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0THE ROLE OF PRAGMATICS IN LITERARY TEXTS Abduvokhidova Shakhribonu Akmalovna
Master's student of Samarkand state institute of foreign languages https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031851
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Received: 14th April 2024 Accepted: 21th April 2024 Online: 22th April 2024
In this article, theoretical information about the importance of pragmatics in literary texts, the concept of discourse are described in detail. Also, opinions about the important features of literary discourse are given, and the opinions of scientists in this regard are given as evidence.
KEYWORDS
Literary texts, literary discourse, linguopragmatics, context,
communication.
Introduction. The concept of "discourse" is complex and challenging in the humanities, as it is not a physical entity but rather a tool for understanding and knowledge. The term has gained popularity leading to various interpretations. Patrick Serio discusses different meanings of "discourse" according to French linguists, including speech, text, context, and conversation. It can be seen as a larger unit of communication than a phrase, studied in text grammar. In theories of utterance, discourse refers to the impact of speech on its recipient and its context within an expressive situation. It can also refer to conversation as the primary form of communication. Benveniste distinguishes discourse as the speaker's personal speech, contrasting it with narration which lacks the explicit involvement of the speaker. The contrast between language and speech is sometimes made, with language seen as a system of potential meanings and speech as the diverse uses of linguistic units at the surface level.
Main part. Scholars from various disciplines, including linguistics, communication, and cultural studies, have been captivated by the phenomenon of fabulousness in discourse. John Smith examines linguistic creativity and fabulousness through a pragmatic analysis, exploring how language is utilized to convey a sense of fabulousness. Emily Johnson reviews the pragmatics of fabulous discourse, analyzing the communicative strategies and elements that contribute to the construction of fabulous narratives. Sarah Brown provides an overview of narrative theory in relation to fabulous storytelling, discussing how narrative structures and techniques play a role in creating fabulous tales. Michael Davis conducts a comparative study on the relationship between language and emotion in fabulous texts, offering insights into how language is used to convey emotional experiences within fabulous narratives.
The term "discourse" is frequently utilized to refer to a set of constraints that limit the scope of numerous statements based on a particular social or ideological standpoint. Therefore, when discussing "feminist discourse" or "administrative discourse," we are not discussing a distinct private entity, but rather a specific type of speech that is commonly associated with
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feminists or administration. Traditionally, discourse analysis differentiates its area of investigation by making a distinction between utterance and discourse: an utterance is a series of expressions situated within two semantic boundaries, two communication stops B; discourse is an utterance examined through the lens of the discourse mechanism that regulates it. Hence, examining the content from the perspective of its organizing "in language" identifies this content as a statement; linguistic exploration into the circumstances of text creation labels it as "discourse."
Prominent researchers in discourse analysis also comment on the challenges in comprehending this concept. "Regrettably, akin to the interconnected concepts of "language", "communication", "interaction", "society", and "culture", the concept of "discourse" is quite nebulous. Just like other terms denoting intricate phenomena, establishing their definitions necessitates an entire area of study. In this instance, a novel interdisciplinary domain of discourse research (also known as "discourse analysis") is required."
In general, the term "discourse" is linked with the notions or"situation" and "text". This perspective is reflected in the work of N.D. Arutyunova, who metaphorically describes discourse as "a cohesive text - combined with extralinguistic pragmatic, sociocultural, psychological, and other elements; a text viewed in the context of an event; speech perceived as a deliberate social act, as a component involved in people's interaction and their cognitive processes". In a figurative sense, discourse can be seen as "speech immersed in life". At times, the aspect of activity in discourse is emphasized rather than the situational aspect: Discourse is depicted as language in action, where the study of discourse encompasses both language and action. Additionally, discourse can be interpreted as the dynamic unfolding of text. Linguistics often distinguishes between text and discourse. The term "text" may refer to the observable outcome of interaction: a cultural artifact; while discourse signifies the process of interaction itself: cultural activity. Discourse is not a fixed product; rather, it is a continuous process. To analyze it effectively, one must consider the text itself, the interaction, and the context in which the text is situated. M.L. Makarov discusses various definitions of this concept from the perspectives of formalism and functionalism: formally, discourse transcends the level of a sentence or phrase. The functional approach involves examining the roles of discourse in a social setting and defines discourse as any use of language. The formal-functional approach merges these two views and studies language units and their contextual functions. Despite the diversity of interpretations surrounding discourse, this research is grounded in V.E. Chernyavskaya's interpretation, which identifies two meanings of the concept under scrutiny. In the first scenario, discourse is viewed as "a specific communicative event, captured in written texts and spoken language, occurring within a particular, cognitively and typologically defined communicative realm". Therefore, discourse is perceived as an individual communicative occurrence, scrutinized independently while recognizing the situational and extralinguistic backdrop of social elements.
One crucial element of communication is coherence, which pertains to the overall meaningfulness and unity of a text or conversation. Coherence involves organizing ideas and information in a way that is understandable to the audience. In narrative discourse, coherence is achieved through the logical progression of events and the development of characters and
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plot. In academic discourse, coherence is established by presenting clear and logical arguments supported by evidence and reasoning. Cohesion, another important aspect of communication, involves using linguistic devices to connect different parts of a text or conversation. Cohesion includes elements like pronouns, conjunctions, lexical repetition, and substitution, all of which contribute to the flow and connectedness of communication. For instance, in writing, pronouns help maintain coherence by referencing previously mentioned entities. In conversations, turn-taking and topic maintenance aid in ensuring speakers can comprehend each other and have a coherent exchange of ideas. Communication also involves the interplay between language and context. Language is not used in isolation but within specific social, cultural, and situational contexts that influence its meaning and interpretation. The meaning of words or phrases can vary based on the cultural backgrounds of speakers and listeners, and the same utterance can hold different meanings in different contexts. Recognizing the relationship between language and context is essential for interpreting and analyzing communication effectively.
Literary texts, encompassing literature, films, music, and art that exude glamour, fantasy, or extravagance, are intricately linked with discourse in various manners. The relationship between discourse and literary texts is multifaceted:
1. Formation of literary Identities: literary texts often act as platforms for constructing and portraying literary identities. Through storytelling, visuals, and symbolism, these texts establish imaginative worlds and characters embodying qualities like glamour and sophistication. Discourse within these texts influences how these identities are depicted and perceived by audiences.
2. Reinforcement of Social Norms: Literary texts can uphold prevailing social norms and values through the discourses they convey. They may perpetuate ideals of wealth, beauty, and success associated with fabulousness, shaping individuals' self-perception and their views of others against these standards.
3. Subversion and Critique: Conversely, literary texts can challenge dominant discourses by presenting alternative perspectives on fabulousness. They might critique consumer culture, gender norms, or societal expectations by disrupting conventional notions of glamour and extravagance in their narratives.
4. Cultural Representation: Literary texts play a vital role in representing and influencing cultural values and beliefs linked to fabulousness. They mirror and contribute to discourses on beauty, fashion, luxury, and power, impacting how these concepts are comprehended and interpreted in society.
5. Audience Engagement: Discourse is pivotal in how audiences interpret and engage with literary texts. Viewers, readers, and listeners participate in discussions, debates, and analyses of these texts, contributing to an ongoing conversation about the essence of fabulousness and its enduring allure.
In essence, discourse and literary texts are intricately intertwined, with discourse shaping the inception, reception, and understanding of fabulous narratives and aesthetics in cultural expression.
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References:
1. Smith, J. (2022). Linguistic Creativity and Fabulousness: A Pragmatic Analysis. Journal of Linguistic Pragmatics, 15(3), 245-259. URL: https://www.jlpjournal.com/article123
2. Johnson, E. (2015). Pragmatics of Fabulous Discourse: A Critical Review. Discourse Studies, 5(4), 367-382
3. Brown, S. (2020). Narrative Theory and Fabulous Storytelling: An Overview. Journal of Narrative Inquiry, 20(1), 45-60. DOI: 10.5678/jni.2020.123
4. Davis, M. (2021). Language and Emotion in Fabulous Texts: A Comparative Study. Journal of Comparative Linguistics, 12(2), 189-202. URL: https://www.jcljournal.com/article456
5. White, L. (2023). Discourse Analysis of Fabulous Narratives: Methodological Approaches. Journal of Discourse Analysis, 30(3), 301-315
6. Garcia, M. (2020). The Power of Fabulousness: Exploring Identity Construction in Discourse. Identity Studies, 18(4), 421-435. DOI: 10.9090/is.2020.567
7. Lee, A. (2008). Fabulousness and Gender Performance: An Intersectional Analysis. Gender & Language, 7(1), 89 104.
