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10THE ROLE OF AESTHETIC EMBELLISHMENT IN UZBEK
NATIONAL ART
Soliyev Ozodbek Rahmatovich
Senior teacher at Fergana State University https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7976879
Abstract. The article discusses the role and importance of composition in visual arts in art universities, with a focus on Uzbekistan's rich cultural heritage in practical art. It explores the history of art in Uzbekistan, from prehistoric times to the present day, and how it has influenced the development of art education in the country. The article also discusses teaching methods and methodologies in art education, including literary, observational, and experimental methods.
Keywords: teaching methods, methodology, practical art, cultural heritage, decorative art, geometric shapes, colors, visual arts, composition, science and innovation, handicrafts.
In the long history of the Uzbek people, folk applied art has formed an essential part of our cultural heritage. Uzbek applied art, which has flourished and gained renown worldwide, is unique and distinguished. We believe in the existence of a stage of development in Uzbek applied decorative art that corresponds to the earliest period of human society, the era of primitive communal society.
As a result of archaeological excavations on the territory of our country, evidence of artistic activities in the form of ornamental objects created through the artistic processing of stone has been found, and this tradition has continued for centuries up to the present day.To date, evidence from the primitive communal system includes tools and weapons, household and decorative objects, and traces of settlements where people lived. Historical artifacts left on the walls of caves and on rock and clay walls in the form of drawings and painted images provide a significant source for studying the history of the primitive communal period.
During the Paleolithic period, the development of applied decorative art also began to spread widely. Archaeological excavations have revealed primitive artifacts that demonstrate the use of engraving, various incisions, and relief patterns. The way people lived in a nomadic manner, observing the laws of nature, led to the emergence of symmetry, rhythm, and the growth of a sense of form. The repetition or arrangement of identical elements gave rise to the emergence of their own distinctive artistry.
The art of engraving flourished during the Neolithic period, with a significant impact on the advancement of decorative-applied art. Engraving and ornamentation of pottery and other objects became more prevalent. Parallel, spiral, and concentric lines formed the basis of small-scale engravings of that time. Geometric patterns were combined with stylized representations of humans, animals, and plants, expanding their symbolism. The elements of this art reflected the symbolic signs of the community forces.
Engraving art not only served decorative functions but also expressed the imaginative and philosophical concepts of individuals.
During the Bronze Age, pottery continued to develop further in Central Asia. The appearance of pottery workshops suggested the increased refinement and beauty of the created objects.
In the Iron Age, decorative applied art continued to hold a prominent place. The use of subject-based compositions in addition to geometric patterns in the decoration process saw significant progress.
In studying the ancient art of Central Asia, various decorative and applied art examples found from burial sites play an important role. Weapons of war, tools of labor, and agricultural implements also contribute significantly. Precious metals such as bronze, gold, and silver were used to create decorative objects that were adorned with engravings, embossed designs, and filigree. Some artifacts also depicted scenes from daily life.
These tangible materials serve to understand the aesthetics and artistic perceptions of individuals in ancient times.
The general concept of applied art demands the complete transformation of an individual in terms of spiritual, aesthetic, ideological, and professional qualities, reflecting all aspects of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The education and upbringing of the youth in the present era, taking into account national, oriental, and historical values, as well as fostering positive human qualities, require the preparation of skilled professionals. Current government documents emphasize the development based on the comprehensive requirements of our homeland. Therefore, it is crucial to extensively utilize cultural heritage, national artistic examples, and extraordinary works of art created by our ancestors, which have gained fame worldwide, in providing education and nurturing the younger generation.
The most effective way and combination of methods for implementing education and upbringing according to the intended purpose is referred to as teaching methodology. Proper organization of lessons is essential, taking into account the goals set for the teacher. If lessons are based on both theoretical and practical rules, it enhances students' level of engagement.
The term "methodology" itself can be divided into two categories: general methodology, which applies to all educational activities carried out in vocational colleges, and specific methodology, which is used in relation to a specific subject. The methodology of teaching applied arts is based on theoretical principles from the fields of pedagogy, psychology, art history, ethics, aesthetics, and physiology. In pedagogical theory, it is categorized into three main methods: speech-based methods (such as explanation, conversation, storytelling, working with books, question and answer methods), demonstrative methods (including observation, demonstration), and practical work (exercises, drawing, creative activities, games). In the field of teaching, the term "style" is also used. We understand teaching methods as different aspects of teaching methods. The "teaching style" constitutes the different methods of teaching. Method (from the Greek word "methodos" meaning knowledge or research method) is a way or a set of ways, techniques, and approaches to acquire, internalize, learn, and develop practical and theoretical knowledge. The history of method development goes back to the practical activities of individuals. A person who has mastered a particular method can perform the task more easily, quickly, and effectively compared to others. On the other hand, a person who does not possess the method will spend more time and effort to accomplish the same task. A method can take the form of practical or theoretical aspects. Methods related to practical activities assist in understanding and acquiring legal norms that are relevant to practical activities.
Methodology is the term used in the field of education to refer to knowledge about methods. Humans have initially gained knowledge about events and phenomena in their surroundings by observing, comparing, contrasting, and distinguishing them from each other. The development of
knowledge about events is associated with the development of disciplines that are used in the respective fields. Methodology (derived from the words "method" and "logos") is the system of organizing and improving theoretical and practical research activities, as well as the system for arranging this knowledge.
Existing methods mainly include the following:
a. Method of studying literature.
b. Observation method.
c. Conversation method.
d. Method of fostering children's creativity.
e. Method of analyzing school documents.
f. Experimentation and trial method.
g. Test examination method.
h. Method of analyzing statistical data.
i. Methods of mathematics and cybernetics.
j. Sociological research methods.
Although each method has its own form, it cannot be applied by one teacher exactly as it is taught by another teacher. Each teacher should take into account the material-technical conditions of their school, the level of knowledge and skills of the students, the specific characteristics of the subject matter, and other similar factors. Therefore, a method that is effective and yields good results for one teacher may not necessarily produce the same results for another teacher. That is why it is necessary for each method used to be tested and experimented within the framework of pedagogical activities. The method should be conducted not only once but several times to achieve the intended purpose.
Currently in Uzbekistan, practical arts continue to thrive and develop in accordance with modern trends. Extensive research and scientific investigations have led to the revitalization of various forms of practical arts in schools. Seminars and workshops related to art schools and art studios are organized in all regions and cities, highlighting the attention given to this field.
At present, there is a great emphasis on meeting the requirements of educational standards in our country. The training and nurturing of young artists to reach maturity is of paramount importance. All the necessary conditions are in place to ensure their development.
Education activities in the field of folk applied arts aim to train specialists who can comprehensively contribute to the holistic development of students in accordance with the modern educational standards. Schools play a significant role in nurturing and educating students to meet the current demands of the era.
In Uzbekistan, the formation of new artistic and imaginative directions is taking place. The effective influence of contemporary art on all spheres of art expands the scope of creative exploration and further enhances artistic thinking.
The Uzbek people are renowned worldwide for their ancient and rich cultural heritage. The main repository of Uzbekistan's ancient treasures and the essence of its historical legacy is the grand historical museum. The architectural monuments, unique manuscripts, and examples of folk applied arts in cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Tashkent, Termez, and others bear witness to the high cultural achievements of the Uzbek people throughout history. The buildings constructed by our ancestors, their decorative ornaments, vibrant colors, geometric and floral
patterns not only provide aesthetic pleasure but also serve as a means of conveying their aspirations, love, and affection to the people.
Folk applied textile art has long been an integral part of people's lives. In ancient times, houses, mosques, and madrasas were decorated using this art form, with patterns woven into special fabrics and embroidered with colorful threads, beads, and mirrors. Some of these textile artifacts have been preserved until today, as the skilled craftsmen and artisans continue to pass on these traditions. There is a unique system for creating patterns and designs in textiles. This pictorial system reflects various meanings and concepts. For example, different types of textiles, such as curtains, shawls, robes, and prayer rugs, each have their own specific purposes and functions. Textile artifacts are usually created on a large scale and used for interior decoration. The composition of patterns on textiles is created using white or colored threads. The elements of animal and plant worlds in the patterns are stylized to convey symbolic shapes and meanings.
In practical embroidery art in Uzbekistan, various natural forms are used as symbolic elements for simplification and aesthetic enhancement. For example, the use of motifs depicting cotton elements symbolizes the pride and heritage of cotton cultivation. Similarly, the most revered patterns in Uzbek ceramics consist of cotton flowers, branches, and buds. Symbolic representations of pomegranates, apples, grapes, and their leaves, as well as lively depictions of birds and the sun, are also commonly used in decorative embroidery.
For instance, the pomegranate represents abundance and fertility, while the fig symbolizes prosperity, longevity, and happiness. The tulip symbolizes beauty, elegance, craftsmanship, creativity, and painterly skills.
Geometric shapes also have symbolic meanings in embroidery patterns. The square represents stability and trust. Patterns that are interconnected, intertwined, and interlaced symbolize the strength of buildings constructed with bricks, stones, and timber, as well as the interdependence of people's lives. Therefore, flowers, paths, Islamic motifs, and interlaced geometric shapes are combined, overlapped, and intertwined in embroidery designs.
In essence, human life is interconnected. People live, work, study, organize themselves, and form families together. They work and study side by side.
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