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6THE RUSSIAN SYSTEM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BY COMPENSATION OF THE DAMAGE, CAUSED TO WATER BIORESOURCES ARCTIC ZONE
Abstract
Relevance of the studied problem is caused by active economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation that often leads to change of its water ecosystems. The Article deals with the existing approaches to compensation of damage in Russia and foreign countries, development of measures for improvement of the mechanism of compensation of damage in the Arctic. The leading approach to research of this problem is the analysis of the institutional environment on the specified problem. Authors propose change and addition of the directions of compensation of damage, the important directions of scientific researches in this sphere. The materials of the article can be economic entities of effective measures, useful at studying of environmental problems of the Arctic, development, on restoration of the broken water ecosystems.
Keywords
Arctic zone, preservation of water bioresources, causing damage and compensation, artificial reproduction, melioration of fishery water bodies, acclimatization of water bioresources, fishery researches
AUTHORS
Alexey Tortsev Igor Studenov
PhD student, research assistant PhD in Biology, head of the Laboratory
of Management Water Ecosystems AZRF of Bioresources of Internal Reservoirs
Laboratory of the Institute of Complex Northern Branch of Knipovich Polar
Researches Research Institute of Marine Fisheries
Arctic Federal Center and Oceanography
for Integrated Arctic Research head of Management Water Ecosystems
Arkhangelsk, Russia AZRF Laboratory of the Institute of
torzevalex@yandex. ru Complex Researches
Arctic Federal Center
for Integrated Arctic Research
Arkhangelsk, Russia
studenov@pinro.ru
The Arctic regions of Russia take a special place in the system of ensuring strategic national interests of the country in the field of economy and transport, protection of surrounding environment, innovations, defense and geopolitics. Conditional upon providing a special system of state regulation a unique resource capacity of this macroregion allows a dynamic development both regions of the Arctic, and country in general. The minerals extracted in the Arctic, their explored reserves and expected resources make the main part of mineral resources of the Russian Federation. Here more than 90% of nickel and cobalt, 60% of copper, more than 96% of platinum metals are mined, about 80% of gas and 60% of oil of Russia are extracted. By separate types of raw materials (nickel, diamonds, platinum metals, oil and gas) the Arctic regions of Russia rank up high among other countries of the world. The shelf of the Arctic seas, undoubtedly, can be considered as a strategic reserve of strengthening of mineral and raw safety of Russia (Pavlenko, 2013).
At the same time, the economic activity of people often causes damage to the nature, its components. Quite often such damage is not prevented by the taken measures for preservation of water bioresources and the biodiversity to decrease (photo 1 - 4). For example, during laying oil and gas pipelines, industrial development of mineral deposits, construction of bridges, dredging there is a decrease in number and biomass of fodder organisms, violation of places of natural reproduction of water bioresources, and in certain cases and direct death of fishes (Tortsev, Studenov, 2015).
Photo 1. The Varandey terminal Photos from the site: http://gorodusinsk.ru
Photo 2. Ardalinsky oil field
Photos from the site: http: / / www. nftn. ru/oilfields
Photo 4. Prirazlomnoye oil field Photos from the site: http://pro-arctic.ru
Photo 4. Project of «Yamal LNG» Photos from the site: http://www.novatek.ru
Standard and legal basis for preservation of water biological resources is the Federal law of 20 December 2004 No. 166-FZ («About fishery and preservation of water biological resources»). According to the law compensation of the harm done to water bioresources is carried out in a voluntary order or on the basis of a judgment according to techniques of calculation of the extent of the harm done to water bioresources. Besides it is defined that at implementation of economic activity (construction, reconstruction, introduction of new technological processes, etc.) measures for preservation of water bioresources have to be applied.
In development of this norm by the Government of the Russian Federation is approved the Provision on measures for preservation of water biological resources and the environment of their dwelling. The main of such measures are:
- an assessment of impact of the planned activity on bioresources;
- definition of consequences of negative impact of the planned activity on a condition of bioresources;
- development of the actions for their elimination directed on restoration of the
broken condition of water ecosystems;
- carrying out actions for elimination of consequences of negative impact on a condition of bioresources (further - compensation of damage) (Provision on measures for preservation of water biological resources and the environment of their dwelling).
Some options of carrying out compensation of the damage caused to water bioresources are provided at the present moment, namely:
- artificial reproduction of water bioresources (photo 5 and 6);
- their acclimatization;
- melioration of fishery water bodies;
- creation new, and also expansion or modernization of already existing capacities providing performance of the actions stated above.
Photo 5. Catching of producers of an Photo 6. Solzensky production and
Atlantic salmon. Arkhangelsk region experimental salmon plant. Arkhangelsk region
Photos from the site: http://arhfish.ru
Economic entity, as a result of which activity the damage is caused, develops and carries out actions for compensation of damage. They can be engaged in them independently or engage specialized organizations. For example, in the Arkhangelsk region «Sevrybvod» is referred to such organisations. Under his direction, there are 2 fish plant, which grow on juvenile Atlantic salmon and brown trout for release into water bodies. The mechanism of compensation of damage to water bioresources in Russia is shown in figure 1.
FIGURE 1. SCHEME OF THE MECHANISM BY COMPENSATION OF DAMAGE
At the same time, it should be noted that acclimatization of water bioresources as option of compensation of damage, is long-term and expensive action in a type of development of biological studies and its approval takes a long time. At the same time, the economic entities planning carrying out actions for compensation of damage are limited to time frames of budgets of the corresponding projects and it doesn't allow them to be engaged in development independently or to attract contract organizations on carrying out such actions. Melioration of fishery water bodies as compensation of damage isn't applied in a type of absence of quantitative data on increase of fish productivity as a result of meliorative works so far (Tortsev A.M., Studenov I.I., Novoselov A.P., Pavlenko V.I.).
Now compensation of damage in Russia is in the majority carried out only by artificial reproduction of water bioresources with the subsequent release juvenile fish in water objects (figure 2).
FIGURE 2. THE RELEASE OF JUVENILES AND LARVAE OF WATER BIORESOURCES IN 2010-2014 BY COMPENSATION FUNDS IN RUSSIA, MILLION UNITS
In foreign countries there are similar mechanisms of compensation of damage. For example, in EU countries if the user of nature causes damage to the environment, he carries out in full finances the actions for restoration of environment approved by competent authority (Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004).
In Norway according to the Nature Diversity Act of the nature economic entities are obliged to pay expenses on restoration to environment in case of causing damage (Norway's fifth national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity). Any person that causes environmental damage is liable to pay compensation including: financial losses incurred because the environmental damage and the costs of or losses relating to reasonable measures to reduce or mitigate environmental damage or to restore the state of the environment (Svalbard Environmental Protection Act).
By the legislation of Canada it is provided that at implementation of projects measures have to be provided measures for the elimination, reduction or control of the adverse environmental effects of a designated project, and includes restitution for any damage to the environment caused by those effects through replacement, restoration, compensation or any other means (Canadian Environmental Assessment Act). The Environmental Damages Fund (EDF) is created in Canada. EDF is a specified-purpose account administered by Environment Canada, on behalf of the Government of Canada, to manage funds received as compensation for environmental damage. These funds may come from court orders, awards, out-of-court settlements and voluntary awards. They primarily support the restoration of natural resources and environment, and wildlife conservation projects in the same geographic area where the damage originally occurred. The EDF also supports research and development on environmental damage assessment and restoration, and education on pollution prevention and the restoration of natural resources (The Environmental Damages Fund). For example, EDF is allocated $485,500 (as of 29.01.2016) for implementation of various projects in the province of Alberta, including projects with the specific purpose of conserving and protecting fish and/or fish habitat in the watersheds of the province of Alberta (Environment and Climate Change Canada
Government of Canada).
Thus in many countries mechanisms of preservation of the nature and biodiversity of the Arctic, an assessment and compensation of negative impact on natural components are created.
At the same time, complexity of the mechanism of compensation of damage in Russia (long terms, multistage procedures, activities unusual for economic entities for artificial reproduction of water bioresources, etc.) leads to insignificant volumes of the carried-out compensation actions with a simultaneous growth of the caused damage (Tortsev, Studenov, Novoselov, Pavlenko, 2014). Now the Federal Agency of Fishery carries out work on change of the mechanism of compensation of the damage caused to water bioresources and the environment of their dwelling. Addition of a natural form of compensation of damage with possibility of its implementation and in a monetary form is planned. At the same time, it is necessary to develop the mechanism of carrying out actions for compensation of damage at the expense of the raised funds of users of nature.
Authors, in addition to earlier published materials, offer the following scheme of operation of the mechanism of compensation of damage (Tortsev, Studenov, 2015). The organization subordinated to the Federal Agency of Fishery (further - the Operator) carries out collecting and administration of the arriving money. The operator carries out distribution of the arrived means on the corresponding fishery basins within the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Development of concrete actions for compensation of damage formed by the relevant regional commissions on compensation of damage in each fishery basin. The activity of the commission is based on recommendations of scientific institutions and programs of compensation of damage (Tortsev A.M., Belousov A.N., Voronkov V.B., Studenov I.I.), on the basis of which the concrete directions, terms and structure of actions for compensation of damage, necessary to carry out, are defined. The directions to compensation of damage are presented in figure 3.
FIGURE 3. DIRECTIONS OF COMPENSATION OF DAMAGE
Authors consider appropriate for development of technologies, carrying out scientific researches on the perspective directions of compensation of damage at the expense of the raised money. It will allow to increase efficiency of compensation of damage developing and improving appropriate technologies.
Authors consider it appropriate to allocate the additional direction of compensation of damage - scientific researches. Thus the directions of scientific researches can be following:
- carrying out monitoring works on studying of the actual influence of economic
activity on water bioresources and environment of their dwelling;
- development of new technologies of artificial reproduction and acclimatization of water bioresources;
- improving of survival water bioresources for increase in economic and biological efficiency of compensation of damage;
- development of standard fish modules providing artificial reproduction of of water bioresources;
- carrying out studies to determine the effectiveness of the compensation;
- development of meliorative actions;
- carrying out researches on studying the influence of change of water ecosystems on a traditional way of life of indigenous ethnic groups.
Thus it is necessary to determine the amount of money allocated for scientific researches.
For increasing efficiency of compensation actions and creation of the competitive environment, it is possible to carry out part of actions for compensation of damage through contract system in the sphere of purchases of goods, works, services for ensuring the state needs. It is expedient to distribute actions for compensation of damage on lots and to hold competitions. Accomplishing scientific researches in this sphere can be carried out by grants for scientific researches on the priority directions of compensation of damage.
Thus, the mechanism of compensation of the damage, caused to water bioresources Arctic zone and the environment of their dwelling, developed by us will allow to solve the following problems more effectively:
- preservation of a biodiversity;
- carrying out scientific researches for development of appropriate technologies;
- administration of payments for damage;
- definition of compensation actions within uniform criteria;
- organization and carrying out actions for compensation of damage.
The above allows to carry out more effective restoration of fish resources and habitat of their dwelling, preservation of natural components of environment and biodiversity that has to be one of the basic principles of development of the Arctic. Besides, we consider expedient carrying out harmonization of the legislation of the Arctic states in the sphere of compensation of damage. It will allow to carry out compensation of damage on uniform legal requirements.
Research is supported FANO program No. 0409-2014-0009.
REFERENCES
1. About fishery and preservation of water biological resources: Federal law of 20 December 2004 No. 166-FZ, available at: http://www.consultant.ru (date of the address 19 August 2015).
2. About the adoption of Provision on measures for preservation of water biological resources and the environment of their dwelling: The resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 29 April 2013. No. 380, available at: http://www.consultant.ru (date of the address 19 August 2015).
3. Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012, available at: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-15.21/index.html (date of the address 04 February 2016).
4. Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage // Official Journal L 143 , 30/04/2004 P. 0056 - 0075, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu (date of the address 11 September 2015).
5. Environment and Climate Change Canada Government of Canada, available at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/edf-fde/default.asp?lang=En&n=137DC913-1#X-201509291554524 (date of the address 04 February 2016).
6. Environmental Damages Fund, available at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/edf-fde/default.asp?lang=En&n=BD1220D8-1 (date of the address 04 February 2016).
7. Norway's fifth national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment (2014) available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/Norways-fifth-national-report-to-the-Convention-on-Biological-Diversity/id765239 (date of the address 03 February 2016).
8. Pavlenko V.I. (2013) "Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in system of ensuring national interests of the country". The Scientific and information and analytical journal «The Arctic: ecology and economy», issue 4 (12), 2013.
9. Svalbard Environmental Protection Act, 2001, available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/svalbard-environmental-protection-act/id173945 (date of the address 04 February 2016).
10. Tortsev A.M., Belousov A.N., Voronkov V.B., Studenov I.I. (2015) "About development of Strategy of preservation of water biological resources and environments of their dwelling". Journal «The Fisheries». No. 3.
11. Tortsev A.M., Studenov I.I., Novoselov A.P., Pavlenko V.I. (2014) "Complex problems and directions of improvement of compensation actions for restoration of fish resources of the Northern fishery basin". The Scientific and information and analytical journal «The Arctic: ecology and economy», issue 3 (15), 2014.
12. Tortsev A.M., Studenov I.I. (2015) "Development of new model of realization of actions for compensation of the damage caused to water bioresources and the environment of their dwelling". Internet journal «Naukovedenie». V. 7. No. 1 (26).
MOTIVATIONAL BASES OF PROJECT ACTIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Abstract
Students' project activities is discussed as a didactic tool in developing of personality (independence, creativity, commitment) and motivational readiness (internal and external) in the process of learning foreign languages.
Keywords
motive, motivation, external motivation, internal motivation, project activity,
foreign language learning process
AUTHORS
Lidiya Tseeva Bella Panesh
PhD in Pedagogy, Professor PhD in Pedagogy, Associate Professor
Pedagogy and Pedagogical Department of Natural and Mathematical
Technology Depatment Disciplines and Technique
Adyghe State University of Their Teaching in System of Preschool
Maikop, Russia and Primary Education
Adyghe State University
Maikop, Russia
belapanesh 1@yandex. ru
Rimma Simbuletova
PhD in Pedagogy, Associate Professor
Foreign Languages Department
Adyghe State University
Maikop, Russia
rimma.simbuletova@maH.ru
