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Journal of Economic Regulation, 2022,13(2): 64-71 DOI: 10.17835/2078-5429.2022.13.2.064-071
THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRY: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
YUCHAN WANG,
Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, e-mail: [email protected]
Citation: Wang Y. (2022). The role of universities in the development of high-tech industry: Conceptualization and empirical analysis. Journal of Economic Regulation 13(2): 64-71. DOI: 10.17835/2078-5429.2022.13.2.064-071
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o The article examines the relationship between the development of modern universities and high-tech industry,
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^ and try to find the role of universities in the development of high-tech industries. The author takes Zhongguancun Science Park in China as a case, to establish a correlation analysis between high-tech industries and universities. p.) The results show that the correlation between the number of graduates and the output value of high-tech industries ^ is not significant. The correlation between the number of universities and the output value of high-tech industries is (2 significant at the level of 0.05, with a coefficient of0.663. Other indicators such as R&D expenditures, R&D projects, q published scientific papers, patents and so on, are highly correlated with the output value of high-tech industries, while „ they are all significant at the 0.01 level. It is fully demonstrated that there is a high degree of correlation between hightech industries and universities. Universities provide high-tech industries with talent and intellectual support, financial o support and continuous power, the development of high-tech industries are inseparable from universities. g Keywords: universities; high-tech industry; conceptualization; empirical analysis; Zhongguancun
£ Science Park; Industrial development
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| JEL: F62
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£ РОЛЬ УНИВЕРСИТЕТОВ В РАЗВИТИИ
I ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ
§ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ: КОНЦЕПТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ
| И ЭМПИРИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ
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=) ВАН ЮИЧАНЬ,
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сс Южный федеральный университет,
У Ростов-на-Дону, Россия,
о e-mail: [email protected]
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Цитирование: Wang Y. (2022). The role of universities in the development of high-tech industry: Conceptualization and empirical analysis. Journal of Economic Regulation 13(2): 64-71.
I DOI: 10.17835/2078-5429.2022.13.2.064-071
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о © Ван Ю., 2022
В статье исследуется взаимосвязь между развитием современных университетов и высокотехнологичных производств, а также делается попытка определить роль университетов в развитии высокотехнологичных производств. В качестве примера автор использует научный парк Чжунгуаньцунь в Китае, чтобы провести корреляционный анализ между высокотехнологичными отраслями и университетами. Результаты показывают, что корреляция между количеством выпускников и стоимостью выпуска высокотехнологичных производств незначительна. Корреляция между количеством университетов и величиной выпуска высокотехнологичных производств значима на уровне 0,05 при коэффициенте 0,663. Другие показатели, такие как расходы на НИОКР, проекты НИОКР, опубликованные научные статьи, патенты и т.д., сильно коррелируют со стоимостью выпуска высокотехнологичных отраслей, при этом все они значимы на уровне 0,01. Продемонстрировано, что существует высокая степень корреляции между наукоемкими отраслями и университетами. Университеты обеспечивают высокотехнологичные производства кадрами и интеллектуальной поддержкой, финансовой поддержкой. Поэтому развитие высокотехнологичных производств неотделимо от университетов.
Ключевые слова: университеты; высокотехнологичная промышленность; концептуализация; эмпирический анализ; Научный парк Чжунгуаньцунь; индустриальное развитие
Introduction
High-tech industries are playing an increasingly important role in the economic сч
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on the growth of high-tech industries. The development of higher education and the growth of high-tech industries have become important indicators of current international competition. The author takes the development of human capital, funds and other factors in high-tech
activities. They are not only the focus of competition of various countries, but also become the commanding heights of a new round of scientific and technological revolution. Relevant scholars have also carried out a lot of research on its formation and development. o
As the main body of knowledge dissemination and production, universities are also closely & related to the representative industry of the era of knowledge economy, which is high-tech ^ industry. High-tech industry is the focus and important indicator of current international :> competition because of its high strategic and high intelligence characteristics. Its development £ process is actually a dynamic process from scientific research and experimentation to new ^ product development and production, and market development. It is also a process of combining ^ technological innovation, talent training, and new product development. High-tech industrial o technicians are the most important and fundamental factor throughout the entire production process. Whether it is scientific research, or market development, professional talents are required. And higher education, as the highest level of education, its functions of personnel training, scientific research, and serving the society meets the needs of the growth of high-tech industries in a certain extent. It can be said that the growth of high-tech industries requires the support of higher education development, and the development of higher education relies
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industries in Zhongguancun Science Park over the past decade as an example, to analyze the JQ role of universities on the development of high-tech industries by establishing the correlation z between the number of universities, the number of students and the high-tech industries. ^
Literature Review o
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Combined with the research on the relationship between universities and high-tech cc industries, existing scholars have mainly focused on the role of universities in promoting the high-tech industry, the role of high-tech industries on the development of universities, and ° the mutual promotion between universities and high-tech industries.
In terms of the role of universities in promoting high-tech industries, scholars mainly from funding investment, technological innovation capabilities, knowledge spillovers, and talent gathering in universities to promote the development of high-tech industry. R&D investment in universities is an important reason for the difference in the output value of high-tech industries (Caloghirou et al., 2001; Basant, Chandra, 2006). Increasing the investment in science and
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technology of universities can promote the rapid growth of high-tech industries in Zhejiang (Shen, 2012). Technological innovation and the development of higher education are closely related, which is a positive correlation. The growth elasticity coefficient of technological innovation development to the development of higher education is 0.78187, to promote the development of higher education, it is not only necessary to increase the investment in science and technology funds, but also to accelerate the technological innovation research and development capabilities of universities (Sanderson, 1972; Fan, 2007). Applied research and basic research activities of universities have produced a significant positive spillover effect on the innovation output of high-tech industries (Li, 2014). Both knowledge output and R&D personnel input have a significant role in promoting innovation in high-tech industries (Guo, Sun, 2017). The impact of the agglomeration of scientific and technological talents in universities on the development of high-tech industries is greater than the impact of the development of high-tech industries on the agglomeration of scientific and technological talents and universities (Pei, 2018).
There are scholars believe that the high-tech industry play a positive role in the development of universities. The growth of high-tech industry has provided a good entrepreneurial environment for teachers and students in universities, and promoted the transformation of scientific research achievements in universities, the rapid rise of high-tech industry is a strong guarantee to promote the development of higher education (Tobias et al., 2006). The cm role of high-tech industries in universities is gradually expanding. The high-tech industry <m affects the development of universities by providing scientific and technological products ™ and services, and influences the content setting and structural adjustment of universities, providing financial guarantee for scientific research projects in universities, and alleviating ■h the employment pressure of universities graduates (Basant, 2010; Zhang, Sun, 2018). High-o tech industrial clusters help to promote the optimal allocation of resources such as talents and
technologies, and affect the flow oftalents in universities (Mao, Zhang, 2010). ® Some scholars believe that there is a mutual promotion between universities and high-tech
g industries. High-tech industry and talent agglomeration in university are dynamic processes that interact and restrict each other (Dolfsma, Leydesdorff, 2010). There is a benign coupling degree of mutual coordination and mutual promotion between the scientific and technological innovation of universities and the scientific and technological innovation of high-tech industries. Only by common development can achieve a win-win situation, realize the development of science and technology in university, and realize the innovative development of high-tech industries (Yang, 2018). Universities talent agglomeration and regional high-tech industries have a coordinated development mechanism of mutual assistance (Cao et al., 2017; Zhao, 2019). ^ Combined with existing research, the author uses the method of correlation analysis to
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explore the role of universities in the development of high-tech industries.
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o Related concepts and definitions
"" Institutions of higher education are schools that carry out higher education for
o citizens. It is a collective name for universities, specialized colleges, higher vocational and <5 technical colleges, and higher vocational schools. Modern Chinese Dictionary (2006) defines higher schools as universities, specialized colleges, whose main function is to implement higher education. In China, there are two types of higher education institutions: ordinary institutions and adult institutions. The former includes universities, independent colleges o and higher vocational schools. The latter includes radio and television universities, workers' o universities, peasant universities, and management cadre colleges, school of education, lli independent correspondence institute and night university, etc. It can be seen that the o definition ofuniversities in China is higher education institutions ofvarious levels. < A university refers to an ordinary institution of higher education. It is an organization with
Qc unique function, an institution that inherits, researches, integrates and innovates academics ° that are both interrelated and independent with the economic and political institutions of society.
There is no uniform international standard for quantitatively defining high-tech industry. But there are two standards which are used widely currently: one is the standard established by the US Department of Commerce. It includes four main indicators: the proportion of R&D expenditure in sales; the proportion of scientists, engineers and skilled workers in all employees; the leading technology of the product must belong to the identified high-tech field; the leading technology of the product must include the process or technological breakthrough that is at the forefront of technology in the high-tech field. The second standard is set by the International Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In order to compare the high-tech industries of member countries, based on the statistics of the International Standard Industrial Classification, and mainly uses the R&D intensity which is the proportion of R&D expenditure in output value as the criterion for defining high-tech industries. Those industries with a proportion of more than 3% are high-tech industries, with 1% to 2% are medium-tech industries, and with less than 1% are called low-tech industries1.
Cases of the connection between universities and high-tech industries
In developed countries, high-tech industries are linked with excellent universities, such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University in the United States, Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, and the University of Tokyo in Japan, etc. These universities not only cultivate a large number of top technical talents, but also provide technological innovation and scientific research results guarantee for enterprise expansion and industrial growth. Therefore, in order to achieve faster development, it is necessary to cooperate with universities and strengthen the connection with universities. The connection between high-tech industries and universities is becoming a world trend (Table 1).
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Table 1
Cases of connection between high-tech industry clusters and universities
Country Agglomeration area of high-tech industry Universities
America Silicon Valley Stanford University, Santa Clara University, San Jose State University, Carnegie Mellon University West Coast Campus
Route 128 in Boston Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Maryland Science Park University of Maryland, Hopkins University Branch
Chicago research-industrial complex University of Chicago, Northwestern University, Illinois Institute of Technology
United Kingdom Cambridge Science Park University of Cambridge
Japan Tsukuba Science City University of Tsukuba
China Hsinchu Industrial Park, Taiwan Jiaotong University, (Taiwan) Tsinghua University
Zhongguancun Science Park Peking University, Tsinghua University, Beijing Institute of Technology
Shenzhen Science and Technology Park Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen University
Russia Moscow University Science and Technology Park Moscow State University
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Source: The author consults the data and organizes the results.
1 Martin Schaaper. (2005). OECD methods for classifying high-tech industries, measuring ICT and biotechnology industries. Science and Technology Management Research, (12), 60-62.
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Silicon Valley in USA.
Since the mid-1960s, with the rapid development of microelectronics technology, the electronics and computer center of the United States has gradually formed around Stanford University in California. This technology park is also known as Silicon Valley. The formation of Silicon Valley is closely related to Stanford University, which is an emerging industry group with typical characteristics of knowledge economy developed by Stanford University. With the emergence of research institutes of technologies such as biology, space, ocean, communication, and energy materials in the region. Silicon Valley has become the cradle of high-tech in the United States and a synonym for high-tech clusters around the world. Silicon Valley is the concentration of high-tech talents in the United States, and it is also the concentration of talents in the information industry in the United States. It has large companies such as Google, Facebook, HP, Intel, Apple, Cisco, Nvidia, Oracle, Tesla, Yahoo, etc2. In Silicon Valley, there are more than 1 million scientific and technological personnel from all over the world, and more than 80% of professional scientific and technological personnel with high academic qualifications.
Silicon Valley is a typical representative of the connection between American universities and high-tech industries. In addition to establishing university science parks, establishing a business is also one of the ways to connect American universities and higher tech industries. Students and teachers in American universities use their own scientific <m research results to establish a large number of high-tech companies in or around the ™ universities. The close combination of universities and technology companies to jointly research and develop high-tech industries has set a model for other parts of the United ■h States. Since then, all parts of the United States have followed and established technology o parks with different functions. At present, there are as many as 160 science and technology parks in the United States, accounting for 30% of the total number of science and technology ® parks in the world.
g The successful case of Silicon Valley has guided the development of high-tech industries
and the construction of industrial parks in countries around the world. Science and technology parks with their own characteristics have been established in different countries, but the
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Cambridge University Technology Park in UK.
Cambridge Science and Technology Park is located in Cambridge shire in the southeast of the UK, with beautiful scenery and convenient transportation. The southeast of the UK is recognized as one of the most important technology centers in the world, with an unparalleled ^ record of R&D and innovation. The region's GDP accounts for the entire 15.8% of the UK's share, R&D spending accounts for 3.4% of the region's GDP. The prestigious University of Cambridge is also located here and is at the heart of research activity in the region. It is a
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o vibrant and dynamic region, with an economy that is closely linked to universities, emerging "" companies and large multinational corporations, and continues to attract investment from o all over the world. The science and technology park continues to add 5,000 employment § opportunities every year, and the average annual GDP growth rate of the park reaches 6.3%, which is much higher than the UK's 3.4% GDP growth rate. A total of 55 billion pounds of tax revenue has been created for the United Kingdom, and the total value of exports has reached 28 billion pounds. Cambridge University Science Park has become a development o centre for the entire East of England3. Cambridge University researchers have used their o achievements to establish more than 1,000 technology enterprises in the Cambridge area, w which not only increased social wealth, but also provided a large number of employment
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Qg 2 Looking back at Silicon Valley: DEC, IBM and Steve Jobs. Sina Technology. 2014-12-17 [cited date 2022-03-18]. ^ 3 Baidu Encyclopedia. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%9B%AD/1274 7421?fr=aladdin.
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Zhongguancun Science Park in China.
Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park is the area with the most intensive scientific and educational intelligence and human resources in China, with institutions of higher learning represented by Peking University, Renmin University of China and Tsinghua University.
As China's first state-level high-tech industrial development zone, in the past ten years, the economic development of Zhongguancun Science Park has always maintained a growth rate of 30%. It has become an important source of growth for Beijing's economic development, and a large number of new technology enterprises with independent intellectual property rights have emerged, laying an important foundation for the development of high-tech industries. In 2020, the total industrial output value of high-tech enterprises in the park reached 1,246.1 billion yuan, equivalent to 34.5% of Beijing's GDP in that year, and the total profit will reach 634.47 billion yuan. Among the employees, the proportion of undergraduates, masters and doctoral degrees is 49.4%, 13%, 1.1%4.
In order to promote the connection between Chinese universities and high-tech industries, China has built more than 40 national university science parks. Relying on universities, these science parks combine the comprehensive intellectual resource advantages of universities with other social resources to provide supporting platforms and services for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of g universities, the incubation of high-tech enterprises, the training of innovative and entrepreneurial talents, and the combination mechanism of production, education and research.
Moscow State University Science Park in Russia.
Moscow State University is the largest and oldest comprehensive institution of higher learning in Russia. Based on the State University, the Moscow State University Science Park is committed to creating an environment with technological potential and innovation, and has 120 technology companies. It has become the most knowledge-intensive, high-tech and well-known park in Russia.
In addition to the Moscow State University Science Park, there are other science parks in Russia: Tomsk Science Park, Ufa Bashkir Science Park, Zelenograd Science Park, Saratov Volga Science Park, and suburbs of Moscow Science Park, Petersburg Technical University Science Park, etc. These parks are basically based on universities.
Empirical analysis ^
The author takes Zhongguancun Science Park in China as a case, and use SPSS ^
17.0, to analyze the correlation between the indicators of the science park and various g
indicators of universities from 2011y to 2020y. The selection of indicators is based on the &
basic principles and requirements for the construction of the indicator system and the o
connotation of higher education development, and takes into account the possibility of ^
measurement and the availability of statistical data. The total industrial output value o
was selected as the indicator of high-tech industry. The number of universities in the § science park, number of R&D institutions, number of graduates, number of faculty
members, number of R&D personnel, R&D expenditures, number of R&D projects, number a:
of published scientific papers, number of patents, number of doctoral degrees, number of —
master's degrees, number of returnees with master or doctor degrees from other countries, o
number of bachelor degree, which were selected as indicators of universities. The analysis o
results are as follows (Table 2). w
From the analysis results, the correlation between the number of graduates and o
the output value of high-tech industries is not significant. The correlation between the <
number of universities and the output value of high-tech industries is significant at the Q^
4 Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2021. ?
level of 0.05, with a coefficient of 0.663. Other indicators are highly correlated with the output value of high-tech industries, and are all significant at the 0.01 level. It can be seen that there is a high correlation between universities and high-tech industries. The talents such as doctorates, masters and bachelors need to be cultivated by universities, and the returnees with a high degree of education are also inseparable from the cultivation of universities in other countries. These talents provide human resources guarantee for the development of high-tech industries. The number of universities, R&D personnel, faculty members provide talent and intellectual support for the development of high-tech industries. The number of R&D institutions and R&D expenditures in universities provide financial support for the development of high-tech industries. The number of R&D projects, published scientific papers and patents in universities are transformed into productivity for industrial development, providing continuous impetus for the development of high-tech industries.
Table 2
The results of the correlation analysis
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Various indicators of universities P Sig
number of universities 0.663* 0.036
number of R&D institutions 0.956** 0.000
number of graduates -0.496 0.145
number of faculty members 0.826** 0.003
number of R&D personnel 0.820** 0.004
R&D expenditures 0.871** 0.001
number of R&D projects 0.966** 0.000
number of published scientific papers 0.918** 0.000
number of patents 0.938** 0.000
number of doctoral degrees 0.969** 0.000
number of master's degrees 0.975** 0.000
number of returnees with master or doctor degrees from other 0.945** 0.000
countries
number of bachelor degree 0.984** 0.000
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Note: * indicates a significant correlation at the 0.05 level. ** indicates a significant correlation at the 0.01 level. P means Pearson correlation; Sig means significant. Source: Data analysis results.
Conclusion
Combining the development cases of science parks around the world and the empirical analysis of Zhongguancun Science Park, it can be seen that universities provide hightech industries with talent guarantee, financial support and continuous impetus, and the development of high-tech industries cannot be separated from universities.
University is simply unparalleled in its role in the maintenance, dissemination and study of eternal truth, it is unparalleled in its ability to explore new knowledge (Cole, 1963). Throughout the history of the development of universities, its contribution to serving many fields of civilized society is also unparalleled. No matter from which point of view, the role of universities in promoting the development of human society is irreplaceable. University is the power station of human society (Perkin, 1998). Even without the significant contribution of universities in the era of knowledge economy, in the history of human development, the outstanding figures who made great creations of epoch-making significance and milestone contributions to various fields basically came from universities.
104-116.
Zhao, K. (2019). Research on the evaluation of talent agglomeration in universities and the coordinated development of regional high-tech industries under the background of 'Double First-Class'. Hefei University of Technology.
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