79THE ROLE OF TERMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN LINGUISTICS
Sardora Muminjonovna Raxmonova
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
ABSTRACT
The article describes linguistic conditionality of formation and development of terms and Terminology as a part of linguistics. Terminology can be considered discipline that helps build bridges and to extend one area into another by transferring proper meanings of terms. Moreover, the paper discusses the main ways of forming terms by representing clear examples.
Keywords: Terminology, Sociolinguistics, Lexicography, concept, notion, neologism, terminological system and term.
INTRODUCTION
Terminology came into existence due to the growing need to facilitate specialised communication and interpretation, as well as cognition of notions between the users belonging to various language communities but with similar knowledge levels.
According to the researchers Silvia Pavel and Diane Nolet1, the word "terminology" means as "the set of special words belonging to a science, an art, an author, or a social entity," for instance, the terminology of agriculture or the terminology of tourism. Besides, this term, in a more restrictive sense, means "the language discipline dedicated to the scientific study of the concepts and terms used in specialised languages". Here, it should be mentioned that the general language is that used in daily life, while a specialised language is used to facilitate unambiguous communication in a particular area of knowledge, based on a vocabulary and language usage specific to that area.
METHODOLOGY
Terminology, as stated by many linguists, is the study of specific vocabulary, including the origin, form, meaning, function, and usage of terms. Terminology is one
1Budin, G. 2001. "A critical evaluation of the state-of-the-art of terminology theory". Journal 12 (1-2): 7-23
2Temmerman, R. 2000. "Towards new ways of terminology description. The sociocognitive approach". John Benjamins Publishing Company
of the current directions of modern linguistic field and research. There is no doubt that terminology is a particularly huge part of the lexicon of any language. It's not for nothing that it develops so fast, as it allows to create new words.
"5
O.V. Borchwald writes about the term system: "... for the formation of the term system, a sufficiently high level of development of science, technology, production technologies is required, the availability of scientific, educational, reference literature, institutes for the transfer of scientific knowledge and experience. If the terminology spontaneouslydevelops, then the conscious efforts of specialists to streamline the terms and eliminate the "shortcomings" of terminologies from which the terminology system grows are necessary for the formation of a terminology system. How accurately observes V.M. Leichik, the terminological system reflects not just a system of concepts, but a system of concepts of one particular theory, if there are possibly several more scientific theories and, accordingly, possible other terminological systems within the same field of knowledge or activity (Leichik 1986: 16).
The formation and development of terminology ('terminological field') is perceived as a basic, preparatory stage in the formation of a normalized set of special nominations - terminological systems.
RESULTS
Currently, terminology is part of applied linguistics, a science that involves work in specialized lexicography, specialized translation, technical writing and language teaching. It is worth mentioning here that these four professional applications of linguistics are closely related: specialized translation requires mastery of specialized bilingual or multilingual terms; technical writing includes the usage of these terminologies in monolingual discourse; the teaching of specialized language focuses on their acquisition by the student; and the institutional practice of comparative terminology and of its phraseological component occur in a translation environment.
In brief, note that Terminology work requires many abilities, such as:
• the ability to identify the terms that indicate the concepts that belong to a certain sphere;
• the ability to establish the usage of the terms in pertinent reference documents;
• the ability to describe and explain concepts concisely;
3МадмудовН. Тилтилсимитадкики. - Тошкент: MUMTOZ SOZ, 2017. - Б.134. Qarang. Иванова Г.А.
Синонимы в терминологической системе метаязыка лингвистики / Вестник Нижегородского университета им. Н.И.
Лобачевского. - 2011. - № 6 (2). - С.199.200.
• the ability to differentiate correct usage from improper usage;
• the ability to recommend or to discourage certain usages to facilitate unambiguous communication.
According to various linguistic studies, the word "term" can be described and explained differently. As an example, A. Reformatsky defines the term as follows: "Terms are special words"4. A.V. Kalinin calls certain terms "special vocabulary" and divides them into two groups:
1) Special vocabulary includes, first, terms.
2) In addition to terms, special vocabulary includes professionalism.
Additionally, A.V. Kalinin distinguishes between terms and professionalism:
"The difference between a term and professionalism is that a term is an expression or name of a concept that is completely formal, accepted, and legitimised in a particular science, industry, agriculture, or technique. Professionalism, on the other hand, is a semi-formal word for a profession, a specialty, often spoken in a living language, in fact, without a firm, scientific definition of the concept."5
By analyzing the term, H. Jamolkhanov writes: "Terms are nominative units representing specialised concepts in science, technology, literature, art and other fields, the use of which is limited to a particular field. For example: calabash - suvqovoq, canker - o'simlikyarasi (in agriculture); rectangle, square (in geometry); rhyme (in literature)".6
It is important to emphasise the need for the "accuracy" attribute, which ensures the accuracy of the definition and its compliance with the term, reflects the specificity of the terminological concept.
In most cases, the accuracy and completeness of the terms reflect the level of science, education and culture of the nation. The growth and regulation of terms vary in different areas of science and depend on the advancement of a particular science. As this development is uninterrupted, the emergence and regulation of new terms will also be uninterrupted.
Generally, the careful elaboration and arrangement of terms in the native language is a necessary source for both textbooks and manuals, as well as for teaching
4 В.А Татаринов, Теория терминоведения. Теория термина: история и современное состояние, Москва, 1996.
5Cabre M. T. Terminology. - Philadelphia, PA, USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. - 218 p.
6H.Homidiy, Sh.Abdullayeva, S.Ibrohimova, "Adabiyotshunoslikterminlarilug'ati", Toshkent, O'qituvchi, 1979.
in the native language. The lack of elaboration and regulation of the terms also affects the style of speech.
Terminology is applied as one of the channels of intellectual communication, expressing a certain system of understanding reality. According to Vinogradov, "there are two sides to the creation and definition of terms, two perspectives: the structure of language and comprehension, and the development of a semantic conditional system of
n
understanding in science."
D.S. Lotte discusses what categories of words can be terminated: "In technology, the main categories are considered terminology: processes (events); technical objects (materials, weapons, tools, details, etc.); properties; arithmetic concepts (parameters, geometric shapes, etc.); units of measurement.'' Kalinin tries justifying the difference between the term and the word profession as follows: '' term is a completely formal in a particular science, industry, agriculture, technology , it is the expression, the name of an accepted and legalised concept, yet, the words of a profession are applied as a profession, a semi-formal word that is often spread in the living language among the
o
specialties.''
In fact, by exploring the various classifications of the basic characteristics of the term, it should be noted that the term can be characterized through following features:
1) unambiguity, or at least a tendency towards it;
2) the accuracy of semantics;
3) brevity;
4) stylistic neutrality and lack of expressiveness;
5) systematic, i.e. relationship with other terminological terms systems;
6) nominativity;
7) internationality;
8) the possibility of using the term in isolation, i.e. out of context.
Therefore, the term is found not only in the lexical system of the language, but also in the system of concepts of a particular science, i.e. the term is specialized within a specific scientific discipline, for example: phoneme - a linguistic term, synecdoha - a stylistic, literary term.9
7В.В. Виноградов, «Вопросы языкознания»1961, стр.3-10
8Budin, G. 2001. "A critical evaluation of the state-of-the-art of terminology theory". Journal 12 (1-2): 7-23
9Slodzian, M. 1995. "Comment revisiter la doctrine terminologiqueaujourd'hui?". La banque des mots 7: 11-18.
Although, the term is characterized by unambiguity, that is, the absence of a synonymic series, L. L. Kutina notes that synonymy is characteristic of any term system at the stage of its formation (Slozheninkina, 2010). In turn, it is observed that borrowing new terms greatly facilitates the integration of terminological systems.
Additionally, in some cases, borrowed neologisms absolutely synonymous with existing Uzbek terms can develop a new meaning, thereby contributing to a further differentiation of the concepts and meanings of the term.
Table 1. The term and its meaning in various disciplines
Term Its meaning in various disciplines
Power Energiya, quvvat (Kimyo) Hokimiyat (Siyosat) Qobiliyat (Aqliy)
Reduction Reduksiya (Biologiya) Narxtushishi (Iqtisod) Qisqartirish (Texnika)
Assimiliation Assimilyatsiyahodisasi Hazmqilish O'xshashlik
(Kimyo) (Biologiya) (Tilshunoslik)
Reaction Reaktsiya (Kimyo) Tortishish (Fizika) Ta'sirlanish (Psixologiya)
DISCUSSION
The entry of the same term into different terminologies is called inter-scientific terminological homonymy (Buyanova, 2012). It is important to emphasize here that terms are neologisms, having no definitions approved by the language practice, so far they cannot be built into a coherent system of terms. The conceptual field of sociolinguistics continues to be refined, the meanings of terms are adjusted, their relationships are redistributed, which means that the terminological apparatus of science is in a state of variation that ensures the continuity of a new scientific search.10
D.S. Lotte11 points out that there are many ways to create a terminological system. It is also important for linguistic terminology. He outlined the following ways to make scientific terms:
10Cabre M. T. Terminology. - Philadelphia, PA, USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. - 208 p
11 Collet, Tanja (2004) What is a term? In: Temmerman, Rita and Knops, Uus (eds.) The Translation of Domain Specific
Languages and Multilingual Terminology Management [Special issue of LinguisticaAntverpiensia]. 99-112.
- to modify the meaning of the existing terms or words in the general form by copying them on the basis of general functional similarity, appearance, or interrelationship;
- to create new words from existing words using different affixes (suffixes, inflexes);
- to create a new joint (multi-word) by combining existing independent words and phrases (which can be abbreviated).
Linguistic terminology is a collection of terms serving all areas of this science that meet requirements, such: expediency, orderliness, consistency, etc. It was developed and determined by the specifics of the scientific industry and its complex interrelated components, its subject, object and goals. Ferdinand de Saussure defined linguistics as "a system of signs expressing concepts" and proclaimed that "the only and true object of linguistics is the language considered in itself and for itself" (Saussure 1977, 268).
It should be stressed that linguistic terminology is one of the important objects of research, since it reflects the level of development of the science of language. It is known that at present the number of terminological systems totals more than two hundred and fifty; therefore, terminology as a branch of the science of language sets itself the task of studying the various connections of language with various sciences.
The analysis of the linguistic term-field is the study of the structure of this field. So, the identification of the correlation of terminological word production and the formation of terminological word combinations is one of the urgent problems of terminology.
In the process of working on language material, there are identified some types of
terms:
a) nominative terms: addressee, asset, affix, article, linguistics, discourse, communication, etc.;
b) adjective terms: cognitive, communicative, terminological, grammatical, adverbial;
c) verb terms: comment, correlate, classify, abstract, differentiate, etc.;
d) adverbial terms: communicative, grammatically, adequately, synchronously, dialogically, etc.
Furthermore, it's worth mentioning here that the terms can be one-word, two-word, can include up to seven words. Single-word terms can be simple or root,
derivatives and composites. The analysis of language material showed that among single-word terms the most discursive activity is in derivatives and composite ones. From a partial viewpoint, single-word terms are divided into noun terms (linguistics, hypothesis, text), adjective terms (grammatical, adverbial, sonorous), verb terms (grammatical).
Adverbs are applied as a part of compound terms. In many studies, all types of phrases are the most convenient attribute for terminological use. They include definable and defining words that establish the relation between their generic dependence. For instance, two-word terms reveal greater cohesion of their components. The connection between the components of a terminological phrase is established using the syntactic means of the language. Two-component terms-phrases are built according to a general model: defined + defining. For example, the grammatical category, current segmentation, typological research and others.
Three types of syntactic links are distinguished in three-component phrases:
> defining + complex definable;
> complex defining + definable;
> two independent determinative + definable.
The terminological system is interpreted as an internally organized set of terms. Linguistic terminology is a complex system that divided into separate subsystems. "Terminology as a collection of words is the servant of two masters: the system of vocabulary and the system of scientific concepts. Traditionally, the unit of the terminological system is the meaning of the term, which acts as a unity of linguistic and extra-language content.
CONCLUSION
In short, any terminological system consists of hierarchically related elements. It is the structure of inter-terminological connections that reveals this important systemic features of terminology, which finds its expression in the hierarchical ordering of terminological series related and associated the hierarchical relations between scientific concepts within this discipline.
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