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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Abdullaev T. Ya., candidate of philosophical sciences Associate Professor of "Humanities" Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology
Iymanov J.S. teacher of "Humanities" Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology
THE ROLE OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL
ASIA
Annotation: This article is based on the stages of formation, history of development of the Central Asian region, the reforms being carried out by the Republic of Uzbekistan to ensure stability in the region, Uzbekistan's contribution to security and development in Central Asia.
Keywords: Turan, Turkestan, Middle Asia, Central Asia, independent state, strategic cooperation, security, stability, stable environment, development, environmental problem, economic cooperation.
The integration of the peoples of Central Asia is not a dream or a project for the future, it is — something that exists, it is — a reality that exists and needs only organizational, legal and political forms.
This region has been an integration of all time in a certain form. The peoples of Central Asia again felt the need to build their own future by spending joint efforts after gaining independence. The signing of the agreement between the presidents of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan on the establishment of a single economic space between these sovereign countries of the Central Asian region in Tashkent was a practical step in this direction.[1]
Therefore, we will have to study the views and opinions of a number of scientists about the history of the region we are studying and the origin of the foundations for its so-called Central Asia. In particular, it is worth remembering that for the first time the term "Central Asia" was used by a well-known German scientist Alexander von Humboldt in the work "research on mountaineering of Central Asia and comparison of climates" in three volumes published in Paris in 1843 year. In it, the scientist describes Central Asia as a separate, specific region, based on the study of the internal irrigation system and mountaineering. After that, the concept of "Central Asia" has been used to this day as a geographical term.
The territory of Central Asia was called Turon in the Middle Ages, Movarounnahr in Arabic sources, the second half of the XIX century was called Turkistan at the beginning of the XX century, more precisely until the national territorial boundary, which was held in 1921-1925 years, and later from the Soviet era it was called The middle Asia. [2]
In 1924-1925, Turkestan underwent national territorial delimitation, the term "Turkistan" was artificially abolished and was officially replaced by the geographical term The middle Asia. [3]
Several stages can be distinguished in the formation of the content of the political map of The middle Asia over the next two centuries.
Phase 1 - covers the period before the conquest of The middle Asia by the Russian Empire. At this stage there were three major states - Kokand Khanate, Khiva Khanate and Bukhara Emirate.
Phase 2 - Covers the Colonial Period. During this period, The middle Asia was part of the The middle Asian Governor-General's Office of the Russian Empire and consisted of two khanates (Khiva and Bukhara) and the Kokand district.
Phase 3 - covers a very short period (1917-1920 / 1922). At this stage, three independent states will appear in The middle Asia: the autonomy of Turkestan (Kokand), the republics of Bukhara and Khorezm.
Phase 4 - covers the years 1924-1991. During this period, 5 allied republics were formed in The middle Asia: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, the southern part of the country, which includes Afghanistan and Iran.
Phase 5 - Starting in 1991. During this period, as a result of the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, the allied republics in The middle Asia were replaced by independent states - Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. [4]
We all know that the territory of the newly formed independent states is called "The middle Asia". However, a study of the reasons for naming the region "Central Asia" revealed that at a meeting of the leaders of the five countries in early January 1993 in Tashkent on the initiative of the First President of Uzbekistan I.A. Karimov, the region was renamed "Central Asia" and all Presidents agreed to use the term.
As for the concept of "Central Asian states", which began to appear in Tashkent in January, it is a natural, real process," said the first President of Uzbekistan I.A. Karimov.
There are many similarities between the republics in this region. This similarity, as I said before, exists both in the field of culture, customs, traditions and, most importantly, in economic potential. Water, mineral and raw material resources create such a potential that it requires a strong combination of work. On this basis, the Central Asian region was created. [5]
If we look at the Central Asian region from a purely geographical point of view, in addition to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan in the former Soviet Union, it includes Afghanistan, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, Iran, Pakistan, Mongolia, Nepal and Bhutan. [6]
Today, the term "Central Asia" is widely used in all political circles, popular science literature and the public. At a time when the pursuit of national identity is gaining momentum in the process of rapid globalization, the history of development of this potential region, rich in historical values, called "Turon", "Movaraunnahr", "Turkistan", "The middle Asia" and finally "Central Asia", there is a growing demand for a deeper study of the history of development of this potential region.
The Central Asian region is recognized as an important region of the world due to its geopolitical, geoeconomic and geostrategic importance. Two factors: geostrategic conditions and natural resources reflect the global geoeconomic and geopolitical importance of the region. In particular, the geostrategic situation in the region is determined by the following factors:
First. Central Asia is a region that connects North and South, East and West with very important transport and communication routes. The Great Silk Road routes from Europe to China and India 100 years ago, but today practical work is underway to restore these routes. In the future, Central Asia will become a bridge between the two geopolitical centers of the world - Asia and Europe.
Second. Central Asia attracted the attention of countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, and Turkey as early as the mid-19th century, as it was located at the crossroads of Islam and Christianity, Eastern and Western civilizations, and Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism. This determines the role and importance of the region in the development of world civilizations and its culture.
Third. this region is a region with the interests of the developed countries of the world as well as major geostrategic powers. Central Asia is on the "control line" of the geopolitical games of the major powers, led by the United States and Russia.
The next important factor is the region's natural resources. It is known that the region is rich in oil and gas, gold, uranium and non-ferrous metal reserves. Central Asia's oil reserves are estimated at $ 17 billion. barrels to 33 billion. barrels or 5 percent of world oil reserves, natural gas reserves 230 to 360 trillion cubic meters pounds or 5 percent of world gas reserves, uranium reserves account for 19.7 to 30 percent of world reserves. [7]
An analysis of the concepts of Central Asia's geographical, economic and political aspects shows that the region has always been a place of history, religion, as it has been renewed and developed as a victim of historical periods or a conflict of interests of other hegemonic states, will continue relations with its neighbors in all spheres with the same customs and traditions, as enshrined in the agreements of eternal friendship and strategic partnership.
The future of our region, with a total population of more than 70 million, is being built today by every Central Asian state.
We firmly believe that the readiness and earnest pursuit of practical cooperation, as well as a sense of responsibility for the common future of all
Central Asian countries, is a solid foundation and guarantee of sustainable development and prosperity of the region. [8]
The special UN General Assembly resolution "Strengthening regional and international cooperation to ensure peace, stability and sustainable development in the Central Asian region" adopted by the UN General Assembly for the first time on June 22, 2018 is undoubtedly huge not only for our region but also for the wider international community, can be taken as a concept of historical significance.
This document will create the widest and most favorable opportunities for sustainable development for the future of the region, both for the peoples currently living in the region, and of course for the next generation.
The adoption of the resolution means that the new regional policy of the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev in Central Asia has been recognized by the world community and the country's prestige in the international arena has increased.
It should be noted that the Central Asian region is in the center of attention of the world community due to its geopolitical and geostrategic importance. This importance is determined by the following factors: first, our region, located in the "heart" of Eurasia and at the crossroads of important transport networks, serves as a bridge between Europe and the Middle East, South and East Asia;
secondly, our region is rich in natural resources, where there is a unique cultural and development potential that has significantly affected the development of many countries and entire regions;
third, Central Asia is the only region bordering nuclear-weapon states such as China, Russia, India, and Pakistan;
and fourth, the region's border with Afghanistan. In this regard, strengthening and expanding interstate cooperation in the region is a guarantee of prosperity and sustainable development not only in Central Asia, but also in neighboring regions.
If we look at the history of the development of regional cooperation between the Central Asian states, we can see that all the initiatives were put forward from the outside, that is, by the strategic partners of the Central Asian states.
These include the US initiative - S5 + 1, regular meetings at the level of foreign ministers of Japan, South Korea, the European Union and Central Asia, and others.
Unfortunately, often such initiatives have not achieved their intended goals in practice. This is because the problems that have been unresolved for years between the Central Asian states have hindered the development of mutual understanding and cooperation in the region.
In order to overcome the existing obstacles, the new policy of the President of Uzbekistan Sh.M.Mirziyoyev in the region was a timely and effective response
to the existing and accumulated problems. Regional proximity, trust and mutual understanding, the solution of problematic issues on the basis of reasonable compromises and agreements play an important role in this.
In addition, due to the new foreign policy of Uzbekistan in Central Asia, the level of mutual trust in the region has significantly increased and a new political environment has been formed. A strong foundation has been laid for building constructive cooperation and strengthening good neighborliness.
At present, all Central Asian states are ready for active and creative approaches to the development of the region. The countries of the region have strengthened their position as independent subjects of the system of international relations, which can take responsibility for the present and future of Central Asia shoulder to shoulder.
In view of the above, it can be said that, in essence, the resolution was a one-sided response of Central Asian countries to both the problems of the region and the threats of globalization. It takes into account the major regional and international initiatives of Central Asian states in the field of security and development.
In particular, it covered environmental issues and water use, transport communications, the fight against terrorism and religious extremism, and the achievement of peace in Afghanistan.
The adoption of this resolution is undoubtedly an important step in the development of Central Asia as a single region.
Today, at a time when anti-globalization processes are continuing around the world, regional cooperation is developing in all directions to ensure peace, stability and sustainable development in Central Asia. This is the international prestige not only of Uzbekistan, but of the whole of Central Asia.
At the first meeting of Central Asian leaders on March 15, 2018 in Astana, Kazakhstan, President Mirziyoyev noted that holding regular consultative meetings of Central Asian leaders should now become a tradition.
The resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly emphasizes the need for Central Asian states to work together for peace talks in Afghanistan and its socio-economic development. Indeed, ensuring the sustainable and consistent development of Central Asia is inextricably linked with achieving peace in neighboring Afghanistan.
The President of Uzbekistan has repeatedly stressed from the highest tribunes of international organizations that the Afghan problem should not be seen as a threat, but as a strategic opportunity to take regional cooperation to a new level.
Considering that there is no other way to solve this problem than through peaceful negotiations, a high-level international conference on Afghanistan was held in Tashkent on March 26-27, 2018 at the initiative of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
The resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly focused on this conference. Therefore, the meeting was in the spotlight of the developed media of the world. In particular, according to the British news agency Reuters, Uzbekistan has managed not only to offer its territory as a platform for negotiations between the Afghan government and the Taliban, but also to establish contacts with the Taliban. This is a great achievement and shows that the parties have confidence in Uzbek diplomacy.
A special article was published in the next issue of India's analytical magazine The Eurasian Times. So far, despite many efforts to resolve the Afghan problem, there has been no "mediator" state that satisfies all the subjects of the armed conflict. But Uzbekistan is playing the role of such an ''optimal and impartial mediator" Indian analysts said.
"Uzbekistan, under the leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, is striving to open up to the outside world and build a completely new relationship with the international community," the US News Agency said in an article on the subject. This "new spirit" is also reflected in Tashkent's policy toward Afghanistan. [9]
This is the result of the open, impartial and highly responsible policy of our President towards Afghanistan in ensuring security in the Central Asian region.
In conclusion, the concepts of the geographical, economic and political aspects of Central Asia have a special significance in the world community of the region. The result of Uzbekistan's initiatives and efforts for the development of the Central Asian region, the most reliable way to strengthen the atmosphere of friendship, solidarity and stability is a simple and open human dialogue.
References:
1. Karimov I.A. Uzbekistan on the threshold of the XXI century: threats to security, conditions of stability and guarantees of development. Tashkent. Uzbekistan, 1997. (p. 326) pp. 320-321.
2. Doniyorov A.H, Buriev.O, Ashirov A.A. Ethnography, ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the peoples of Central Asia. -T .: 2011. p 37.
3. Ashirov A., Atadjanov Sh. Ethnology. -T .: 2007. p 95.
4. Gulomov R., Vahobov N., Baratov R, Mamatkulov M. Geography Textbook for 7th Grade. 4th edition. -T .: 2013. p 11 -12.
5. Karimov I. A. Do not demolish the old without building a new house: answers to the questions of "Komsomolskaya Pravda". Interviews with foreign correspondents. — T .: Uzbekistan, 1993. p 34.
6. Schneider-Deters. Security and economy: the need for regional cooperation in Central Asia // Central Asia in the XXI century: cooperation, partnership and dialogue: materials of the international conference (May 13-15, 2003). - T .: Shark. 2004. p 19.
7. Saidolimov S.T. Security issues in Central Asia. Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Political Science. Tashkent. 2009. p 79.
8. Speech by President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the International Conference "Central Asia: Common History and Common Future, Cooperation for Sustainable Development and Progress" held in Samarkand on 10-11 November 2017. http://uza.uz/oz/politics/zbekiston-respublikasi-prezidenti-shavkat-mirziyeevning-sama-10-11 -2017
9. http: //xs. uz/uzkr/po st/afgonistonda-tinchlik-ornatilishida-qaj si-davlat-hal-qiluvchi-rol-ojnajdi-shubhasiz-ozbekiston
