced a significant impact on the citizens' life through its educational, scientific, cul-
tural and political activities.
Notes Примечания
1 Фоминых С.Ф., Некрылов С.А., Берцун Л.Л., Луков Е.В., Шевелев Д.Н., Хмельницкий В.С. Профессора Томского университета: Биографический словарь. Вып. 1. Томск, 1996.
2 Крестьянников Е.А. Профессора Императорского Томского университета на службе юстиции // Вестник Тюменского государственного университета. 2013. № 2. С. 137-144; Некрылов С.А. Томский университет -первый научный центр в Азиатской России (середина 1870-х гг. - 1919 г.). Т. 1, 2. Томск, 2010; Некрылов С.А. Научные общества в Томском университете в дореволюционный период. Томск, 2013.
3 Харусь О.А. Либерализм в Сибири начала XX века: Идеология и политика. Томск, 1996; Харусь О.А. Проблемы формирования гражданского общества в либеральном дискурсе России начала ХХ в. (Из интеллектуального наследия профессоров Томского университета) // Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2011. № 3. С. 19-27; Харусь О.А. Реорганизация государственной власти в России начала XX в.: Проекты и рефлексия либеральной интеллигенции Томска (1905 - февраль 1917 гг.) // Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2012. № 12. С. 85-92.
4 Сибирский вестник (Томск). 1885. 13 июня.
5 Сибирский вестник. 1885. 13 июня.
6 Известия Томского университета. Кн. 39. Томск, 1910. С. 129; Отчет о состоянии Императорского Томского университета за 1904 год. Томск, 1905.С. 8-11.
7 Отчет о состоянии Императорского Томского университета за 1916 год. Томск, [б.г.]. С. 10-15, 20, 29, 30.
8 Отчет о состоянии Императорского Томского университета за 1916 год. Томск, [б.г.]. С. 10-15, 20, 29, 30.
9 Свод законов Российской империи. 1913. Кн. 3. Т. XI. Ч. 1. Ст. 497.
10 Общий Устав Императорских Российских университетов 1884 г. Ст. 94.
11 Там же. Ст. 100.
12 Свод законов Российской империи. 1913. Кн. 3. Т. XI. Ч. 1. Прим. к ст. 505.
13 Известия Томского университета. Кн. 7. Томск, 1895. Отд. 1. [Пагин. 2-я]. С. 9-10.
14 Государственный архив Томской области (ГАТО). Ф. 102. Оп. 9. Д. 85. Л. 31.
15 Кащенко Н.Ф. Краткая автобиография // Императорский Томский университет в воспоминаниях современников. Томск, 2014. C. 357.
16 Общий Устав Императорских Российских университетов 1884 г. Ст. 61, 62.
17 Свод законов Российской империи. М., 1910. Кн. 1. Т. 3. Свод уставов о службе гражданской. Кн. 1. Ст. 3.
18 Там же. Ст. 5.
19 Там же. Ст. 7.
20 Российский государственный исторический архив (РГИА). Ф. 733.
Оп. 156; ГАТО. Ф. 102. Оп. 1.
21 Бушуева Л.А. Состав профессорской коллегии Императорского Казанского университета в условиях модернизации российской высшей школы во второй половине XIX - начале XX в. // Исторический опыт российских модернизаций XIX - XXI веков: Специфика регионального развития. Казань, 2012. C. 105.
22 Ростовцев Е.А. Столичный университет Российской империи: Ученое сословие, общество и власть (вторая половина XIX - начало XX в.). Москва, 2017. С. 172, 173.
23 Иванов А.Е. Высшая школа России в конце XIX - начале XX века. Москва, 1991. С. 224.
24 Краткий исторический очерк Императорского Томского университета за первые 25 лет его существования (1888 - 1913). Томск, 1917. С. 166.
25 Ростовцев Е.А. Столичный университет Российской империи: Ученое сословие, общество и власть (вторая половина XIX - начало XX в.). Москва, 2017. С. 162.
26 Иванов А.Е. Высшая школа России в конце XIX - начале XX века. Москва, 1991. С. 228; Ростовцев Е.А., Баринов Д.А. Преподавательская корпорация столичного университета 1884 - 1916 гг.: Основные черты и проблемы коллективной биографии // Профессорско-преподавательский корпус российских университетов, 1884 - 1917 гг.: Исследования и документы. Томск, 2012. С. 40.
27 Государственный архив Российской федерации (ГА РФ). Ф. 102 (Д. 3). Оп. 1907. Д. 391. Л. 2.
28 Вперед (Томск). 1906. 14 янв.
29 Вперед. 1906. 1 янв.
30 Вперед. 1906. 6 мая.
31 Фоминых С.Ф., Некрылов С.А., Берцун Л.Л., Литвинов А.В. Профессора Томского университета: Биографический словарь. Т. 1. Томск, 1996. С. 33, 236.
32 Иванов А.Е. Первая русская революция и профессура высших учебных заведений // Вопросы социально-экономического развития и революционного движения в России. Москва, 1977. С. 111.
33 РГИА. Ф. 733. Оп. 201. Д. 108. Л. 48-49об.
34 Харусь О.А. Проблемы формирования гражданского общества в либеральном дискурсе России начала ХХ в. (Из интеллектуального наследия профессоров Томского университета) // Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2011. № 3. С. 19-27.
35 РГИА. Ф. 733. Оп. 201. Д. 108. Л. 46-47.
36 Центральный государственный исторический архив Украины (ЦГИ-АУ). Ф. 705. Оп. 1. Д. 895. Л. 9.
37 ЦГИАУ. Ф. 705. Оп. 1. Д. 895. Л. 11, 11об.
38 Михайловский И.В. Очерки философии права. Т. 1. Томск, 1914. С. 600.
Authors, Abstract, Key words
Sergey A. Nekrylov - Doctor of History, Professor, National Research Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russia) [email protected]
Mikhail V. Gribovskiy - Candidate of History, Senior Lecturer, National Research Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russia)
Based on both published and unpublished documents on the history of the Imperial University of Tomsk, the article analyzes the social and political profiles of the Siberian professoriate during the period prior to the Russian revolution of 1917. What distinguished the 19th century Tomsk professoriate from that of the rest of Russia is that it was an entirely exogenous phenomenon in the city of Tomsk, with the first originally Siberian professors appearing by the early 20th century. In relation to the pre-revolutionary period in the Russian history, the notion of "Siberian professoriate" is identical with that of "Tomsk professoriate", the authors argue. A special attention is paid to the staff formation of the Imperial University of Tomsk as the first university in the Asiatic part of Russia. The article highlights how university centers in Russia's European part (St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, Kazan, etc.) contributed to the staff formation of Tomsk University. The authors go on to examine the social origin of Tomsk professors as well as their political views and public activity. It is concluded that in terms of their social origin, the Tomsk (Siberian) professoriate was different from the university professorial staff in the European part of Russia by the predominance of professors having clerical origin. The Tomsk (Siberian) professoriate was the bearer of features essential for the Russian university at large, rather than for its specific area of existence. It produced a significant impact on the citizens' life through its educational, scientific, cultural, and political activities. As to political views, liberal (reformatory) orientation prevailed among Tomsk university community, which coincided with political preferences shared by the majority of university professors in the European part of Russia.
Siberia, Tomsk (City of), Tomsk University, university staff, professorate, social origin, social mobility, social portrait (profile), political portrait (profile), political mood, political activity, Russian revolution of 1905.
References (Articles from Scientific Journals)
1. Kharus O.A. Problemy formirovaniya grazhdanskogo obshchestva v lib-eralnom diskurse Rossii nachala XX v. (Iz intellektualnogo naslediya professo-rov Tomskogo universiteta) [The Problems of the Formation of a Civil Society in Russia's Liberal Discourse in the Early 20th Century (From the Intellectual Legacy of the Professors of Tomsk University).]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarst-vennogo universiteta, 2011, no. 3, pp. 19-27. (In Russ.).
2. Kharus O.A. Reorganizatsiya gosudarstvennoy vlasti v Rossii nachala XX v.: Proyekty i refleksiya liberalnoy intelligentsii Tomska (1905 - fevral 1917 gg.) [The Restructuring of State Power in Russia in the Early 20th Century: Projects and Reflections of the Liberal Intelligentsia of Tomsk (1905 -February 1917).]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2012, no. 12, pp. 85-92. (In Russ.).
3. Krestyannikov E.A. Professora Imperatorskogo Tomskogo universiteta na sluzhbe yustitsii [The Professors of Tomsk Imperial University in the
Service of Justice.]. Vestnik Tyumenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2013, no. 2, pp. 137-144. (In Russ.).
(Articles from Proceedings and Collections of Research Papers)
4. Bushueva L.A. Sostav professorskoy kollegii Imperatorskogo Kazan-skogo universiteta v usloviyakh modernizatsii rossiyskoy vysshey shkoly vo vtoroy polovine XIX - nachale XX v. [The Composition of the Board of Professorial Oversight of Kazan Imperial University under the Conditions of the Modernization of the Russian Higher School in the Second Half of 19th - Early 20th Centuries.]. Istoricheskiy opyt rossiyskikh modernizatsiyXIX-XXIvekov: Spetsifika regionalnogo razvitiya [The Historical Experience of Russian Modernization in the 19th and 21st Centuries: The Specificity of Regional Development.]. Kazan, 2012, pp. 89-108. (In Russ.).
5. Ivanov A.E. Pervaya russkaya revolyutsiya i professura vysshikh ucheb-nykh zavedeniy [The First Russian Revolution and the Professoriate of Higher Educational Institutions.]. Voprosy sotsialno-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya i revolyutsionnogo dvizheniya v Rossii [Problems of Socio-Economic Development and of the Revolutionary Movement in Russia.]. Moscow, 1977. pp. 102-126. (In Russ.).
6. Rostovtsev E.A., Barinov D.A. Prepodavatelskaya korporatsiya stoli-chnogo universiteta 1884 - 1916 gg.: Osnovnye cherty i problemy kollektivnoy biografii [Teacher Corporatism at the University of the Capital, 1884 - 1916: Fundamental Features and Problems of Collective Biography.]. Professorsko-prepodavatelskiy korpus rossiyskikh universitetov, 1884 - 1917 gg.: Issledo-vaniya i dokumenty [The Faculty of Russian Universities, 1884 - 1917: Studies and Documents.]. Tomsk, 2012, pp. 35-51. (In Russ.).
(Monographs)
7. Fominykh S.F., Nekrylov S.A., Bertsun L.L., Lukov E.V., Shevelev D.N., Khmelnitskiy V.S. Professora Tomskogo universiteta: Biograficheskiy slovar [The Professors of Tomsk University: A Biographical Dictionary.]. Tomsk, 1996, vol. 1, 288 p. (In Russ.).
8. Ivanov A.E. Vysshaya shkola Rossii v kontse XIX - nachale XX veka [The Higher School of Russia in the Late 19th - Early 20th Centuries.]. Moscow, 1991, pp. 224, 228. (In Russ.).
9. Kharus O.A. Liberalizm v Sibiri nachala XX veka: Ideologiya i poli-tika [Liberalism in Early 20th Century Siberia: Ideology and Politics.]. Tomsk, 1996, 227 p. (In Russ.).
10. Mikhaylovskiy I.V. Ocherki filosofii prava [Essays on the Philosophy of Law.]. Tomsk, 1914, vol. 1, p. 600. (In Russ.).
11. Nekrylov S.A. Nauchnyye obshchestva v Tomskom universitete v dor-evolyutsionnyy period [Scientific Societies at Tomsk University in the Pre-Rev-olutionary Period.]. Tomsk, 2013, 258 p. (In Russ.).
12. Nekrylov S.A. Tomskiy universitet - pervyy nauchnyy tsentr v Azi-atskoy Rossii (seredina 1870-kh gg. - 1919 g.) [Tomsk University - the First Science Center in the Asian Part of Russia (Mid 1870s - 1919).]. Tomsk, 2010, vol. 1, 514 p.; vol. 2, 598 p. (In Russ.).
13. Rostovtsev E.A. Stolichnyy universitet Rossiyskoy imperii: Uchenoye
sosloviye, obshchestvo i vlast (vtoraya polovina XIX - nachalo XX v.) [The University of the Russian Imperial Capital: The Academic Estate, Society, and Power (the Second Half of the 19th - the Beginning of the 20th Centuries).]. Moscow, 2017, pp. 162, 172, 173. (In Russ.).
Авторы, аннотация, ключевые слова
Некрылов Сергей Александрович - докт. ист. наук, профессор Национального исследовательского Томского государственного университета [email protected]
Грибовский Михаил Викторович - канд. ист. наук, доцент Национального исследовательского Томского государственного университета [email protected]
В статье на основании опубликованных и неопубликованных документов по истории Императорского Томского университета анализируется социальный и политический портреты сибирской профессуры в период, предшествующий революции 1917 г. Как показано в статье, томскую профессуру конца XIX в. отличало от остальной российской профессуры то, что она являлась социальным феноменом, исключительно привнесенным в Сибирь извне, из Европейской части Российской империи. Однако уже к началу XX в. появились первые сибирские - по происхождению - профессора. При этом понятие «томская профессура» в тот предреволюционный период было тождественно понятию «сибирская профессура». Особое внимание в статье уделяется комплектованию штатов Императорского Томского университета как первого университета в Азиатской части России. Также показывается влияние университетских центров Европейской части России (С.-Петербурга, Москвы, Киева, Казани и других) на формирование томского университетского преподавательского корпуса. Далее, анализируется социальное происхождение томских профессоров. Наконец, описываются их политические взгляды и общественная деятельность. Делается вывод о том, что, с точки зрения происхождения томская (сибирская) профессура отличалась от университетской профессуры Европейской части России преобладанием выходцев из среды духовенства. Томская (сибирская) профессура стала носителем не столько черт места своего бытования, сколько черт отечественной университетской профессуры в целом. Она оказывала большое влияние на жизнь горожан своей образовательной, научной, просветительской, а также политической деятельностью. Среди томской (сибирской) профессуры преобладали носители либеральных (реформаторских) взглядов, что совпадало с политическими пристрастиями большинства представителей университетской профессуры Европейской части России.
Сибирь, Томск, Томский университет, штаты университета, профессура, социальное происхождение, социальная мобильность, социальный портрет, политические настроения, политическая деятельность, политический портрет, Русская революция 1905 г.
