CC BY
4
RESEARCH PAPER / НАУЧНАЯ СТАТЬЯ UDC 693
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2023.6.962-970
The role of a quality system in managing interface work
Azariy A. Lapidus, Ibrahim Ibrahim Fadhil Ibrahim, Mukhammet A. Fakhratov
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU);
Moscow, Russian Federation
ABSTRACT
Introduction. This article shows the importance of quality control for construction projects during the implementation phase, as the use of an appropriate quality control plan for the project allows us to obtain the required quality of work for the first time without the need to rework or modify it and thus reduce the cost of the work. Addressing quality management as a necessary measure for achieving cost-effective construction processes, reducing waste, and minimizing losses resulting from its absence, its significance lies in the fact that adopting this approach in work will increase profits by controlling resources and costs. Additionally, considering the work methodology is essential.
Materials and methods. The studied case is a three-storey villa project in Iraq. A quality control plan was developed for the implementation of the exterior coating of the type of stone facades, and after the completion of the work, quality control tools were used to check the quality of the coating implemented based on the plan, where the experimental approach was used.
Results. The main aim of quality control is to ensure product quality and at the lowest possible cost. In practice, this can only be achieved by controlling the production processes, so we studied the stability of the implementation process through the usage of statistical quality control tools, and all the results indicated that the process is statistically disciplined and stable. Reducing the tasks and activities necessary to transform inputs (raw materials) into valuable products or services (0 p) for customers is essential. Quality requires getting things right the first time, which means reducing defects or rework and,
2 Q consequently, minimizing costs.
N N Conclusions. A quality policy will lead to the correct use of resources and improve the quality of performance. It also has
<0,0 a positive impact on the overall cost of implementation within this study.
а ш
О 3 KEYWORDS: quality management, construction projects, control maps, quality control plan, interface works, quality stan-
E jfl dard, implementation quality 2 ~„
® FOR CITATION: Lapidus A.A., Ibrahim Ibrahim Fadhil Ibrahim, Fakhratov M.A. The role of a quality system in managing
® ш interface work. VestnikMGSU [Monthly Journal on Construction and Architecture]. 2023; 18(6):962-970. DOI: 10.22227/1997-
^ E 0935.2023.6.962-970 (rus.).
H ■§ Corresponding author: Ibrahim Ibrahim Fadhil Ibrahim, eng.civil2004@gmail.com.
g I Роль системы качества в управлении интерфейсными работами
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£= Введение. Показана важность контроля качества для строительных объектов на этапе реализации, так как исполь-
со зование соответствующего плана контроля качества проекта позволяет получить требуемое качество без необходи-
о Е мости доработки и таким образом снизить стоимость работ. Обращение к управлению качеством как необходимой
г^ о мере для достижения экономически эффективных строительных процессов, сокращения отходов и минимизации
сл потерь, возникающих из-за их отсутствия, заключается в том, что принятие такого подхода приведет к увеличению
2 3= прибыли путем контроля ресурсов и затрат. Кроме того, важно учесть методологию работы.
ОТ £= Материалы и методы. Рассматривается проект виллы в Ираке, состоящей из трех этажей. Разработан план кон— 2 троля качества выполнения наружного покрытия по типу каменных фасадов. После завершения работ использо-
^ вались инструменты контроля качества для проверки качества покрытия по плану с помощью экспериментального
О jij подхода.
g О Результаты. Основная цель контроля качества — обеспечение качества продукции при минимально возможных
^ S затратах. На практике этого можно добиться только за счет контроля производственных процессов, поэтому изуча-
S ¡¡É ли стабильность процесса внедрения с применением инструментов статистического контроля качества, результа-
н £ ты свидетельствуют о том, что процесс является статистически стабильным. Сокращение задач и деятельности,
¡^ jj необходимых для преобразования входных данных (сырья) в ценные продукты или услуги для клиентов, являет-
U > ся необходимым. Качество означает снижение дефектов или повторных работ и, следовательно, минимизацию
затрат.
962 © А. А. Лапидус, Ибрагим Ибрагим Фадил Ибрагим, М.А. Фахратов, 2023
Распространяется на основании Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC)
Выводы. Политика качества приведет к правильному использованию ресурсов и улучшению качества выполнения работ. Она также оказывает положительное влияние на общую стоимость реализации в рамках данного исследования.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: управление качеством, строительные проекты, контрольные карты, план контроля качества, интерфейсные работы, стандарт качества, качество реализации
ДЛЯ ЦИТИРОВАНИЯ: Лапидус А.А., Ибрагим Ибрагим ФадилИбрагим, Фахратов М.А. The role of a quality system in managing interface work // Вестник МГСУ. 2023. Т. 18. Вып. 6. С. 962-970. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2023.6.962-970
Автор, ответственный за переписку: Ибрагим Ибрагим Фадил Ибрагим, eng.civil2004@gmail.com.
INTRODUCTION
There is great potential for quality improvement in the construction process. A study of the literature and of surveys conducted in the USA indicated that management's commitment to quality and to continuous quality improvement is very important. Construction industry professionals are well aware of the importance of quality training. Partnering agreements between the parties in the construction process constitute an important step in securing a high-quality product. A feedback loop could upgrade the original quality standards used in the industry, the clarity of project scope and requirements as well as of drawings and specifications is a prerequisite for high quality process [1].
One of the problems of introducing modern quality management systems in building organizations in the Russian Federation is that it turned out that there are two factors that affect the quality of construction products, especially at the stage of implementation of facilities, namely document management in construction enterprises and qualified personnel [2].
So, following a successful quality policy will lead to the correct use of resources and improve the quality of implementation [3].
In general, there are three basic elements that must be achieved in any construction project (lower cost, faster completion, and better quality). Where it is difficult to achieve these three elements at the same time, because low cost usually means the quality of work at a lower level and a relatively long completion time, and quality or high quality means high cost and long duration of completion, and rapid completion of the project usually means high cost and quality of work at a lower level [4].
Although quality management at every stage of project life cycle is important but the quality management at the execution (construction) stage contributes significantly on final quality outcome of construction projects [5].
MATERIALS AND METHODS Project Description
The project is a villa with an area of (150) consisting of three floors, with a floor height of (3.2) meters. The supporting structure consists of circular columns with a diameter of 40 cm and rectangular dimensions
(20 x 50 cm), in addition to two load-bearing walls at the entrance to the staircase with a thickness of 20 cm. The horizontal elements were a ribbed plate. It was necessary to introduce the concept of quality as a very important concept and as a necessary measure to achieve all the objectives of the project and reduce waste and losses resulting from its absence, and this in turn will lead to increasing profits as a result of controlling resources and costs [6] as it was proven that the cause of many defects and damage is the use of non-accredited materials and non-observance of implementation technology [7]. Fig. 1 shows the villa and its supporting structures.
Fig. 1. Building construction
Organization and responsibilities of the quality control team
The quality control team includes, quality control specialist: ensure the implementation of the project works according to the required specifications and submit reports thereon to the project manager, and ensure the quality of the materials that are supplied to the project (veneering stone in terms of dimensions and its conformity with specifications) [8]. Fig. 2 presents the interfaces of the project under study in Iraq.
Implementation supervisor: acceptance or rejection of completed works and work on monitoring operations to ensure that standards are met for production
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operations, in addition to suggesting amendments regarding the production process [9].
Project manager:
Coordinating and communicating between all project parties and managing the resources and information flowing to and from the project, in addition to providing suggestions and recommendations for continuous development and improvement [10].
Site safety manager:
Adequate knowledge and work to apply the security and safety rules and legislations in force in the country.
This is the purpose of the plan for the quality control process to be a form of cooperation and integration between all parties to the project, and it is not the responsibility of the quality control team to work as a "special team" but to ensure the assistance of the staff (including contractors) to obtain the final product of quality required, and to be proactive in approach, to anticipate problems and take corrective actions before they occur [11]. The following are typical responsibilities for ensuring and controlling quality for all project parties, which shows that quality is everyone's responsibility [12].
This quality control plan includes suggested ways and methods for how to implement quality control systems and procedures for stone cladding works for facades that are implemented at the work site. It also includes the required tests and works documents that are implemented and all the activities that are accompanied to control quality to obtain works conditions conforming to specifications and contract documents and that through searching, collecting and registering [13]. Information, analyze it, and then take the right action to ensure the quality of the outputs and inputs of the implemented process [14].
Making Deliverables
It is the contractor's responsibility to deliver all of the following:
1) workshop plans;
2) articles and Modification Requests;
3) timetable showing the periods for completing the necessary activities to carry out the works and the quantity of materials to be supplied (construction program);
4) equipment brought in to be checked on time manner;
5) the Contractor shall submit the details of the materials to be brought, including:
• the technical manufacturing specifications related to the products, and here is the marble stone used in the facades;
• installation methods as recommended by the designer;
• factory catalogs;
• confirmation of conformity with international quality standards;
• performance characteristics;
• factory's charts about the standard information related to the project and the use of the product for a specific job.
In case that there are deviations from the specifications, the contractor must submit a list of deviations that includes all points that do not conform to the specifications with justification to clarify the selection of these samples to be approved [15].
Quality Control Procedures
The quality management has to provide the environment within which related tools, techniques and procedures can be deployed effectively leading to operational success for a construction project [16].
The contractor must carry out the work according to an approved quality plan and the quality control plan, which is the daily tool for quality assurance. During the construction phase, the contractor submits the checklists to the supervisor for work inspection and the contractor must hand over materials inspection report before receiving them [17]. As for the stone facade works, the checklists for the installation work and the work carried out must be submitted according to the contract documents, workshop plans, and material specifications. The work sequence is carried out to achieve quality according to the Fig. 3.
Following this sequence will help the contractor to avoid refusal of works. Repeated refusal of works may delay the project, which affects the overall scheduling to finish the project and thus the implementation costs.
For Supplies
The contractor must be responsible for the supply of materials, equipment and systems that will be installed in the project, and these supplies must be in con-
Fig. 3. The sequence of implementation of works to achieve quality
formity with the contractual obligations, specifications and legal obligations, and the necessary checks and tests must be carried out before any supply is brought to the work site and the results of the examination are given to the competent authorities in the project [18]. It is forbidden to enter any material before the supervision device approves it, and the contractor performs inspections during the implementation stages using the lists of inspection, control, guarantee and safety shown later. He must also keep records of supplies for all business items, and the record of supplies must be handed over to the supervisor every week for review and audit [19].
Each consignment is stored separately from the rest of the consignments. Appropriate conditions for storage must be met, and it must be stored in places close to use
in order to avoid some risks. Table 1 presents a list of safety measures when applying stone coatings.
Table 2 presents a checklist of stone coating works.
Table 3 shows a checklist for stone cladding work.
Now let's turn to the consideration of the warranty sheet for work on stone cladding, which is presented in Table 4.
RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH
If organizations wish to achieve continuous quality improvement they need to use appropriate selection of quality tools and techniques [20]. The primary purpose of quality control is to ensure the quality product at the lowest possible cost. In practice, this can only be achieved by controlling production processes and
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Table 1. The safety list for stone coating works
Checklist Items Item Text Response
Department of Engineers
1 Do safety inspectors visit the site?
2 Is the computational design, stiffening, and high scaffolding and temporary structures done?
Department of foremen
3 Do you keep pressure away from the worker by not showing anger to him?
4 Are you analyzing problems rather than focusing on changing workers?
5 Do you incorporate safety instructions into work rules?
6 Is a report prepared for every accident or incident in the workplace?
Department of workers
7 Do you know your rights and duties regarding occupational safety?
8 Are your colleagues inclined to safety?
9 Do you think taking risks is part of the job?
10 Did you undergo a preliminary medical examination before starting work?
11 Do you undergo periodic medical examinations?
12 Are there treatment services available to work permanently (daily medical reviews - medicines - consultations)?
13 Have you been provided with protective clothing, tools and personal protective equipment?
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Table 2. The inspection list for stone coating works
Checklist Items Item Text Response
1 Ensured that there are no visible water and moisture leaks
2 Ensure that the quality of the stone used in all types of cladding works conforms to the stipulated specifications
3 Was it confirmed that the falling paint spots were removed before they dried?
4 Have all excess materials, debris and rubbish been removed?
5 Take pictures or video clips to document the completion of the work
Table 3. The control list for stone cladding works
Checklist Items Item Text Response
1 Prohibited places must be clearly defined
2 Sound insulators must be in their designated places
3 Moisture insulators must be identified and affixed continuously and correctly to avoid weak points
4 Ensure proper bonding between the wall and the adhesive or mortar
5 Ensure that the minimum width of joints in stone cladding is 2 cm
Table 4. The warranty list for stone cladding works
Checklist Items Item Text Response
1 Ensure that masons and stone workers follow the instructions included in the Quality Assurance Checklist
2 Allocate sufficient distance for window frames and walls to be installed safely
3 Ensure that the doors, windows and other openings on the external walls have been designated with openings so that the edge of the opening is at least far enough away from the corners and other adjacent openings
4 The wall must be roughened before installation begins
5 Use the Air Rocket to create the openings, tempering, grooves or small grooves stream on the wall to facilitate proper bonding with the adhesive or mortar
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minimizing the occurrence of defective production outside the limits of specifications. There are four practical steps to control the quality of products: determine the required level of quality: this is done through market research, product designs and specifications.
Evaluation of conformity between the product and specifications: This is done by taking regular samples from the production line and then conducting measurements on its characteristics, and comparing the results with those specified in the specifications and determine the values of the differences between them.
Evaluating and analyzing the causes leading to these differences and taking corrective and preventive actions.
Planning continuous quality improvement by reviewing product specifications.
We measured the distance between the stone joints, as the technical requirements stipulated that these joints should not be less than 2 cm.
The stability of the implementation process will be studied through the use of statistical quality control tools, which are shown in Fig. 4 [10].
Table 5 below shows the measured distance between the stone spacers.
Table 5. The distance between stone spacers
Zone The Measurements
1 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.8
2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1
3 1.6 2.4 2 2.4
4 2.3 1.7 2.4 2.3
5 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.5
6 1.1 1.5 2.3 1.8
7 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.5
8 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.6
9 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.3
10 1.8 1.7 2.3 2.1
Fig. 4. Statistical quality control tools
Below are the results of the range map in Table 6.
The average results on the map are shown in Table 7 below.
Fig. 5 is shown below, which shows a diagram of the measurement range.
Fig. 6 shows an averaged measurement diagram.
We notice from the diagrams that the process is within the limits of control and there is no deviation from the limits of control, a periodic distribution of points, or upward or downward central tendencies, due to following the plan that was developed during the implementation stage, and from it we conclude the importance and made the quality control plan in reducing the amount of rework, saving in cost, and reducing changes at work.
Table 6. Range map results
Zone The Measurements Range Mid- range UCLR LCLR
1 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.4 0.6 0.8 1.8256 0
2 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.3 0.3 0.8 1.8256 0
3 2.4 2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.8 1.8256 0
4 2.3 2.4 1.7 2.3 0.7 0.8 1.8256 0
5 1.5 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.2 0.8 1.8256 0
6 1.8 2.3 1.5 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.8256 0
7 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.7 0.8 0.8 1.8256 0
8 1.6 1.1 1.1 2.1 1 0.8 1.8256 0
9 2.3 2.4 2.4 1.8 0.6 0.8 1.8256 0
Table 7. Average map results
Fig. 5. Range diagram of the measurements
Average Average-Average UCLx LCLx d3 d4 a2
2.025 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
2.3 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
2.1 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
2.175 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
1.5 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
1.675 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
2.15 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
1.475 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
2.225 1.958333333 2.541533333 1.375133 0 2.282 0.729
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CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
The adoption of a quality control plan reduces waste and losses resulting from the absence of Total Quality Management. This is achieved by relying on a specialized quality team.
The research concludes seven tools in statistical quality control, which constitute the knowledge base for Total Quality Management in project implementation.
Achieving quality: this is done by developing a construction method according to the dimensions of quality as desired by the customers. It is worth mentioning that neglecting quality leads to increased time for task performance and completion, increased surveillance activities, and consequently, increased complaints from service beneficiaries. Furthermore, research is directed towards implementing a Total Quality Management program.
The implementation of Total Quality Management in construction for the case study in the Republic of Iraq will result in creating an environment that supports and preserves continuous development. It will also foster a spirit of participation among all those involved in the development process, ultimately leading to the future monitoring and development of performance measurement tools.
Total Quality Management in the case study will lead to reducing the tasks and activities necessary to transform inputs (raw materials) into construction products or services.
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Bionotes: Azariy A. Lapidus — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Technology and Organization of Construction Production; Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU); 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; SPIN-code: 8192-2653, Scopus: 57192378750, ResearcherlD: B-4104-2016; ORCID: 0000-0001-7846-5770; Lapidos58@mail.ru;
Ibrahim Ibrahim Fadhil Ibrahim — postgraduate student of the Department of Technology and Organization of Construction Production; Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU); 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; SPIN-code: 9555-8314, Scopus: 57195225401; eng.civil2004@gmail.com;
Mukhammet A. Fakhratov — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Technology and Organization of Construction Production; Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU); 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; ID RISC: 459805, Scopus: 6602216264; fahratov@mail.ru.
Author contributions: all authors have made an equivalent contribution to the preparation of the publication. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Поступила в редакцию 9 января 2023 г. Принята в доработанном виде 3 мая 2023 г. Одобрена для публикации 18 мая 2023 г.
Об авторах: Азарий Абрамович Лапидус — доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой технологии и организации строительного производства; Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет (НИУ МГСУ); 129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, д. 26; SPIN-код: 8192-2653, Scopus: 57192378750, ResearcherlD: B-4104-2016; ORCID: 0000-0001-7846-5770; Lapidos58@mail.ru;
Ибрагим Ибрагим Фадил Ибрагим — аспирант кафедры технологии и организации строительного производства; Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный универси-
(О (о тет (НИУ МГСУ); 129337, г Москва, Ярославское шоссе, д. 26; SPIN-код: 9555-8314, Scopus: 57195225401;
О о eng.civil2004@gmail.com;
, , Мухаммет Аллазович Фахратов — доктор технических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры техноло-
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