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810. Skachkov DP, Intrastromal implantation in the treatment of amnion epithelialendothelial corneal dystrophy: Dis. ... Candidate. honey. Science. - St. Petersburg., 2012. - 94.
11. Skachkov DP, Shtilerman AL, AA Grigorenko Experience of using intrastromal implantation of amniotic membrane in the treatment of patients with endothelial-epithelial dystrophy of the cornea / / Yakut Medical Journal. Yakutsk, 2012. - № 2 - S. 52 - 54.
The role of exogenous and endogenous factors in the development of breast
cancer
SnegiryovA.A., GrigorenkoA.A.
Amur State Medical Academy, Department of Pathologicalanatomy,Blagoveshchensk, Russia.
Relationship of estrogen and breast cancer has been known for over 100 years, when the first George Deatson indicated that bilateral oophorectomy leads to remission of breast cancer [1,2]. It is recognized that the hormonal factor is the root cause of tumors in hormone dependent organs and tissues, the main role is given to increased levels of estradiol in the blood serum [3]. Proliferative effect of the hormone may lead to transition from normal cell division in the body to hyperplasia, neoplasia, up to [2,4].
Objective: To trace the changes in ovarian giperestrogenii. Determine the role of estrogen in the development of breast cancer. Identify the role of carcinogens and giperestrogenii as etiologic risk factors for breast cancer.
Materials and methods. The paper was used 80 female rats aged two months, weighing 150 - 180 g All the rats were divided into 4 groups of 20 animals each. The first group - the control, the second group was due to the increased concentration of estrogen in the blood by intramuscular injection of a solution of Shrovetide 17-beta-estradiol (drug "Proginova" analog of endogenous estrogen) at a dose 1milligramm per animal - 1 time per week (estradiol on Compared with synthetic analogs have longer duration of action - to 1 week, allowing to use the minimum number of injections). Usable dose estradiol 1milligramm only slightly above physiological, but is not toxic. The third group in the area of breast deposited carcinogen 7,12dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) at a dose of 1.5 mg of water-lipid emulsion of one fold in three weeks, the total dose of carcinogen is 4.5 mg per animal. The fourth group received both estrogens and carcinogen concentrations described for group 2 and 3. Experiment lasted 4 months, after which all groups of rats were subjected to autopsy, histological examination of breast and ovarian cancer. The sections were stained with hematoxylin - eosin, according to Van - Gieson, for ploidometricheskogoFeulgen reaction analysis was performed to identify DNA. The morphometric analysis was performed using a set of Morpho Vision from a statistical evaluation of the program Statistica 6.0.
Results and discussion.High concentrations of estradiol in the blood serum of animals able to exert its effect on hormone-sensitive tissues and organs, in particular the mammary gland.
The mammary gland is under the influence of hormonal stimulation of the notes in its structure a high percentage of cell proliferative activity as well as in groups of animals treated with high doses of estrogen marked increase in the area of the parenchyma 80,012 ± 4,2 second and 86,22 ± 4,8 in the fourth compared to 70.43 ± 3,8 in the control group (at p < 0,05). These changes are explained hyperplasia in the mammary gland by increasing the area of cells 98,4 ± 5,74 and 105,63 ± 5,81 in groups 2 and 4, respectively, compared to 80,4 ± 6,65 in the control group (at p < 0,05). In addition to the quantitative increase in the size of cells and nuclei, is their qualitative change, increased mitotic activity in the part of the visual fields become pathological mitosis, cells with characteristic properties of early malignant transformation. In the experimental groups of
animals there is an increase in DNA content in the nuclei of cells was significantly different from the control group.
Animals 3 groups, which were exposed to carcinogenic factors in the mark structure mammary enhanced leukocyte infiltration due to the combined action of the toxic drug to an animal. Here it may be noted that the effect of a carcinogen can cause changes in the morphology of the cells, increasing its size and contribute to the emergence of atypical properties of the nuclear contents.
Group of animals, the combined Gets carcinogen and hormone qualitatively distinguished from all the groups. Three animals was determined macroscopically tumor in a second pair of breast size up to 1.5 cm thick consistency to the touch, with histologically verified tumor growth in a low-grade ductal carcinoma. The other animals of this group in the mammary gland against cell hyperplasia occurred elements with weakly to moderately severe signs of atypia, isolated tumor cells. High proliferative activity of the cells of the breast explains the high levels of DNA in the nuclei of 0,3 ± 0,06 versus 0,184 ± 0,04 in the control group (at p < 0,05). And the high mitotic activity index 14,46 ± 2,74 and 6,0 ± 2,1 in the control group (at p < 0,05). The high proliferative activity in conjunction with the general response of the body explains the high rates of leukocyte infiltration of the stroma 2,8 ± 1,6.
Conclusions:
The data thus many studies on the proliferative effect of a number of hormones estrogen on the breast with the development of hyperplastic processes in it have been shown in our experiments. Since animals treated with estradiol in pure form in the structure mentioned features hyperplastic mammary cell changes the apparatus, with the increase in cell size, the appearance of increased mitotic activity. At the same time we can not exactly say that a hormonal factor can cause a transition from a normal cell division to neoplasia. Polyetiological breast cancer is a disease that has been proven effect on breast tissue carcinogen against the high content of estradiol. In this group of animals on a background visible cellular atypia in mammary glands, growth revealed 3 episodes poorly differentiated ductal tumors.
List of references:
1. Berstein L.M. Hormone-dependent cancer tissue in the human noncommunicable diseases. / / St. Petersburg.: Aesculapius - 2009. - 180c.
2. Buharova, T.N. Panin O.N. Prevention of breast cancer / / tumors of the female reproductive system. - 2007. - № 4. - P.11-13.
3. V.N. Konovalov Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: analysis of some epidemiological studies (literature review). / / Russian Journal of Oncology - 2011. - № 2. - P.53-57.
4. Garber, J.E. Breast Cancer Screening: A Final Analysis? / / C.A. Cancer J. Clin. - 2003. - Vol.53, N 3. - P.138-140.
The antibiotic associated syndrome at antibacterial therapy gastroenteritis,
caused by e.coli, at children
SoldatkinP.K., TolstopjatovaAA., MarunichNA., PshenichnikovS. V., Gordeenkovl. V., MoskalenkoL.A.
The Amur state medical academy, chair of infectious diseases with epidemiology The Amur regional infectious hospital. Blagoveshchensk. Russia
The resume: the antibiotic assotiated syndrome (AAS), is symptom-complex collateral displays of ineffective and unreasonable use of antibiotics in complex therapy coli infection, proceeding as alimentary toxicoinfection. Use nifuroxazid in need of carrying out of antibacterial
