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10ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Kartvelishvili Liana
National Enviromental Agency of Georgia Davituliani Tsitsino Akaki Tsereteli State University Kurdashvili Lashari
The Black See International University
THE ROLE OF CLIMATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA'S TOURISM SECTOR
DOI: 10.31618/ESSA.2782-1994.2022.3.77.248 Summary. Weather and climate information and forecasts of extreme climatic conditions provided by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services are becoming increasingly important for ecotourism. Climate change poses an increased risk to the functionality of ecotourism facilities. Thus, the government and the private sector should pay particular attention to the management and application of climate information, the inclusion of climate factors in ecotourism and in ecotourism development policies. This requires effective coordination between environmental and tourism organizations, especially between WMO and WTO. Further research in the field of tourism will be critical to ensure the effective implementation of tourism safety in the country.
For the tourism business, weather and climate information and forecasting of extreme climate events developed by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services are gaining in importance, given that the programming of many tourism activities is highly climate dependent and ecotourism insurance practices are highly dependent on natural disasters.
Kay Words: Climate change, Natural disasters, Ecotourism management, WMO and WTO, Climate information
An important problem of modernity is the protection of the environment from negative anthropogenic activities and the rational use of natural resources. Such an issue is due to the fact that in today's conditions, both ecologically and materially, it is impossible to make the right decisions without taking into account environmental condition. The increase of the population and therefore the use of natural resources are one of the main factors of natural resources and environmental degradation. At the same time there are some of the main factors of natural resources and environmental degradation:
1. Degradation of the main components of the biosphere, which causes a decrease in biodiversity and a decrease in self-regulation;
2. Climate change
3. Growth of environmental damage caused by natural disasters;
One of the important components of the environment is the climate. Climate is both a natural and a socio-economic factor.It is especially important to study the impact of climate on those sectors of the economy that are vulnerable to it (such as tourism, construction, health)
Reliable Climate data's are key factors in the management and profitability of economic sectors such as agriculture, water resources, tourism, health, energy, transportation, and communications. Nowadays knowledge of climate, climate researches are very important, because Global climate changes cause terrible hardship to people and nations {1}.
As one of the fields of economy, tourism considerably depends on the local environment, climate and climatic resources and proves sensitive to climate change and global warming. It is expected to influence development of global tourism industry.
According to the IPPC, climate change will supposedly increase the frequency of high temperature extremes, heat-waves and high-precipitation occurrences, as well as reduction of snow cover. A tourist is usually interested in the so-called thermal comfort rather than average temperature. Studying impact of climate change on tourism implies mapping future regional climatic scenarios and estimation of relevant climatic parameters
Tourism is the activity developing field and one of the most revenue-rich too in the world. In 2006 842 million travelers have been recorded and the revenues in the industry amounted up to 750 billion USD.Tourism has been one of the maijor economic and social phenomena of the past centory. From an activity enjoyed by a small group of relatively well off people at the vbeginning of the century, it had become amass phenomena in the vmore developed countries by bthe 1970s and has now reached wider groups of people in most nations. Total international tourist arrivals grew from a mere 25 million in 1950 to 960 million in 2011.Domestic tourist movements are much higher than international ones, though more difficult to quatify. According to astudy by WTO, the growth of international tourist arrivals is likely to increase by about 4 per cent a year, to reach nearly 1 600 million by the year 2020. Tourism is now a major economic sector in the world. In 2011 7,5 % of the worldwide export value of goods and services came from tourism , surpassing such leading industries as automotive products and chemicals. Tourism is already the largest sector of international trade in services.
In addition, the development of tourism is characterized by the continuing geographical spread and diversification of tourist destinations. Some key qualitative development trends in tourism include;
increased market segmentation; new forms of sustainable tourism, especially those related to nature, wildlife, rural areas and culture; and changes in consumer motivations and behavior, increasingly characterized by more selective choicend destroying the very basis von which tourism is built and thrives. tive impacts, harming the environment and societies, a of destination greater attention to the tourism experience and its quality.
As aresult of the rapid expansion of the tourism sector, traditional and emerging tourism destinations are facing increasing pressure on their natural, cultural, and socio-economic environments.Uncontrolled growth in tourism aiming at short-term benefits often results in negative impacts, harming the environment and societies, and destroying the very basis on wich tourism is built and thrives. Host societies have become progressively aware of the problems of unsustainable tourism, and sustainability concerns are increasingly being addressed in local, national and regional policies, strategies and plans. WTO has been promoting sustainable tourism policies and practices, and raising tourism issues in the global sustainability agenda. Main activities include the publication of the agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Sector in 1995, contributing to the 7th Session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development in 1999, to the World Summit on sustainable Development in 2002("Johannesburg Summit"), to the conference on SIDS (Mauritius, January 2005), developing activities in the framework of the International Year of Ecotourism 2002 and the current International Microcredits. Since the Johannesburg summit, proverty reduction through sustainable tourism has been a maijor focus of WTO work, in line with the Millenium Development Goals. International and national activities are supported by numerous technical publications and manuals on policies and tools for sustainable tourism, applied through capacity building and technical cooperation activities. The transformation of WTO into a Specialized Agency of the United Nations in 2003 further emphasized the importance of the tourism sector and the need for its sustainability.
In Georgia tourism has been prioritized as one of the main directions of economic development. Our country has traditionally been regarded as a travel destination. The peak of Georgian tourism was recorded in 1988 when it hosted 5 million tourists in 524 hotels and similar places of accommodation. The year 2007 was marked by one million. The year 2012 was marked by one million tourists for the first time after independence. Nowadays the number of hotels and quantity of beds is much less than in 1988. However, the positive trend and relevant statistics are quite clear.
A tourist destination consists of three main components - a tourist area (site), tourist organizations and travel company. Tourist enjoys the range of services that are provided to him in a certain place (or region) where there is a tourist event. This place is because of its attractive factors of becoming a center of tourism. Travel seats are different reasons why they
delayed the tourist. World Tourism Organization (WTO) defines tourism region as an area which has a large network of specialized facilities and services required for recreation or rehabilitation. This definition leads to the conclusion that the tourist region in order to be independent, should have all the necessary facilities to host tourists in it, ie, Touring the region is defined as a place conducive tourist facilities and services, which selects a tourist or a group of tourists and services that are sold by the manufacturer. Thus, the tourist region - this is the purpose travel and tourism product. It should be born in mind:
This determination should be guided by the interests of the consumer. The decisive point is that the geographical area chosen by the tourist, should benefit. Quite often, such sites violate the historical political boundaries.
What the tourist region is a particular tourist, depending on its needs.
Region as "a place with a set of attractions and matched to their tourist facilities and services" is for the tourist product, which consists of a range of services. In the same region as a tourist is the unit of competition tourism.
In what follows, the definition of "tourist region" can be understood as the geographical area (location, region), which tourists choose to travel. This area contains all the facilities required for a stay, accommodation, meals and leisure activities. Thus, the region is a single tourist product and a competitive one, and should be managed as a strategic business unit. Touring the region can be considered, taking into account the requirements of holidaymakers themselves. In this model, there are four parameters, based on which a vacationer, having arrived one day in the place of rest, wants to bring their tourist motives again. Depending on experience, travel motive and the distance from the resting place of residence defines the following parameters: housing, place, landscape and excursions.
The quality of the region as a producer of tourist servants should be measured by how well the region can adapt its services to the needs of customers. If some kind of region can be established in the market sufficient price for their products, then this region can accumulate enough property to pay for good work of all members of the production process, as well as protect from the external effects of production and consumption of tourist services of all persons involved in this process (eg, a population that is not feeling the no economic effects, but suffers from increasing traffic of tourists). Ability to obtain sufficient accumulation of market values may be defined as the region's competitiveness.
The concept of "regional tourism" contains two closely related aspects: the geographical and socioeconomic. The first reflects the spatial distribution of recreational resources, the amount of recreational needs of local populations and their degree of satisfaction in a particular area, as well as possible and to attract foreign tourist flow to this area. The second shows the level of recreational development area, stimulated a place in the region to domestic and international tourist
market, and socio-economic conditions that can stimulate or inhibit the development of tourism. If the first approach gives an idea, basically, about the potential for tourism development, while the latter is a result of tourist activity in the region that allowed him to enter into one or another segment of the tourist market. Consequently, the tourist region is estimated as from the perspective of the organizers of the holiday, and with the position of local and visiting holidaymakers.
The strategic goal of the entire region as a competitive unit - ensuring competitiveness in the long term. Interaction industries (hotels, transportation companies, trade), their markets, population and environment has an impact on the region's competitiveness. Markets have high demands for products and thus stimulate the industry, and, conversely, competitive industry are interested in maintaining and increasing the number of demanding customers in the field. Industry, receiving a good profit from tourism, form a definite positive opinion from the local population.
Population, positively related to tourism in their region, - a guarantee of hospitality, which facilitates the implementation of innovative tourism projects. Interaction between the environment and the region, especially the ratio of population to the positive and negative external effects or reactions to positive and negative trends also have an effect on competitiveness.
Analysis of state and regional tourism development causes specific prerequisites for the target study of tourism as a sphere of economic activity in the following areas:
• routes of tourist flows to the region and from the structure (social status, age, interest in a certain type of tourism, etc.) Georgian citizens traveling to tourist purposes, and foreign tourist clientele;
• features of tourism in the region: seasonal rhythms, the prevailing types and forms of tourism, the main purpose of the visit, etc.;
• attitude of the authorities and local tourism officials to the problems of tourism, the specifics of their tourism policies;
• prospects of tourism development in the area.
The diverse climatic conditions in Georgia give a
tremendous potential for tourist resort development. However, the determination of the climatic potential of Georgia for the tourism in the correspondence with the standards accepted in the developed countries was not conducted. This somewhat hampers the comparison of the climatic potential of Georgia from the point of view of tourism with the same for other countries. As a result this can have an unfavorable effect on attractiveness level of the Georgia for the potential tourists.
Some resorts are located in areas with seasonal climate variations (summer and winter, dry and rainy seasons), traditionally have sharp seasonal variations in terms of tourist arrival. Currently, these resorts tend to offer the facilities or services for year round use, often serving different types of visitors in different seasons. In addition to providing their own facilities for tourists, many resorts also serve as points of entry of tourists on
guided tours. Resorts, mainly oriented to several types of attractive elements or activities - a beach holiday or recreation, water sports recreation and sports, lakes and coastal waters or rivers, skiing in winter, hiking or riding trips in the summer, golf and tennis; Resorts on the mineral waters or a dry sunny climate, important archaeological, historic monuments and national parks. Some resorts - very large and have various kinds of accommodation including self-contained units, as well as numerous recreational complex objects. On the other resorts can be only one hotel, but they still offer a defined set of objects of services and activities. Secluded resorts - may be small and isolated. However, they provide a high level of facilities and services. They serve the guests who want a quiet, intimate setting. Tourist Villages may also be a kind of resort.
All-inclusive resorts - these are resorts that are carefully planned as a single organism, although the largest of which is usually built up in stages over a long period. Most of the many resort areas carefully planned to ensure effective functioning and organization of an interesting environment for tourists, while not giving rise to serious environmental and social problems. In various parts of the world, there are also many resorts built without a plan. However, some of them are exposed to environmental and social issues in need of reorganization.
Urbanized resorts - they combine typical for urban public land uses and activities, but in economic terms, they focus on resort activities. These include hotels and other accommodation facilities, as well as a set of tourism facilities and services. They are often located near major attractive elements, such as beaches and ski slopes. Often, urban, resorts did not initially planned as an integrated built-up centers. Many of these places being reorganized with the use of recreational mechanisms to improve their environmental quality and economic viability. Some resorts, created in recent years on the basis of planning include many small towns, where people, servicing the resort. In these cases, they function as a viable resort towns. One of the most common forms of modern tourism is a kind of rest on the basis of built-up resort. Tourist resort can be defined as a relative, an independent host region. Usually there is a wide range of tourist facilities and services, including recreation (recreation - leisure, "recovery") and passive recreation.
Climate and weather have both a direct and an indirect impact on tourism. Tourists are usually attracted to pleasant climatic conditions, such as the sun, warm air and little precipitation on the seaside, as well as to abundant snow for winter sports fans. What concerns tourism the climate plays a central role for travelers and unfavorable climatic conditions or change of weather may easily affect flow of travelers or seasonal alteration of tourism industry.
Georgia being an ultimately diverse land due to its complex physiographical features, the problem- human vs climate -represents one of the major challenges for our country. Its relatively small-sized territory plays host to virtually all types of climate, except for equatorial and tropical. It can be easily designated as a
classical example of a polyclimatic country that is more exposed challenging climatic variations, than some other bigger countries characterized by fewer types of climate.
Coupled with humans and environment,climate and weather compose the natural resources vital for development of tourism and balneology of any country or region. Alter all, tourism is one of the fastest growing fields of economy. Both climate and weather have direct and indirect influence on tourism.Tourist are usually attracted to pleasant climatic conditions, such as the sun,warm air and little precipitation on the seaside, as well as to abundant snow for winter sports fans. What concerns tourism the climate plays a central role for travelers and unfavorable climatic conditions or change of weather may easily affect flow of travelers or seasonal alteration if tourism industry. Climate change may have a tremendous impact on tourism- releted activities by modifying one of is main types of resources- natural environment.
We are the first in Georgia to define Tourism comlex Climate parameters, that describes comlex
We have plotted linear trends for average and extreme values of various meteorological elements,such as monthly average,maximum and minimum air temperatures; monthly total and maximum diurnal precipitations;monthly average air humidity ;number of days with over 80% and less than 30% of hunitidy;and monthly average and maximum wind speeds.We have assessed statistical reliability of the data and characterized the changes by annual averages and seasons.
In order to assess the changes in the frequency of extreme values for precipitation and temperature,as well as in their intensity,we have ased a daily data base
effect of various meteorological elements on developments of tourism. As one of the fields of economy tourism considerably depends on the local environment,climate and climatic resources and proves sensitive to climate change and global warming.It is expected to influence development of global tourism industry [2].
According to the IPCC, climate change will supposedly increase the frequency of high temperature extremes heat-waves and high-precipitation occurrences , as well as reduction of snow cover. A tourist is usually interested in the so-called thermal comfort rather than average temperature and similarly in frequence and duration of down pours rather than in average presipitation levels. Studying impact of climate change in tourism implies mapping future regional climatic scenarios and estimation of relevant climatic parameters.
The values of K parameter were calculated using the data of 54 weather stations in different climate zones of Georgia for the period of 1957-2020.
to calculate 27 IPCC -recommended climate change and variability indicators.
Conditions in Georgia give a tremendous potential for tourist resort development. However, the determination of the climatic potential of Georgia for the tourism in the correspondence with the standards accepted in the developed countries was not conducted. This somewhat hampers the comparison of the climatic potential of Georgia from the point of view of tourism with the same for other countries. As a result this can have an unfavorable effect on attractiveness level of the Georgia for the potential tourists. In this work the determination of the climatic potential of tourism of Georgia into the correspondence with that frequently
Distribution of Complex Climate Parameter on the territory of Georgia
utilized in other countries of the "tourism commple index" (TCI) is carried out.
Climate change may have a tremendous impact on tourism-related activities by modifying one of its main types of resources-natural environment. Climate change also influences health, and safety of tourists and local entities.
In the past, tourism climatology information was provided through climate indices such as those found in applied climatology and human biometeorology. There are more than 200 climate indices. In general, the tourism climate indices can be classified inlto three categories . Elementary indices are synthetic values that do not have any thermo-physiological relevance and are generally unproven. The bioclimatic and combined tourism climate indices involve more than one climatological parameter and consider the combined effects of them.
For tourism businesses, weather and climate information and predication of extreme climatic , events developed by National Meteorologicaland
Hidrological services are becoming increasingly important. The programming of many tourism activities is heavily climate -dependet. The insurance practices in tourism are greatly affected by natural hazards. Climate change will constitute an increasing risk for tourism operations in many destinations. Goverments and the private sector must therefore give priority to the application and management of climate factors in tourism polcies, development and management plans. For this, effective coordination between environmental and tourism organizations, particularly between WMO and WTO, is determinant for further research.
References
1. Charles R. Goeldner J.R. Brent Ritchie Tourism. University of Calgary in Alberta. Canada, 2016
2. Kochlamazishvili Lily, Kartvelishvili Liana -Management in Tourism, Part I, Tbilisi, 2013
Domuschy Svitlana Vasylivna
postgraduate student of the Department of Geography of Ukraine,
soil science and land cadastre Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University
Trigub Valentyna Ivanivna candidate of geographical sciences, associate professor of the Department of Geography of Ukraine,
soil science and land cadastre Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University
PHYTOTOXICITY OF SOILS PARKS ODESSA CITY (UKRAINE)
DOI: 10.31618/ESSA.2782-1994.2022.3.77.252 Summary. The article presents the materials of the study of the phytotoxicity of soils in the park areas of the city of Odessa. The characteristic of some chemical and biological properties of urban soils is given. According to the content of humus, the soils of park areas are characterized as medium-low-humus. The study of soil phytotoxicity showed that the soils of all study areas slightly inhibited the growth of test crops, which indicates a favorable ecological situation. Based on the study of the phytotoxicity of soils in the park area of Odessa and the analysis of the results obtained, it is recommended to use Pisum (pea) as a test object in studying the ecological situation in urban ecosystems.
Key words: parks, humus, phytotoxicity, germination, phytotoxic effect.
Introduction
Soils occupy a special place in ecological systems and perform a huge number of functions. The most important of them is ecological, providing living space for humans and living organisms. Anthropogenically transformed soils form a group of proper urban soils -urbanozems. The construction of cities leads to a decrease in the proportion of "living" soils, while the proportion of disturbed lands increases, which significantly worsens the sanitary-hygienic, biospheric and ecological functions of urban landscapes, is accompanied by serious disturbances of the entire natural complex, posing a threat to human health and life in the city (Sizov & others, 2001). Due to the difficult environmental situation, green spaces play an important role in the life of modern cities. However, the vegetation in the city is under strong anthropogenic pressure, subjected to chemical, physical and biological impacts. In the most depressed state are the vegetation
cover of highways, streets with heavy traffic, boulevards of the central part of cities. It is in such places that various compounds of natural and anthropogenic origin accumulate in the soil, causing its pollution and toxicity (Rusanov et al., 2011). In this connection, the integral assessment of the state of the soil cover of cities is of great scientific and practical interest. One of the most accessible and informative indicators for assessing the total technogenic soil pollution is phytotoxicity. The choice of a higher plant species as a test object depends on the objectives of the study and the type of soil pollution.
Analysis of recent research and publications
The soil cover of Ukrainian city parks has been studied by many scientists. The results of the study of the main physical and chemical properties, as well as the influence of anthropogenic factors on the soils of urban parks, are presented in the works of Mirzak, 1999; Vovka, 2004; Lutsishina et al., 2011; Dyadkovo
